AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
Alphavirus InfectionsAlphavirusSindbis VirusEncephalitis Virus, Venezuelan EquineSemliki forest virusChikungunya virusRoss River virusEncephalitis Virus, Western EquineArbovirusesRepliconTogaviridae InfectionsCricetinaeAedesSwallowsVirus ReplicationRNA, ViralEncephalitis Virus, Eastern EquineCell LineArbovirus InfectionsCimicidaeViral Envelope ProteinsCulicidaeEncephalomyelitis, Venezuelan EquineViral ProteinsViral Nonstructural ProteinsViral Plaque AssayEncephalitis, ViralEncephalomyelitis, EquineGenetic VectorsSalmo salarVirus Assembly
Emerging virusesTogaviridaeExpressing Sindbis virusGenusSINVChikungunya virusFlavivirusesGenomePathogenesisReplicationInfected with Sindbis virusMosquitoesSemliki ForesVectorsPathogenicParticlesVenezuelanApoptosis upon infectionFlavivirusGlycoproteinsFeverViral infectionSuspected Zika virusSpeciesOutbreaksAR339RetrovirusesSymptomsInvertebrateAedesRashArboviralHumansAntigenicAntibodyFamilyZikaSupergroupDisease severityComprisesMeaslesProteinsVirion2002TitersVirionsEquineCells infectedConsistsAfricaImmunityVaccineInsectsHepatitis
Emerging viruses1
  • Alphaviruses (family Togaviridae ) have been recognized as major emerging viruses. (cdc.gov)
Togaviridae12
  • Sindbis virus (SINV) is a member of the Togaviridae family, in the Alphavirus genus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sindbis viruses are enveloped, single-strand RNA viruses, belonging to the genus of Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae that has more than 30 members [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Alphaviruses constitute a genus of the Togaviridae family. (medscape.com)
  • Alphaviruses , like Sindbis Virus and Semliki Forest Virus, belong to the Togaviridae family of viruses . (genetherapynet.com)
  • Furthermore, Alphavirus is one of the two genera of the family Togaviridae. (pediaa.com)
  • Alphavirus refers to a genus of single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Togaviridae that are transmitted by arthropods and especially mosquitoes. (pediaa.com)
  • Alphaviruses comprise a genus of the family Togaviridae, currently containing about 26 members, including the well-characterized prototype viruses, semliki forest virus (SFV) and sindbis virus (SV). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Alphaviruses are members of the Togaviridae family of viruses. (unc.edu)
  • Equine arboviral encephalomyelitis is due to infection with arthropod-borne viruses typically belonging to the families Togaviridae (genus Alphavirus ) or Flaviviridae (genus Flavivirus ). (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Togaviridae family contains two genera, the Alphaviruses and the Rubivirus, RUBV being the sole member of the Rubivirus genus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CHIKV is a small (60 - 70 nm) spherical enveloped virus with single- stranded positive sense RNA molecule and belongs to the genus Alphavirus, which included more than 30 species of arthropod borne viruses [1], and the family Togaviridae (Figure 1). (actascientific.com)
  • Diagram shows the RNA viruses/Togaviridae family viruses/Alphaviruses [Modified from 41]. (actascientific.com)
Expressing Sindbis virus2
  • By artificially expressing Sindbis virus (SINV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) nsP2 in mosquito cells and transgenic mosquitoes, we demonstrated a reduction in both SINV and CHIKV viral replication rates in cells following viral infection as well as reduced infection prevalence, viral titers, and transmission potential in mosquitoes. (bvsalud.org)
  • We demonstrate the release of infectious virus-like Selleck AZD6094 particles from cells expressing Sindbis virus envelope glycoproteins following microinjection of Sindbis virus nucleocapsids purified from the cytoplasm of infected cells. (gsk-3inhibitors.com)
Genus3
  • Alphaviruses are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA infections that participate in the disease family members (genus). (ampkpathway.com)
  • Alphaviruses are a genus of ssRNA viruses that are primarily transmitted by mosquitoes. (seekhealthz.com)
  • Applying this approach to cells infected with Sindbis virus (a positive-strand RNA virus from the alphavirus genus) we have been able to identify significant changes in ribosome composition taking place during viral replication. (polytechnique.edu)
SINV16
