• The vaccines are based on novel and powerful viral vectors for in vivo delivery of antigens.The PEACHI Consortium members have employed replication-defective simian adenovirus (ChAd) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector technology to develop the most immunogenic HCV and HIV-1 vaccines to date. (europa.eu)
  • Nuclear antigens encoded by VIRAL GENES found in HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4. (lookformedical.com)
  • One of these, gp120, is a surface viral protein and is particularly diabolical, and crucial for the virus to bind and recognise helper T cells. (fieldofscience.com)
  • Viral architecture is very complex, but every virus contains at least a genome and a capsid. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Frequent mutations change some viral antigens so that the lymphocytes are unable to create an antibody that can neutralize the original antigen and its replacement. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • We propose that additional investigation into the role of ADCP in protective viral responses, the specific virus epitopes targeted by ADCP antibodies, and the types of phagocytes and Fc receptors involved in ADCP at sites of virus infection will provide insight into strategies to successfully leverage this important immune response for improved antiviral immunity through rational vaccine design. (frontiersin.org)
  • specific phosphorylation of 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine by herpes simplex virus-infected cells and incorporation into viral dna. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • this study compared conventional viral isolation (vi) in cell cultures with a commercial product--virgo antigen detection system--for the identification and typing of herpes simplex virus (hsv). (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • herpes simplex virus glycoproteins gc-1 and gc-2 bind to the third component of complement and provide protection against complement-mediated neutralization of viral infectivity. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • This silencing response leads to reduced levels of viral proteins, and in the case of cells infected with an RNA virus, viral sense or antisense genomes can also be targeted for degradation by siRNA. (moam.info)
  • The RNA silencing response to viral infection is so robust that all major groups of plant viruses examined to date, including those with DNA genomes, have been shown to encode one or more RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs) which act as pathogenicity determinants (4, 34). (moam.info)
  • A multiplicity of viral functions has evolved to modulate the host cell environment in order to ensure the efficient production of new infectious virus during lytic infection. (moam.info)
  • CanSinoBio Ad5-EBOV is an adenovirus type 5 recombinant vector-based Ebola virus disease vaccine that protects against Ebola virus disease. (precisionvaccinations.com)
  • The goal of the PEACHI project is to develop simple, affordable and effective vaccine strategies that can be given alone or in combination to prevent hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and co-infection. (europa.eu)
  • The 400 known viruses are classified in several ways: by genome core (RNA or DNA), host (animals, plants, or bacteria), method of reproduction (such as retrovirus), mode of transmission (such as enterovirus), and disease produced (such as hepatitis virus). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • For instance, mice are able to reconstitute most lymphomas in monkeys and humans woodchuck hepatitis virus induces major components of the human provides strong support for a direct hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) haematolymphoid system including oncogenic role of EBV in vivo. (who.int)
  • Pediatric infectious disease clinicians in industrialized countries may encounter iatrogenically transmitted HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infections in refugee children from Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. (cdc.gov)
  • This report summarizes cases in 4 children from South Asia that illustrate the conditions extant in 1 city in Uzbekistan (Andijan), where medical procedures have resulted in transmission of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). (cdc.gov)
  • Ambirix vaccine contains inactivated (killed) hepatitis A virus and 'surface antigen' (proteins from the surface) parts of the hepatitis B virus as active substances. (precisionvaccinations.com)
  • The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses ( PROVIRUSES ) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL). (lookformedical.com)
  • A hyperinflammatory 'cytokine storm' state termed macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), culminating from a complex interplay of genetics, immunodeficiency, infectious triggers and dominant innate immune effector responses, can develop across disparate entities including systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) and its counterpart adult-onset Still disease (AOSD), connective tissue diseases, sepsis, infection, cancers and cancer immunotherapy. (nature.com)
  • Antiviral activities of antibodies may either be dependent only on interactions between the antibody and cognate antigen, as in binding and neutralization of an infectious virion, or instead may require interactions between antibody-antigen immune complexes and immunoproteins or Fc receptor expressing immune effector cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • They have worked out the structure that it has when it is bound to gp41, the protein (or antigen) that it recognizes on the virus's surface, and they have published their results in Immunity. (fieldofscience.com)
  • They reveal the crystal structure of the virus surface protein gp120 from the simian immunodeficiency virus, which is closely related to HIV.The researchers studied the structure of the protein as it is before it binds to a helper T cell, a type of immune cell that HIV infects. (fieldofscience.com)
  • dna binding of a 38,000-dalton herpes-simplex-virus-2-specific protein. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • this protein has previously been shown to be a delayed early herpes simplex virus type-2 specific protein. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • the hnrnp core protein antigens remain associated with the host chromatin, which appears to collapse into internal aggregates and along the nuclear envelope. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • The ability of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to suppress silencing was examined in a transient expression system that employed an imperfect hairpin to target degradation of transcripts encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). (moam.info)
