• citation needed] Chronic indirect tumor viruses, on the other hand, can be lost (at least theoretically) from a mature tumor that has accumulated sufficient mutations and growth conditions (hyperplasia) from the chronic inflammation of viral infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • To overcome this obstacle, conditional oncolytic viruses (such as conditional replication adenovirus (CRAD)) are developed to specifically target prostate without (or with minimal) systemic toxicity due to viral self-replication. (hindawi.com)
  • The adenovirus early region 1 (E1) gene, which comprises E1a and E1b, encodes the viral early proteins that are necessary for adenoviral replication and the consequent oncolysis of permissive host cells. (hindawi.com)
  • E1-deleted (including E1a-deleted) adenoviruses are replication defective and are commonly used as viral vectors to carry therapeutic genes for gene therapy. (hindawi.com)
  • Adenoviral DNA is retained by peripheral epithelial cells of the lung (PLECs) in humans in whom the viral E1A gene is expressed 4 without replication of a complete virus 5 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Tumor viruses come in a variety of forms: Viruses with a DNA genome, such as adenovirus, and viruses with an RNA genome, like the hepatitis C virus (HCV), can cause cancers, as can retroviruses having both DNA and RNA genomes (Human T-lymphotropic virus and hepatitis B virus, which normally replicates as a mixed double and single-stranded DNA virus but also has a retroviral replication component). (wikipedia.org)
  • Replication-competent viruses, also known as oncolytic viruses, replicate within transduced cells and force these cells into a lytic cycle. (hindawi.com)
  • Therefore, strategies to use conditional oncolytic virus, or the so-called attenuated replication-competent viruses, to specifically target prostate tissue have been developed [ 2 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The idea behind this study is to place the Ad5 E1 region in cis complementation (i.e., use E1 as a transgene) back into an E1-deleted, replication-defective adenovirus under the control of a prostate-specific promoter (PSP). (hindawi.com)
  • One-step growth curve showed that the replication of the SAdVs with HAdV-5 E4orf6 substitution and E1/E3 deletion was similar to that of wild-type SAdVs in HEK293 cells, but the modified SAdVs were replication-deficient in A549 cells which lack HAdV-5 E1A and E1B. (bvsalud.org)
  • Replication of this work using a larger sample size will help us to differentiate true positive findings. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The best PSP was selected to construct a prostate-specific oncolytic adenovirus (CRAD) by controlling the adenoviral E1 region. (hindawi.com)
  • In the present study, the hypothesis that adenoviral infection followed by persistent expression of its E1A gene is capable of producing epithelial-mesenchymal transformation was examined by investigating guinea pig PLECs that express adenoviral E1A. (ersjournals.com)
  • The changes that occur during adenoviral E1A transformation of primary guinea pig PLECs were also compared with those occurring during the transformation of the fibroblasts that frequently contaminate primary epithelial cultures, and evidence is presented that both cell types are transformed to an intermediate phenotype. (ersjournals.com)
  • In this latter case, it is controversial but at least theoretically possible that an indirect tumor virus could undergo "hit-and-run" and so the virus would be lost from the clinically diagnosed tumor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Theoretically, a large tumor burden could be effectively eradicated using a small dose of an oncolytic virus. (hindawi.com)
  • Such changes are mitigated through rapid expression of the relevant genes for extracellular matrix proteins and growth factors. (westminster.ac.uk)
  • Interesting associations for SNPs located within or near genes involved in pregnancy and development, innate immunological response, or HIV protein interactions were also observed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. (lookformedical.com)
  • The proteins encoded by homeobox genes are called HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS. (lookformedical.com)
  • The World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer estimated that in 2002, infection caused 17.8% of human cancers, with 11.9% caused by one of seven viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Relman and Fredericks have described the difficulties in applying Koch's postulates to virus-induced cancers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because foreign virus antigens are expressed in these tumors, persons who are immunosuppressed such as AIDS or transplant patients are at higher risk for these types of cancers. (wikipedia.org)
  • The present report concerns the role of adenovirus infection in inducing this transformation in an animal model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (ersjournals.com)
  • It is postulated that this intermediate phenotype may play a major role in the remodelling of the airways in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated with persistence of adenovirus E1A DNA. (ersjournals.com)
  • These human observations are supported by experiments in guinea pigs, where, in the absence of actively replicating virus but the presence of E1A DNA, adenovirus infection resulted in excess lung inflammation following a single exposure to cigarette smoke 7 , and increased parenchymal and airway wall inflammation with greater emphysematous destruction after chronic exposure 8 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Generally, tumor viruses cause little or no disease after infection in their hosts, or cause non-neoplastic diseases such as acute hepatitis for hepatitis B virus or mononucleosis for Epstein-Barr virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • This review will address epigenetic regulation in members of the polyomaviruses, adenoviruses, human papillomaviruses, hepatitis B, and herpes viruses. (mdpi.com)
  • Several other genetic backgrounds result in enlargement of the haltere significantly beyond the normal range of haploinsufficient phenotypes, suggesting genetic variation in cofactors that mediate homeotic protein function. (lookformedical.com)
  • For example, adenoviruses do not cause cancer in humans but are instead responsible for colds, conjunctivitis and other acute illnesses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mutations in the gene for the antennapedia homeodomain protein are associated with the conversion of antenna to leg or leg to antenna DROSOPHILA. (lookformedical.com)