  • Alphaviruses from Africa, such as Middelburg virus (MIDV), and Sindbis virus (SINV), were detected in horses with neurologic disease in South Africa, but their host ranges remain unknown. (cdc.gov)
  • We identified 32 (5.5%) of 608 alphavirus infections (9 SINV and 23 MIDV), mostly in neurotissue of wildlife, domestic animals, and birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Old World alphaviruses, such as o'nyong nyong virus, chikungunya virus, and Sindbis virus (SINV), are associated mostly with arthralgia, although rare infections with neurologic disease have been reported in humans and equids ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Clinical infection and disease in humans however has almost only been reported from Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden, Russian Karelia), where SINV is endemic and where large outbreaks occur intermittently. (wikipedia.org)
  • On basis of pBR-XJ160, the effects of substitutions within nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) or nsP2 on the infectivity and pathogenesis of Sindbis virus (SINV) have been investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have also confirmed the essential role of E2 glycoprotein, especially the domain of 145-150 (amino acid) aa, in SINV infection through the interaction with cellular heparan sulfate (HS). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to the relative difficulty and risk of handling these dangerous pathogenic alphaviruses, Sindbis virus (SINV), that normally causes a mild rash and arthritis in humans but can cause fatal encephalomyelitis in mice, has been used extensively as a model system for the study of the infectivity and pathogenesis of alphaviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Based on the divergence of nucleotide sequencing and biological characteristics, Sindbis virus can be divided into two groups: SINV and Sindbis-like virus (SINLV) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, XJ-160 virus possesses some special biological characteristics, for example, we found that XJ-160 virus can be neutralized by anti-Sindbis antibody, but SINV can't be neutralized by anti-XJ-160 antibody, i.e. it has nonreciprocal serological reaction between XJ-160 virus and SINV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transit of the arthropod-borne-virus (arbovirus) Sindbis (SINV) throughout adult female mosquitoes initiates with its attachment to the gut lumen, entry and amplification in midgut cells, followed by dissemination into the hemolymph. (bvsalud.org)
  • We propose that ECs may be involved in the SINV infection pathway in the mosquito MG. Due to the unique role that ECs have in the exocytosis of secretory granules from the MG and the apical-basolateral position of ECs in the PMG monolayer, we speculate that these cells may assist as a mechanism for arboviruses to cross the gut barriers. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sindbis virus (SINV), the prototype Alphavirus, was used to track infections in the posterior midgut (PMG) of Aedes aegypti adult mosquitoes. (bvsalud.org)
  • We further investigate how the opal termination codon contributes to severe disease using a related alphavirus, Sindbis virus (SINV). (unc.edu)
  • However, we report no correlation between mutation of the opal termination codon and evasion of the stress response during SINV infection. (unc.edu)
  • Paljud alfaviirused on olulised inimeste patogeenid, sealhulgas ulatuslikke puhanguid põhjustav Chikungunya viirus (CHIKV), Austraalias leviv Ross River viirus (RRV), Ameerikas leviv ida hobuste entsefaliidi viirus (EEEV) ja ka Eestis leiduv Sindbis viirus (SINV). (ut.ee)
  • Prominent examples of Old World alphaviruses comprise well-studied model viruses such as Semliki Forest virus (SFV) and Sindbis virus (SINV) as well as human pathogens such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV). (careersfromscience.org)
Chikungunya virus5
  • Chikungunya virus was responsible for millions of human infections in new territories, and although the case-fatality rate was low, outbreaks resulted in major illness and long-term sequelae in affected persons ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Because of similar geographic distribution and symptoms, patients with suspected Zika virus infections also should be evaluated and managed for possible dengue or chikungunya virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Currently, the greatest risk to human health among the alphaviruses is chikungunya virus (CHIKV). (unc.edu)