  • Determination of HIV-1 replication revealed that enhancement of the virus spread by Nef is governed by a complex set of protein interaction surfaces. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Major has been quoted extensively in news coverage of the finding that natalizumab (Tysabri) and related monoclonal antibody-based therapies increase the risk of a rare brain disease caused by JC virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Fc receptor-dependent function of antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) provides mechanisms for clearance of virus and virus-infected cells, as well as for stimulation of downstream adaptive immune responses by facilitating antigen presentation, or by stimulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators. (frontiersin.org)
  • Fc receptor-dependent antibody functions are also involved in activation of downstream adaptive immune responses by facilitating antigen presentation or by stimulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators ( 12 , 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • evaluation of a monoclonal antibody typing system for herpes simplex virus. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • limiting dilution analysis of specific in vitro anti-herpes simplex virus antibody production by human lymphocytes. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) system to study specific anti-herpes simplex virus (hsv) antibody production in vitro by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) has been developed. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • hsv specific antibody production was detected in culture supernatants of pbmc from hsv seropositive healthy individuals by stimulating with optimal concentrations of hsv antigen without mitogens. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Amubarvimab / Romlusevimab (BRII-196/BRII-198) is a SARS-CoV-2 virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody combination therapy. (precisionvaccinations.com)
  • This "depot" was formed by associating the antigen with substances able to persist at the injection site, such as aluminum salts or emulsions. (mdpi.com)
  • Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity. (lookformedical.com)
  • METHODS AND RESULTS: Here, in using a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected rhesus macaque model of neuroHIV, we find SIV Nef reactivity in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of SIV-infected animals using immunohistochemistry (IHC). (bvsalud.org)
  • Conversely, at the other boundary, immune hypersensitivity with gain of immune function in MHC class II-associated sJIA-AOSD and with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy also triggers MAS. (nature.com)
  • The present invention provides chimeric virus vectors that have been designed to exhibit one or more properties of interest (e.g., enhanced tissue tropism). (justia.com)
  • In particular embodiments, the chimeric viruses of the invention have enhanced transduction capability (e.g., transduction of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, glial cells, astrocytes, liver, retina and/or lung, etc.), enhanced levels of transgene expression and/or earlier onset of transgene expression. (justia.com)
  • The chimeric virus can also have a reduced transduction capability with respect to one or more cells or tissues (e.g., liver), which can be desirable in terms of targeting the vector to the target tissue of interest and reducing dosage of vector to be administered. (justia.com)
  • Further, in particular embodiments, the chimeric virus has a different immunological profile than one or both of the parent viruses (i.e., is only weakly or not at all recognized by neutralizing antisera or antibodies against the parent virus), thereby allowing for administration to subjects that have antibodies directed against the parent virus or repeat administration following administration of another serotype. (justia.com)
  • 5-(2-fluoroethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (fedu), its 2'-fluoroarabinofuranosyl analog (fefau) and the 2'-fluoroarabinofuranosyl analog (cefau) of the potent anti-herpesvirus compound 5-(2-chloroethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (cedu) were evaluated for activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 in vitro and in vivo. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • trifluorothymidine (tft) is known to be concentrated in herpes simplex virus (hsv) infected cells in vitro in the form of phosphorylated derivatives. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • These in vitro, and their expression in these human tumour virus. (who.int)
  • In contrast to normal T -cells, neoplastic mature T -cells respond directly to TCGF, requiring no prior lectin or antigen in vitro activation. (science-connections.com)
  • It is becoming clear that vectors based upon adeno-associated virus (AAV) are the vectors of choice for certain gene therapy applications such as muscle delivery. (justia.com)
  • Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)
  • protective cytotoxic t-cell responses induced by venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons expressing ebola virus proteins. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • For anyone interested in this work, i also suggest some research done using micelles with the CD4 receptor implanted to "trick" the HIV virus into binding it. (fieldofscience.com)
  • evidence that neomycin inhibits binding of herpes simplex virus type 1 to the cellular receptor. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • However, while the late stages of the retrovirus life cycle, consisting of virus replication and egress, have been partly unraveled, the early steps remain largely enigmatic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (edu) is a potent and selective inhibitor of the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and 2 (hsv-2), which is currently being pursued for the topical treatment of hsv-1 and hsv-2 infections in humans. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • The importance of RNA silencing to HSV-1 replication was confirmed by a significantly enhanced virus burst size in cells in which silencing was knocked down with small inhibitory RNAs directed to Argonaute 2, an integral component of the silencing complex. (moam.info)
