Signals mitochondrial membrane transport proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

Mitochondrial membrane transport proteins, also known as mitochondrial carrier proteins, are proteins which exist in the membranes of mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria contain both an inner and outer membrane, separated by the inter-membrane space, or inner boundary membrane. (wikipedia.org)
The outer mitochondrial membrane forms the border of mitochondria towards the cellular environment. (wikipedia.org)
The outer membrane mitochondrial proteins carry out functions for mitochondrial biogenesis and integration between mitochondria and the cellular system. (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondrial energetic adaptations encompass a plethora of conserved processes that maintain cell and organismal fitness and survival in the changing environment by adjusting the respiratory capacity of mitochondria. (nature.com)
Gilkerson, R. W., Selker, J. M. L. & Capaldi, R. A. The cristal membrane of mitochondria is the principal site of oxidative phosphorylation. (nature.com)
However, the initial signaling events leading to localization of PKD1 to the mitochondria are unknown. (biologists.com)
Here, we show that formation of mitochondrial diacylglycerol (DAG) and its binding to PKD1 is the means by which PKD1 is localized to the mitochondria in response to ROS. (biologists.com)
However, our data describe a role for PLD1-induced DAG as a competent second messenger at the mitochondria that relays ROS to PKD1-mediated mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling. (biologists.com)
In this process, TOM and TIM aren't brothers, but large protein complexes found in the outer and inner membranes of mitochondria. (reasons.org)
TOM (translocase of the outer membrane) and TIM (translocase of the inner membrane) function as biomolecular machines that operate in tandem to import newly made proteins into mitochondria. (reasons.org)
How Complex Is Protein Transport into Mitochondria? (reasons.org)
For example, mitochondria-thought to have descended from α-proteobacteria-are about the same size and shape as a typical bacterium and have a double membrane structure similar to gram-negative microbes. (reasons.org)
Except for select proteins, most mitochondrial proteins are made in the cytosol of the cell and transported into the mitochondria. (reasons.org)
The overall process of mitochondrial protein biogenesis consists of four stages: (1) protein synthesis, (2) targeting the protein to the mitochondria, (3) transporting the protein into the mitochondrial lumen, and (4) targeting the protein to its final destination in the organelle. (reasons.org)
The signal sequence has a specialized structure (an amphipathic α-helix) that serves to target the proteins to mitochondria. (reasons.org)
Once in the intermembrane space (the region between the outer and inner membranes), two different TIM complexes (TIM22 and TIM23) work together, taking the protein "baton" from the TOM complex and ushering the protein into the lumen (or the matrix) of the mitochondria. (reasons.org)
Within the cell, TSPO is predominantly located in mitochondria, specifically in the outer mitochondrial membrane. (uni-regensburg.de)
Mitochondria import many hundreds of different proteins that are encoded by nuclear genes. (nih.gov)
These proteins are targeted to the mitochondria, translocated through the mitochondrial membranes, and sorted to the different mitochondrial subcompartments. (nih.gov)
The mitochondria of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains more than 1000 proteins, majority of which are imported from the cytosol. (uni-goettingen.de)
The TIM23 and the TIM22 complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane are essential transport systems for proper insertion of inner membrane and matrix proteins in mitochondria. (uni-goettingen.de)
The TOM and the TIM23 complexes cooperate for importing presequence-containing proteins into mitochondria. (uni-goettingen.de)
Together, these suggest the dynamic nature of interactions within the subunits of the PAM complex, as well as between TOM and TIM23 subunits, during the process of translocation of a protein into mitochondria. (uni-goettingen.de)
Sorting of proteins to specific compartments within mitochondria. (manchester.ac.uk)
Here, using human stem cell differentiated retinal ganglion cells (hRGCs) we have shown hRGCs are efficient in degrading damaged mitochondria and producing simultaneously healthy organelle for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. (wms-site.com)
Initially, the dimerization of mitofusins results in the tethering of the outer membranes of adjoining mitochondria. (centrodinoferrari.com)
Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy . (wikipedia.org)
[5] The eukaryote Monocercomonoides is known to have completely lost its mitochondria, [6] and the multicellular organism Henneguya salminicola is known to have retained mitochondrion-related organelles in association with a complete loss of their mitochondrial genome. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling , cellular differentiation , and cell death , as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth . (wikipedia.org)
In this review, we summarized the mechanism of mitochondrial transfer in the cardiovascular system and outlined the fate and functional role of donor mitochondria. (frontiersin.org)
Mitochondria not only serve as power plants in cells but also act as crucial regulators in many biological processes, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, redox balance, calcium homeostasis, protein quality control, and programmed cell death ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
The main obstacle is because many protein components of mitochondria are the network hubs of multiple biological pathways. (frontiersin.org)
Given the complexity of the biological function of mitochondria, researchers have begun to consider rescuing the injured cells through mitochondrial transfer, that is, replacing damaged mitochondria with healthy mitochondria from donor cells. (frontiersin.org)
And the released mitochondria can also act as a distress signal to activate the rescue properties of recipient cells ( 12 , 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
Although studies suggest that αSyn and its missense mutant, A53T, preferentially accumulate in the mitochondria, the mechanisms by which αSyn and mitochondrial proteins regulate each other to trigger mitochondrial and neuronal toxicity are poorly understood. (springer.com)
Despite these findings suggesting that mitochondria might be a key link between αSyn toxicity and neuronal degeneration in PD, the field still lacks an understanding of how αSyn abnormality and mitochondrial functional deficiency influence each other. (springer.com)
However, the excessive generation of ROS, such as super oxide anions (O 2 − ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) due to environmental stress results in significant oxidative damage to cell structures, such as DNA, the mitochondria and cell membranes ( 3 , 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Such protein-mediated transfer is especially important for maintaining organelles disconnected from secretory pathways, like mitochondria. (rupress.org)
Findings have implicated mitochondria in a wide variety of cellular processes and molecular interactions, such as calcium buffering, lipid flux, and intracellular signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
The difficulty in understanding and treating human pathologies caused by mitochondrial dysfunction arises from the complex relationships between mitochondria and other cellular processes, as well as the genetic background of such diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
One of the most peculiar membrane shapes is observed in mitochondria. (db-engine.de)
First of all, I will examine whether the mitochondrial SPIRE1 actin nucleator regulates the localization of mitochondria in neurons. (uni-regensburg.de)
Mitochondrial Genome, Structure and Function - Oxidative Metabolism in the Mitochondrion - The Role of Mitochondria in the formation of ATP - Translocation of Protons and the Establishment of a proton-motive force - The Machinery for ATP formation - Peroxisomes. (amrita.edu)
Chandel, N. S. Evolution of mitochondria as signaling organelles. (nature.com)
The ABCB7 protein is located in the inner membrane of cell structures called mitochondria. (medlineplus.gov)
Mitochondria are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities, including energy production, chemical signaling, and regulation of cell growth and division. (medlineplus.gov)
In the mitochondria of developing red blood cells (erythroblasts), the ABCB7 protein plays a critical role in the production of heme. (medlineplus.gov)
Researchers suspect that the ABCB7 protein transports Fe-S clusters from mitochondria, where they are formed, to the surrounding cellular fluid (cytosol), where they can be incorporated into proteins. (medlineplus.gov)