  • We are also studying the alphaviruses including Sindbis and Chikungunya virus as well as the bunyaviruses Rift Valley Fever virus and La Crosse virus. (upenn.edu)
  • 7]. It is included in the alphavirus-like supergroup of RNA+ viruses that also comprises the animal alphaviruses (including Sindbis virus, Semliki Forest virus and Chikungunya virus) and rubiviruses (including Rubella virus). (datexis.com)
Flaviviruses3
  • Four potential viral zoonoses associated with wildlife have previously been documented in New Zealand: three flaviviruses (Johnston Atoll virus, 16,17 Saumarez Reef virus and an unnamed Hughes group virus 17 ) and one alphavirus (Whataroa virus 18 ). (who.int)
  • In comparison to the highly abundant insect-specific flaviviruses, insect-specific alphaviruses seem to be rare. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Both alphaviruses and flaviviruses alternate in nature between growth in arthropod vectors (mosquitoes or ticks) and growth in vertebrates and studies of strain divergences are of particular interest. (grantome.com)
Genome9
  • Sindbis viruses are enveloped particles with an icosahedral capsid, with a positive single stranded RNA genome, with an approximate size of 11.7 kb. (wikipedia.org)
  • A non-coding RNA element has been found to be essential for Sindbis virus genome replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sindbis virus genome is a single strand of positive-sense RNA of approximately 12 kb which is capped at the 5' terminus and polyadenylated at the 3' terminus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The genome of alphaviruses consists of a single stranded positive sense RNA . (genetherapynet.com)
  • To honor Michael, we invite submissions for this Special Issue of Viruses focusing on Michael's interests: virus structures and assembly mechanisms, conformational transitions and structure-function relationships, and genome packaging and virus infection mechanisms. (mdpi.com)
  • Alphavirus and Flavivirus are two viruses with a positive-strand RNA genome . (pediaa.com)
  • Alphavirus and Flavivirus are two RNA viruses that contain a positive-stranded RNA genome. (pediaa.com)
  • The structural proteins of the Alphavirus occur at the 5′ end of the genome. (pediaa.com)
  • We have completely sequenced the genome of Sindbis virus, 11703 nucleotides in length, and will map all of the proteins encoded in this RNA to the RNA nucleotide sequence. (grantome.com)
Pathogenesis4
  • Old and New World alphaviruses cluster in separate phylogenetic groups ( 6 ), but limited information is available about pathogenesis and host range of alphaviruses from Africa and pathogenesis in animals. (cdc.gov)
  • The purpose of our study was to investigate the host range and association of alphaviruses from Africa with neurologic disease and death, as well as to increase knowledge on pathogenesis and the zoonotic potential of these 2 viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we present an investigation of a single viral determinant of alphavirus pathogenesis: the opal termination codon. (unc.edu)
  • Dr. Joseph Margolick's research centers on the cellular immunology and pathogenesis of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with particular emphasis on the regulation of CD4 T cell turnover and immune homeostasis. (jhu.edu)
Replication11
  • Key viral factors include mode of host entry, tissue tropism, replication, effects of cytokines, ability to establish persistent or latent viral infections, and alterations of host antigens. (medscape.com)
  • In alphaviruses, this process is thought to be mediated, at least in part, by the viral protease (nsP2) which is responsible for processing the nonstructural polyproteins (P123 and P1234) into individual proteins (nsP1-nsP4), forming the viral replication complex. (bvsalud.org)
  • The extensive literature on alphavirus replication, structure, entry, and fusion has also been summarized in a number of reviews that are cited under the appropriate section. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The opal termination codon is a conserved element within alphavirus genomes that regulates several aspects of alphavirus replication. (unc.edu)