  • Virus replication leads to the production of doublestranded RNA (dsRNA), which triggers the RNA silencing response and robust production of siRNA. (moam.info)
  • Consistently, in HLAC from 9 out of 14 donors, Nef enhanced CD4 + T cell depletion in the absence of a significant effect on virus replication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
  • However, we also show that disrupting interactions between Env and MR reduces initial infection of macrophages by cell-free virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Several characteristics of the female genital tract make it suitable for inoculation, establishment of infection, and systemic spread of the virus, which causes local changes that may favor the development of infections by other pathogens, often called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). (hindawi.com)
  • The term 'cytokine storm' entered the popular lexicon with previous influenza virus pandemics but has become even more mainstream because of the severe inflammation that can accompany SARS-CoV-2 infection 1 . (nature.com)
  • redistribution of nuclear ribonucleoprotein antigens during herpes simplex virus infection. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • infection of human epidermoid carcinoma no. 2 cells with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) leads to a reorganization of antigens associated with both the small and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes (snrnp and hnrnp). (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Moreover, The use of animals as surrogate rine host, can provide a platform for animal models for tumour viruses in hosts for the study of human tu- in vivo infection. (who.int)
  • infection with ebola virus causes a severe disease accompanied by high mortality rates, and there are no licensed vaccines or therapies available for human use. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • filovirus vaccine research efforts still need to determine the roles of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in protection from ebola virus infection. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Some of the most virulent diseases are caused by viruses, e.g., the hemorrhagic fever caused by Ebola virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • in the past decade the zaire strain of ebola virus (zebov) has emerged repeatedly into human populations in central africa and caused massive die-offs of gorillas and chimpanzees. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • human recombinant antibodies to ebola virus: preparation and characteristics]. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • human recombinant antibodies against a purified ebola virus (ev) lysate were selected from a combinatorial library of scfv-antibodies using the phage display technique. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • the status of current laboratory diagnostics for ebola and marburg virus infections is discussed in terms of the assays available and their interpretation. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • ebola virus circulation in africa: a balance between clinical expression and epidemiological silence. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • nearly thirty years after the first epidemics, ebola virus (ebov) remains hardly described, its transmission unclear and its reservoir elusive. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • soon after the ebola fever outbreak and virus discovery in 1976 and in order to investigate the distribution of ebov in central africa, several countries including a range of ecological zones were investigated in the early 1980s, using extensive survey: central african republic (car), cameroon, chad, congo, gabon and equatorial guinea. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Surprisingly, many stocks of the closely related SIVmac251 swarm virus harbor a nef allele encoding a Q196. (bvsalud.org)
  • Evidence points toward a T-cell-mediated cytotoxic process directed against unidentified muscle antigens. (medscape.com)
  • AREXVY monovalent RSV vaccine recombinant AS01E adjuvanted contains a recombinant subunit pre-fusion RSV antigen combined with a proprietary AS01 adjuvant. (precisionvaccinations.com)
  • We can make a mimic of the antigen that will elicit the same type of antibodies we initially studied," says Wilson. (fieldofscience.com)
  • and human T -cell antigens recognized by certain monoclonal antibodies on both immature and mature T -cells. (science-connections.com)
  • B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma . (lookformedical.com)
  • Viruses are also responsible for the common cold, childhood exanthems (such as chickenpox, measles, rubella), latent infections (such as herpes simplex), some cancers or lymphomas (such as Epstein-Barr virus), and diseases of all organ systems. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) form rosettes with c3b-coated erythrocytes, whereas cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) or other herpes viruses do not. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the prototypic member of the alphaherpesvirus subfamily, which induces lytic infections in epithelial cells of its native host (47, 65). (moam.info)
  • Since several animal RNA tumor viruses (Klein 1980) and cells of the putative human retroviruses isolated to date (Bronson et al. (science-connections.com)
  • Subsequent characterization of this virus has shown that it is not significantly related to any known animal retrovirus, is not an endogenous (genetically transmitted) virus of man, and so far has been associated only with fresh or cultured T -cells from patients with T -cell neoplasia. (science-connections.com)
  • so far, however, only the human retroviruses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I (HTLV-I), the simian retroviruses, and coxsackievirus B have been etiologically connected with the disease. (medscape.com)
  • so far, however, the only viruses that have been etiologically connected with the disease are the human retroviruses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I (HTLV-I), the simian retroviruses, and coxsackievirus B. Those viruses may directly invade the muscle tissue, damaging the vascular endothelium and releasing cytokines, which then induce abnormal expression of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and render the muscle susceptible to destruction. (medscape.com)