The receptor proteins Tom70 and Tom20 recognize incoming precursor proteins, in which Tom70 is responsible for docking of precursors of hydrophobic proteins accompanied by cytosolic chaperones and Tom 20 recognizes precursor proteins of the presequence pathways. (wikipedia.org)
The import pathways of α-helical membrane anchors or signal-anchored proteins are carried out mainly by outer membrane proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Over the last few years the mitochondrion has been seen as the link between the different signalling pathways involved in some degenerative processes. (lu.se)
Affects various cell signaling pathways, host immunity and lipid metabolism (Probable). (proteopedia.org)
Prevents the establishment of cellular antiviral state by blocking the interferon-alpha/beta (IFN-alpha/beta) and IFN-gamma signaling pathways and by blocking the formation of phosphorylated STAT1 and promoting ubiquitin-mediated proteasome-dependent degradation of STAT1 (PubMed:23799612) (By similarity). (proteopedia.org)
6 3 In fact, one of the first pieces of evidence for a role of succinate in cancer development was provided by the discovery of pseudohypoxia, which refers to activation of hypoxia signaling pathways under normal oxygen levels. (haematologica.org)
If a chemical compound targeting one of these hubs is used, it can not only modify the anticipated biological pathways but also change other unexpected mitochondrial processes ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
At the Golgi, the KDELR acts as a traffic sensor (presumably via binding to chaperones that leave the ER) and triggers signalling pathways that balance membrane fluxes between ER and Golgi. (oncotarget.com)