  • Eilat virus, a unique alphavirus with host range restricted to insects by RNA replication. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Salmonid alphavirus replication in mosquito cells: towards a novel vaccine production system. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Replication complex internalization was observed upon infection of cells with SFV-wt and SFV mutants with deletions Gefitinib (Iressa) in nsP3 but not with SFV-Δ50 where replication complexes were typically accumulated at the cell periphery. (careersfromscience.org)
  • In conclusion infection with SFV but not CHIKV boosts PI3K-Akt-mTOR through the hyperphosphorylated/acidic domain of nsP3 to drive replication complex internalization. (careersfromscience.org)
  • All Old World alphaviruses are very similar in terms of their cell biology and replication processes (for a review see references 6 and 7). (careersfromscience.org)
  • Within 12h of infection and before start of DNA replication, there begins early protein synthesis. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • We will continue our study of the molecular biology of alphavirus replication in several ways. (grantome.com)
Infected with Sindbis virus1
Mosquitoes9
  • Middelburg virus (MIDV) was discovered in the late 1950s in Aedes species mosquitoes ( 13 ), although it was only linked to disease in 1990 ( 14 ) after MIDV was isolated from a horse with signs of infection with African horse sickness virus in Zimbabwe ( 14 ). (cdc.gov)
  • As a Sindbis-like virus (SINLV), XJ-160 virus was isolated from a pooled sample of Anopheles mosquitoes collected in Xinjiang, China, in 1990. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 1990, we have reported the isolation of a Sindbis-like virus from a pool of Anopheles mosquitoes collected in Xinjiang, China during an arbovirus survey. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Taking a synthetic biology approach, we mimicked this naturally occurring phenomenon by generating a superinfection exclusion-like state in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, rendering them refractory to alphavirus infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • Importantly, the Alphavirus infection transmits via infected mosquitoes. (pediaa.com)
  • The first isolation of RRV from mosquitoes coincided with the onset dates of the first human cases of RRV infection. (health.gov.au)
  • We established a new generic reverse transcription PCR assay for alphaviruses and tested 8860 tropical mosquitoes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • We detected a novel alphavirus, tentatively named Taï Forest alphavirus (TALV), in Culex decens mosquitoes collected in Ivory Coast. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Mosquitoes are a major global public health concern, with a concomitant increase in people at risk of infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Semliki Fores5
Vectors5
  • Alphavirus vectors carrying therapeutic or toxic genes used for intratumoral injections have demonstrated efficient tumor regression. (genetherapynet.com)
  • Alphaviruses are apt to be engineered to create replicon vectors which efficiently induce humoral and T-cell immune responses. (genetherapynet.com)
  • Alphavirus-based cDNA clones have been modified into expression vectors that are useful for expressing foreign genes in cultured cells and in vivo (29, 36, 42). (ampkpathway.com)
  • Most alphavirus-based expression vectors have been constructed according to one of two fundamental designs (3, 11, 35). (ampkpathway.com)
  • Sinde infection with these vectors induced apoptosis in both cell lines, it was determined that the anti-apoptosis genes limit the cell death associated with these virus constructs. (johnshopkins.edu)
Pathogenic2
  • Multiple viruses, including pathogenic viruses, bacteriophages, and even plant viruses, cause a phenomenon termed superinfection exclusion whereby a currently infected cell is resistant to secondary infection by the same or a closely related virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dr. Klein also studies endocrine-immune interactions and the role of sex as a determining factor in the differential susceptibility of males and females to infection with pathogenic hantaviruses. (jhu.edu)
Particles3
  • Although 26S RNA is present in the cytosol of all cells infected by alphaviruses, this is the first report of incorporation of the subgenomic RNA into alphavirus particles. (caltech.edu)