  • The surge in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) research in order to identify new therapeutic targets has led to a better understanding of the retroviral life cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • Polymyositis is an immune-mediated syndrome secondary to defective cellular immunity that is most commonly associated with other systemic autoimmune diseases. (medscape.com)
  • Major conducts research into the neurological diseases including progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), caused by JC virus and often found in immunosuppressed patients such as those with HIV/AIDS. (wikipedia.org)
  • Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE. (lookformedical.com)
  • A general term for diseases produced by viruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. (mdpi.com)
  • This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. (mdpi.com)
  • The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS , but whose true origin is unknown. (lookformedical.com)
  • One exception is hu- humanized SCID mice, the use of al oncogenic viruses that are strictly man T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 surrogate hosts has not proven very species-specific, causing cancer in (HTLV-1): in addition to its ability to useful for defining tumour site con- humans only. (who.int)
  • RNA-induced silencing is a potent innate antiviral defense strategy in plants, and suppression of silencing is a hallmark of pathogenic plant viruses. (moam.info)
  • we reviewed published reports on 254-nm uv inactivation and tabulated the sensitivities of a wide variety of viruses, including those with double-stranded dna, single-stranded dna, double-stranded rna, or single-stranded rna genomes. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Most animal viruses are also surrounded by a lipid envelope (a bilayered membrane analogous to a cell membrane). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A virus with reduced pathogenicity as a result of treatment or repeated passage through hosts. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Among the biological agents re- because species specificity limits the causes lymphoproliferative diseas- viewed in Volume 100B of the IARC feasibility of this approach for most of es in New World monkeys and in Monographs (IARC, 2012) are sever- these viruses. (who.int)
  • For this reason, the infect humans, this virus can infect cordance between humans and ex- question about tumour site concor- several other species - including perimental animals. (who.int)
  • For other human tumour virus- primate species are related to the hu- tween data in humans and in experi- es, the use of humanized severe man tumour viruses, the incidence of mental animals is not obvious. (who.int)
  • In this combined immunodeficiency (SCID) cancer is low in these species (as it chapter, some aspects of this issue mice, in which the human target is in humans), which renders cancer are discussed. (who.int)
  • However, except non-primate species often do not mour viruses is often problematic, for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which accurately reflect the mechanism of Part 1 ยท Chapter 9. (who.int)
  • Considering the boundaries of immunodeficiency and immune hypersensitivity in MAS related to systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis and adult-onset Still disease, and the role of lymphoid cells, severe COVID-19 is generally a distinctive lung-specific immunopathology. (nature.com)
  • 1975). Although the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a DNA virus of the herpes group, is implicated in some aspect of Burkitt's lymphoma, a B-cell disease (De- The 1980), the etiology of all the T -cell neoplasias is, as of yet, obscure. (science-connections.com)
  • Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response. (lookformedical.com)
  • Viruses with lipid envelopes have a greater ability to adhere to cell membranes and to avoid destruction by the immune system. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • destruction of the virus often requires destruction of the host cell. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • When viruses enter a cell, they may immediately trigger a disease process or may remain quiescent for years. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • New viruses are then released either by destroying their host cell or by forming small buds that break off and infect other cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Animal models for human tumour mental animals is not easy to answer does induce adult T-cell leukaemia/ viruses that make use of animal virus- for these agents, because cancer bi- lymphoma (ATLL), albeit in monkeys es are scarce. (who.int)
  • cell for the virus is placed in a mu- studies costly and difficult. (who.int)
  • These results show that LMP1 , mour viruses classified by IARC in EBV-specific T-cell response. (who.int)
  • Overall primary concerns are: extrapolating human clinical studies, seeding durable effective T cell resident memory (Trm), population human leucocyte antigen (HLA) coverage, and the potential for T cell-mediated immune escape. (mdpi.com)
  • The virus is harmless to macaques or may cause only a herpetic rash in macaques, but in humans it often produces fatal infections of the brain and meninges. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • From here, the antigen is slowly released and provided to immune cells over an extended period of time. (mdpi.com)
  • Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • For some, this is an impenetrable barrier for agents such as HIV, but Langerhans cells within the squamous layer have been shown to transmit the virus for target cells [ 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • However, the impact of silencing as a mammalian antiviral defense mechanism and the ability of mammalian viruses to suppress silencing in natural host cells have remained controversial. (moam.info)
  • A novel retrovirus, human T -celllymphomaleukemia virus (HTLV), has been isolated from the fresh and cultured cells of two of these patients. (science-connections.com)
  • The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. (mdpi.com)
  • A virus commonly found in macaques (Old World monkeys) but not in other primates. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • the goal of this study was to estimate inactivation of viruses by solar exposure. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • ABBR: AAV A genus in the parvovirus family whose members cannot replicate without the presence of another virus. (unboundmedicine.com)