These changes can promote mitochondrial biogenesis and membrane dynamics that in turn support mitochondrial respiration. (nature.com)
Fig. 2: Transcriptional control of mitochondrial biogenesis through PGC1α. (nature.com)
Each stage of mitochondrial protein biogenesis involves multiple steps with each one carried out by an ensemble of proteins. (reasons.org)
If not, the entire process of mitochondrial protein biogenesis fails. (reasons.org)
Remarkably, enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis through pharmacological inhibition of the Tank binding kinase 1 (TBK1) restores energy homeostasis, mitigates mitochondrial swelling with neuroprotection against acute mitochondrial damage for glaucomatous hRGCs, revealing a novel neuroprotection mechanism. (wms-site.com)
[10] Mitochondrial biogenesis is in turn temporally coordinated with these cellular processes. (wikipedia.org)

Even though biochemists are figuring out how the process of protein transport works, they must also identify a plausible evolutionary pathway that can adequately account for the evolution of this biochemical operation. (reasons.org)
E1/E2 heterodimer binding on CD81 activates the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway (PubMed:22855500). (proteopedia.org)
In addition, excessive ROS production acts as key mediator of the apoptotic-signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
These proteins take part in the fusion pathway in two consecutive steps. (centrodinoferrari.com)
Furthermore, C3G regulated the intrinsic apoptotic pathway-associated proteins, such as proteins belonging to the Bcl-2 family, cytochrome c and caspase-3. (spandidos-publications.com)
Under normal circumstances, ATP7A transports copper into the secretory pathway of the cell for incorporation into the cuproenzymes and excretion from the cell. (medscape.com)
Mihaylova, M. M. & Shaw, R. J. The AMPK signalling pathway coordinates cell growth, autophagy and metabolism. (nature.com)

VDAC plays a crucial role in facilitating energy metabolism by transporting ADP and ATP in and out of the outer membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Treatment of HL-1 cardiac cells with GSK360A stabilized HIF-1, increased the expression of HIF-1 target genes pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-1 (PDK1) and hexokinase II (HKII), and reprogrammed cell metabolism to aerobic glycolysis, thereby resulting in the production of less mitochondrial oxidative stress during IRI, and less MPTP opening, effects which were shown to be dependent on HKII. (ox.ac.uk)
Alters lipid metabolism by interacting with hepatocellular proteins involved in lipid accumulation and storage (PubMed:14602201). (proteopedia.org)
Under HG conditions, reactive oxygen species release from monocytes was not inhibited by agents affecting mitochondrial metabolism but was inhibited in human endothelial cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
Under homeostatic conditions, potentially toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) are primarily generated by mitochondrial respiratory metabolism, and are subsequently neutralized effectively by cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms. (spandidos-publications.com)
Eukaryotic cells can be thought of as assemblies of functional modules operating through specialized physical structures, or organelles, that support a variety of processes such as metabolism, membrane transport, cell division, autophagy, and apoptosis [ 1 - 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)
B[a]P caused enhanced metabolism of each dye assessed despite reductions in mitochondrial membrane potential and was reversed by 6-aminonicotinamide (6AN)-a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor. (cdc.gov)
These results demonstrate differential sensitivity of standard cytotoxicity assessments on the PPP, thus (1) decoupling 'mitochondrial activity' as an interpretation of cellular formazan and Alamar Blue metabolism, and (2) demonstrating the implicit requirement for investigators to sufficiently verify interaction of these methods in routine cytotoxicity and proliferation characterization. (cdc.gov)

H(2)S also inhibited mitochondrial function over a similar concentration range as assessed by NADH autofluorescence and measurement of intracellular magnesium (an index of decline in MgATP). (ox.ac.uk)
Clearance of small intestinal crypts involves goblet cell mucus secretion by intracellular granule rupture and enterocyte ion transport. (gu.se)
An increase in intracellular copper causes ATP7A to move to the plasma membrane. (medscape.com)

Roland Malli mainly focuses on Cell biology, Mitochondrion, Cytosol, Endoplasmic reticulum and Calcium signaling. (research.com)
Roland Malli has included themes like Cancer, Oxidative phosphorylation, Transmembrane protein, ATP transport and Programmed cell death in his Endoplasmic reticulum study. (research.com)
Protein targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum. (manchester.ac.uk)
MFN2 is also present in the endoplasmic reticulum, controlling its morphology and facilitating mitochondrial calcium influx from endoplasmic reticulum stores [8]. (centrodinoferrari.com)
Lipid transport proteins at membrane contacts, where organelles are closely apposed, are critical in redistributing lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they are made, to other cellular membranes. (rupress.org)
Membrane traffic is a fundamental process by which a third of the mammalian proteins are transported from their site of synthesis, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), through a series of anatomically separated membranous compartments until they reach their cellular destinations in correctly processed forms. (oncotarget.com)
Ultra structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, organelles structure marker and function, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, Types of vesicles - transport and their functions, Lysosomes. (amrita.edu)