  • Alphaviruses particles are enveloped have a 70 nm diameter, tend to be spherical and have a 40 nm isometric nucleocapsid. (genetherapynet.com)
  • Defective viral genomes as therapeutic interfering particles against flavivirus infection in mammalian and mosquito hosts. (salehlab.eu)
Venezuelan1
  • New World alphaviruses, such as Western equine encephalitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, are traditionally associated with severe disease, such as encephalitis and a high mortality rate in humans and horses in the Americas and Australia ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Apoptosis upon infection1
  • Furthermore, the use of whole alphaviruses for gene therapy is of limited efficacy both because several internal alphaviral proteins are involved in the induction of apoptosis upon infection and also because the alphaviral capsid mediates only the transient introduction of mRNA into host cells. (genetherapynet.com)
Flavivirus5
  • The main difference between Alphavirus (Togavirus) and Flavivirus is that Alphavirus contains structural proteins at the 5′ end, whereas Flavivirus contains structural proteins at the 3′ end. (pediaa.com)
  • Alphavirus contains structural proteins at the 5′ end, while Flavivirus contains structural proteins at the 3′ end. (pediaa.com)
  • Alphavirus produces sub-genomic messages, while Flavivirus does not. (pediaa.com)
  • Alphavirus does not contain polyadenylation at the 3′ end, while Flavivirus contains polyadenylation at the 3′ end. (pediaa.com)
  • In brief, Alphavirus and Flavivirus are two genera of viruses that contain positive-sense RNA genomes. (pediaa.com)
Glycoproteins1
  • The lipid-containing envelope of the Alphavirus contains glycoproteins for the mediate attachment, fusion, and penetration. (pediaa.com)
Fever1
  • CHIKV infection causes a range of symptoms, including fever, rash, and pain and swelling of the muscles and joints that can persist for months or years. (unc.edu)
Viral infection4
  • Viral arthritis is inflammation of the joints from a viral infection. (medscape.com)
  • Viral infection depends on both host and viral factors. (medscape.com)
  • The immune complexes from an antibody response can be deposited at sites of viral infection or in the synovium. (medscape.com)
  • however, serologic testing and necropsy are required for definitive diagnosis of viral infection and subsequent encephalomyelitis. (msdvetmanual.com)
Suspected Zika virus1
  • However, there have been cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome reported in patients following suspected Zika virus infection. (cdc.gov)
Species6
  • Purified virions of Aura virus, a South American alphavirus related to Sindbis virus, were found to contain two RNA species, one of 12 kb and the other of 4.2 kb. (caltech.edu)
  • Pairwise amino acid identities to EILV ranged between 67 and 88 % for the corresponding proteins, suggesting that TALV defines a proposed new alphavirus species. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The type species is the SINDBIS VIRUS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Previous microscopic and molecular studies have identified Wolbachia in several bed bug species (Cimicidae), but little is known about how widespread Wolbachia infections are among the Cimicidae. (lookformedical.com)
  • Using these and other previously published primers, we screened 39 cimicid species (spanning 16 genera and all 6 recognized subfamilies) and 2 species of the sister family Polyctenidae for Wolbachia infections using museum and wild-caught material. (lookformedical.com)
  • A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing encephalomyelitis in Equidae and humans. (uchicago.edu)
Outbreaks3
  • Large outbreaks of infection have been recorded in humans in South Africa since 1974 ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Serious outbreaks of alphavirus infection occur worldwide and affect millions of people. (unc.edu)
  • There are no effective therapies or vaccines against alphavirus infection, yet serious outbreaks of alphavirus infection continue to occur. (unc.edu)
AR3391
Retroviruses1
  • However, the expression of Sindbis virus envelopes may lead to apoptosis, and their introduction into host cells upon infection by Sindbis virus envelope pseudotyped retroviruses may also lead to cell death. (genetherapynet.com)
Symptoms2