  • An oncovirus or oncogenic virus is a virus that can cause cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • SV40 also expresses the oncogenic protein T Ag in human mesotheliomas, which inactivates p53 and RB. (sv40.org)
  • The vast majority of human and animal viruses do not cause cancer, probably because of longstanding co-evolution between the virus and its host. (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, the host restriction for human viruses makes it unethical to experimentally transmit a suspected cancer virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • A number of PSPs have been defined over the years that include, but not limited to, promoters of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), probasin (PB), mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV LTR), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2), and prostatic steroid-binding protein C3. (hindawi.com)
  • Dystrophin associates with a number of proteins to form a large oligomeric complex named the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), which bridges across the sarcolemma and connects the extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton (Allamand and Campbell, (2000) Human Molecular Genetics 9:2459-2467). (justia.com)
  • Secondly, asymptomatic virus infection and carriage is the norm for most tumor viruses, which violates Koch's third principle. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is increasingly clear that DNA viruses exploit cellular epigenetic processes to control their life cycles during infection. (mdpi.com)
  • For each type of virus, what is known about the roles of DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome positioning, and regulatory RNA in epigenetic regulation of the virus infection will be discussed. (mdpi.com)
  • The enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (eGFP) was inserted into SAdV E3 region and expressed at high level. (bvsalud.org)
  • Firstly, this is because viruses cannot truly be isolated in pure culture-even stringent isolation techniques cannot exclude undetected contaminating viruses with similar density characteristics, and viruses must be grown on cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Released virus is then able to infect neighboring cells until all susceptible cells are eliminated. (hindawi.com)
  • HPV is present in the tumour cells. (sv40.org)
  • Guinea pig primary peripheral lung epithelial cells (PLECs) transfected with adenovirus E1A (E1A-PLECs) were compared to guinea pig normal lung fibroblasts (NLFs) transfected with E1A (E1A-NLFs). (ersjournals.com)
  • E1A transfection results in the transformation of peripheral lung epithelial cells and normal lung fibroblasts to a phenotype intermediate between that of the two primary cells. (ersjournals.com)
  • Case-control studies have shown that the E1A DNA from group C adenoviruses is present in greater amounts in the lungs of patients with COPD than in controls with normal lung function matched for age, sex and smoking history 5 , and that the excess inflammation in the lungs of smokers with severe emphysema is associated with increased numbers of alveolar epithelial cells expressing E1A 6 . (ersjournals.com)
  • The CCR5 co-receptor also binds with chemokines produced by CD8+ T cells, including RANTES (CCL5), and MIP (macrophage inflammatory protein) 1α (CCL3) and 1β (CCL4). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases. (lookformedical.com)
  • Although virus-based gene therapy is a promising strategy to combat advanced prostate cancer, its current effectiveness is limited partially due to inefficient cellular transduction in vivo . (hindawi.com)
  • The present invention provides methods of achieving directed evolution of viruses by in vivo screening or "panning" to identify viruses comprising scrambled AAV capsids having characteristics of interest, e.g., tropism profile and/or neutralization profile (e.g., ability to evade neutralizing antibodies). (justia.com)
  • The invention relates to methods for directed evolution and in vivo panning of adeno-associated virus vectors as well as optimized AAV capsids and virus vectors comprising the same. (justia.com)
  • Some viruses are tumorigenic when they infect a cell and persist as circular episomes or plasmids, replicating separately from host cell DNA (Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus). (wikipedia.org)
  • Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus. (lookformedical.com)
  • Oncoviruses have been important not only in epidemiology, but also in investigations of cell cycle control mechanisms such as the retinoblastoma protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • These two mechanisms differ in their biology and epidemiology: direct tumor viruses must have at least one virus copy in every tumor cell expressing at least one protein or RNA that is causing the cell to become cancerous. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mechanisms used by certain viruses to dysregulate the host cell through manipulation of epigenetic processes and the role of cellular cofactors such as BRD4 that are known to be involved in epigenetic regulation of host cell pathways will also be covered. (mdpi.com)
  • In many cases, tumor viruses do not cause cancer in their native hosts but only in dead-end species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. (lookformedical.com)
  • The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development. (lookformedical.com)
  • A 2020 study of 2,658 samples from 38 different types of cancer found that 16% were associated with a virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Little is known, although the virus has been found in preneoplastic lesions. (sv40.org)
  • Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. (lookformedical.com)
  • However, a larger wealth of research describes genetic associations with adult HIV transmission and progression to AIDS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. (lookformedical.com)
  • The Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3) domain is crucial for the death-inducing and dimerization properties of pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 protein family, including Bak, Bax, and Bad. (lookformedical.com)
  • Other viruses are only carcinogenic when they integrate into the host cell genome as part of a biological accident, such as polyomaviruses and papillomaviruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • This term originated from studies of acutely transforming retroviruses in the 1950-60s, when the term "oncornaviruses" was used to denote their RNA virus origin. (wikipedia.org)