The TOM complex forms two exit sites for precursor proteins-Tom40, Tom7, and the intermembrane space domain of Tom22-promote the transfer of presequence-containing precursors to the TIM23 complex. (wikipedia.org)
The SAM Complex is essential for sorting and assembling beta-barrel proteins from the intermembrane space side into the outer membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Receptor proteins that are part of the TOM complex recognize the signal sequence and transport the protein through a channel within the TOM interior into the intermembrane space (the region between the mitochondrian's inner and outer membranes). (reasons.org)
If the protein is to carry out its work in the intermembrane space, then the OXA complex will transport the protein back across the inner membrane. (reasons.org)
Instead, peptidases in the intermembrane space remove the signal sequence, allowing the protein to adopt its operational structure. (reasons.org)
These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, intermembrane space , inner membrane , cristae , and matrix . (wikipedia.org)
As electrons are shuttled through the complexes I, III and IV by electron carriers, protons (H + ) are moved from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. (biomedcentral.com)
Fatty acids, which are often found in chains as CoA-esters, are first transported across the outer mitochondrial membrane by palmitoyl transferase I, resulting in translocation to the intermembrane space and transformation into an acyl-carnitine form. (biomedcentral.com)

Immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry and western blot analysis were also used to determine apoptosis and the expression of proteins associated with apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
These molecules are able to oxidize cellular macromolecules and DNA, potentially resulting in damage and mutations to proteins and genes that usually manage cell growth, proliferation or apoptosis. (5dok.net)
ESTRÉS OXIDATIVO) desacoplando la membrana y dando lugar a APOPTOSIS y necrosis inducida por permeabilidad transmembrana mitocondrial, especialmente en los CARDIOMIOCITOS durante el DAÑO POR REPERFUSIÓN MIOCÁRDICA. (bvsalud.org)

Thus, mitochondrial adaptive cellular processes are important for physiological responses, including to nutrient availability, temperature and physical activity, and their failure leads to diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction such as metabolic and age-associated diseases and cancer. (nature.com)
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been proven to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. (frontiersin.org)
Both α-Synuclein (αSyn) accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). (springer.com)
Although the mechanisms underlying PD remain elusive, α-Synuclein (αSyn) accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction have been recognized as major contributors [ 1 , 57 ]. (springer.com)
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are important mechanisms of ventricular remodeling, predisposed to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) in type 2 diabetes mellitus. (mdpi.com)

Fig. 3: Translational control of mitochondrial respiratory chain assembly. (nature.com)
Rich, P. R. & Maréchal, A. The mitochondrial respiratory chain. (nature.com)

Fig. 4: Post-translational mechanisms governing respiratory control and the role of mitochondrial membrane dynamics. (nature.com)
We investigated whether HIF-1α stabilization protects the heart against acute IRI by preventing the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and the potential mechanisms involved. (ox.ac.uk)
Area B will provide information on the structure and function of the TSPO molecule in response to TSPO ligands and within its multimeric complex by biophysical methods in order to unravel further molecular mechanisms of TSPO signaling and to give further input for TSPO ligand drug development. (uni-regensburg.de)
The aim of this unit is to examine the molecular mechanisms of protein sorting in eukaryotes, and will review recent data demonstrating that some of these processes are fundamental to all living cells. (manchester.ac.uk)
Our findings indicated that mitoferrin-2 participates in mitochondrial ROS-dependent mechanisms underlying As 2 O 3 -mediated damage in glioma cells. (biomedcentral.com)
This review provides an overview of the basic molecular mechanisms involved in mitochondrial fusion and focuses on the alteration in mitochondrial DNA amount resulting from impairment of mitochondrial dynamics. (centrodinoferrari.com)
The possible mechanisms by which hyperglycemia, in monocytes, can cause adverse effects is via the activation of diacylglycerol (DAG)-sensitive protein kinase C (PKC) ( 6 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Understanding how cristae junctions are formed and maintained or in other words, unraveling the molecular mechanisms of membrane remodeling at cristae junctions, is therefore of utmost importance. (db-engine.de)
Studying the mechanisms underlying increased VDAC1 expression and membrane translocation in pancreatic beta cells, vascular endothelial cells, adipocytes, and macrophages in pathological conditions such as long-lasting hyperglycemia or low-grade inflammation. (lu.se)