  • In order to determine the origin of the RRV infections, all local human cases were interviewed to establish the location of their residence and if they had travelled to, or outside of, the Sorell area in the 2-3 weeks before the onset of symptoms. (health.gov.au)
  • Notifications of RRV infection in residents of Sorell Municipal Area, and in individuals that had travelled to the area within two weeks before the onset of symptoms were interviewed. (health.gov.au)
Invertebrate1
  • These findings suggest that MG ECs are involved in arbovirus infection of the invertebrate host. (bvsalud.org)
Aedes4
  • Packaging of the Aura virus subgenomic mRNA occurred following infection of mosquito (Aedes albopictus C6/36), hamster (BHK-21), or monkey (Vero) cells. (caltech.edu)
  • Instead, the Aedes gene product sialokinin mediated the enhancement of virus infection through a rapid reduction in endothelial barrier integrity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Therapeutic strategies targeting sialokinin have the potential to limit disease severity following infection with Aedes-mosquito-borne viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Individual co-variation between viral RNA load and gene expression reveals novel host factors during early dengue virus infection of the Aedes aegypti midgut. (salehlab.eu)
Rash1
  • The virus is harmless to macaques or may cause only a herpetic rash in macaques, but in humans it often produces fatal infections of the brain and meninges. (unboundmedicine.com)
Arboviral1
  • Moreover, as these arthropod-borne viruses infect the vector insect enterically, we use Drosophila to model these intestinal infections to explore the role of the microbiota and innate defenses in the gut in the response to enteric arboviral infections. (upenn.edu)
Humans3
  • There are 27 alphaviruses, able to infect various vertebrates such as humans, rodents, birds, and larger mammals such as horses as well as invertebrates. (genetherapynet.com)
  • Johnston Atoll virus is closely related to the Quaranfil group of viruses, which have been isolated from symptomatic humans, 16 and it has been hypothesized that humans may also be susceptible to infection with Johnston Atoll virus. (who.int)
  • Infections in horses show a mortality of up to 90 percent and in humans as high as 80 percent in epidemics. (uchicago.edu)
Antigenic2
  • There are 27 Alphaviruses classified according to their antigenic properties. (pediaa.com)
  • An understanding of how malaria, with its ability to undergo antigenic variation, interacts with the host immune response is key for developing approaches to effectively control infection and break the transmission cycle. (jhu.edu)
Antibody1
  • There are limitations to the use of alphaviruses in the field of gene therapy due to their lack of targeting, however, through the introduction of variable antibody domains in a non-conserved loop in the structure of E2, specific populations of cells have been targeted. (genetherapynet.com)
Family3
  • Hantavirus Infection Hantaviridae are a family of enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses, which consists of at least 4 serotypes with 9 viruses causing 2 major, sometimes overlapping, clinical syndromes: Hemorrhagic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • INTRODUCTION Alphaviruses are positive-sense RNA viruses grouped into the family and differentiated into Old World and New World alphaviruses. (careersfromscience.org)
  • Strikingly, PRO displays no homology to other processing proteinases from RNA+ viruses, including that of alphaviruses, and the closest structural homologs of PRO were identified as DUBs from the Ovarian tumor (OTU) family. (datexis.com)
Zika3
  • Recently, CDC concluded that Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects. (cdc.gov)
  • Due to concerns of microcephaly caused by maternal Zika virus infection, fetuses and infants of women infected with Zika virus during pregnancy should be evaluated for possible congenital infection and neurologic abnormalities. (cdc.gov)
  • Based on the typical clinical features, the differential diagnosis for Zika virus infection is broad. (cdc.gov)
Supergroup1
  • Infections in the F supergroup were common in the subfamily Cimicinae, while infections in the A supergroup were identified in the subfamilies Afrocimicinae and Haematosiphoninae. (lookformedical.com)
Disease severity1
  • This work describes the consequences of such mutations on alphavirus disease severity. (unc.edu)
Comprises1
  • Old World alphavirus nsP3 comprises an N-terminal macro domain that binds ADP-ribose moieties (8 9 an essential zinc-binding region in the middle of the protein (10) as well as a C-terminal hypervariable domain (HVD). (careersfromscience.org)
Measles2
  • Professor Diane Griffin's laboratory studies the immune response to measles virus infection and vaccination. (jhu.edu)
  • Viruses are also responsible for the common cold, childhood exanthems (such as chickenpox, measles, rubella), latent infections (such as herpes simplex), some cancers or lymphomas (such as Epstein-Barr virus), and diseases of all organ systems. (unboundmedicine.com)
Proteins2
  • These outcomes demonstrate that 2A fusion protein-expressing alphaviruses could be particularly perfect for applications that want enduring manifestation of an individual proteins or coexpression of two alternate proteins. (ampkpathway.com)
  • By combining both manifestation strategies, we built bivalent infections that indicated one proteins like a 2A fusion proteins and expressed the next proteins in indigenous form through the duplicate 26S promoter. (ampkpathway.com)
Virion2
  • Also, Alphavirus is an enveloped virion that is spherical. (pediaa.com)
  • As a result, viral receptors over the cell membrane offer binding sites for the trojan and so are also mixed up in structural modulation of viral envelopes, resulting in the fusion Pseudouridimycin from the viral and mobile membranes and virion entrance, the first step in viral an infection of focus on cells [2]. (angiogenesis-blog.com)
20022
  • This report published in Communicable Diseases Intelligence, Volume 28, Number 2 In 2002, discusses the Ross River virus (RRV) infections in Tasmania after the largest number of RRV infections ever recorded for the state was reported. (health.gov.au)
  • In 2002, Tasmania reported the largest number of Ross River virus (RRV) infections ever recorded for the state. (health.gov.au)
Titers2
  • The toxicity of Sindbis viral envelopes may be the cause of the very low production titers realized from packaging cells constructed to produce Sindbis pseudotypes. (genetherapynet.com)
  • Despite their phenotypic and hereditary variations, all infections induced high titers of VP7-particular antibodies similarly. (ampkpathway.com)
Virions1
  • Packaging of the Aura virus subgenomic RNA, but not those of other alphaviruses, suggests that Aura virus 26S RNA contains a packaging signal for incorporation into virions. (caltech.edu)
Equine1
  • Pre-incubation from the recombinant sELR1 with EIAV inhibited EIAV an infection in equine macrophages considerably, the principal in vivo focus on cell from the trojan. (angiogenesis-blog.com)
Cells infected1
  • We also found that subgenomic RNA was present in about threefold-greater amounts relative to genomic RNA in cells infected by Aura virus than in cells infected by Sindbis virus. (caltech.edu)
Consists1
  • The alphavirus group consists of about 20 viruses, many of which are important human veterinary pathogens. (grantome.com)
Africa1
  • Sindbis virus is widely and continuously found in insects and vertebrates in Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania. (wikipedia.org)
Immunity2
  • Together, the data show that N679K reduces overall spike protein levels during Omicron infection, which has important implications for infection, immunity, and transmission. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Griffin lab also studies immunity to Sindbis and other alpha viruses that cause encephalitis to understand the immune responses that protect neurons from destruction. (jhu.edu)
Vaccine2
  • The present invention provides an unproved vaccine for the prevention or amelioration of pneumococcal infection of the elderly (e.g., pneumonia) and/or in infants (e.g. (allindianpatents.com)
  • Chimeric alphavirus vaccine candidates for chikungunya. (uchicago.edu)
Insects1
Hepatitis2
  • Most of the deaths are from cirrhosis of the liver or hepatic cancer due to chronic infections with hepatitis viruses B or C, picked up through contact with contaminated blood. (gavi.org)
  • The findings led to lifesaving hepatitis C tests to avert infections through transfusions with contaminated blood, as well as for the development of effective antiviral medications to treat the disease. (gavi.org)