The serine/threonine kinase protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is a stress-responsive kinase and sensor for reactive oxygen species, which can initiate cell survival through NF-κB signaling. (biologists.com)
O 2 − release, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, and translocation of PKC-α and -βII and p47phox were increased in THP-1 cells (human monocytic cell line) under HG (15 mmol/l glucose) conditions, whereas AT supplementation inhibited these changes. (diabetesjournals.org)
In addition, we confirmed that H2O2 activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK. (spandidos-publications.com)
Macroautophagy is regulated by numerous cellular factors, including the Class III PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) Vps34 (vacuolar protein sorting 34). (nih.gov)
OAG inhibited fMLF- and thapsigargin-induced Ca(2)(+) entry, a phenomenon that was not restored by protein kinase C (PKC) or PI3K blockade. (uni.lu)

His Cytosol research is multidisciplinary, relying on both LETM1, Calcium-binding protein and Mitochondrial membrane transport protein. (research.com)
The Mitochondrion study combines topics in areas such as Internal medicine, Insulin, Endocrinology and Calcium signaling. (research.com)
His studies deal with areas such as Homeostasis, Diabetes mellitus, Senescence, Disease and Programmed cell death as well as Calcium signaling. (research.com)
Effects of exogenous hydrogen sulphide on calcium signalling, background (TASK) K channel activity and mitochondrial function in chemoreceptor cells. (ox.ac.uk)
The noted discrepancy of membrane proteins included calcium binding proteins (annexin A1, annexin A2), and voltage-dependent anion channels proteins (VDAC 1, VDAC 2), suggesting that these molecules may affect JEV attachment to and/or entry into BHK-21 cells and worthy of further investigation. (biomedcentral.com)
For example, in Timothy Syndrome the mutation in the gene produces too much of the protein, in this case the L-type calcium channel Cav1.2. (epiphanyasd.com)

Fig. 1: Regulation of mitochondrial respiratory capacity. (nature.com)
This basic two-step process has been confirmed in most mammalian cells, although its regulation and the repertoire of specific accessory proteins are likely to be highly context dependent. (centrodinoferrari.com)
Elucidate the structure, dynamics and functions of intrinsically disordered proteins and protein regions (IDPs/IDRs) and their biological regulation by Post-translational modifications. (upstate.edu)
In our study, we have investigated the potential role of OAG in Ca(2)(+) influx-mediated NOX2 activity in neutrophil-like-differentiated HL-60 cells to further characterize second signals involved in the regulation of NOX2. (uni.lu)
In my master thesis, I investigated the regulation of mitochondrial motility by actin/myosin force generation. (uni-regensburg.de)
Hormonal regulation of the Menkes and Wilson copper-transporting ATPases in human placental Jeg-3 cells. (medscape.com)

However, a glaucomatous Optineurin mutant (E50K) hRGCs show high ATP production rate with fewer mitochondrion compared to the wild-type neurons causing mitochondrial swelling and disruption of homeostasis. (wms-site.com)
[22] A mitochondrion contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins . (wikipedia.org)

VDAC (voltage-dependent anion ion channel) is important for the exchange of small hydrophilic ions and metabolites with the cytosol, which is driven by the gradient concentration across the outer membrane. (wikipedia.org)
His work on Mitochondrial matrix as part of general Cytosol research is frequently linked to Pancreatic islets and Mechanism, thereby connecting diverse disciplines of science. (research.com)

The TOM complex, part of the TOM/TIM supercomplex, is essential for the translocase of almost all mitochondrial proteins which consists of at least 7 different subunits. (wikipedia.org)
Sam35 caps the Sam50 β-barrel, stabilizing the core of the protein translocase. (wikipedia.org)
Together, these results expand our knowledge about the molecular interactions between mitochondrial translocase components during active protein import, as well as increase our repertoire of the TIM22 complex substrates. (uni-goettingen.de)
Subsequently, acyl-carnitines are translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane by cartinine acyl translocase. (biomedcentral.com)

Protein components in the matrix partake in energetically driving translocation in a reaction that depends on the membrane potential and matrix-ATP. (nih.gov)
Molecular chaperones in the matrix exert multiple functions in translocation, sorting, folding, and assembly of newly imported proteins. (nih.gov)
Protein translocation into and across the ER membrane. (manchester.ac.uk)

AIMS: To review the role played by the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) in different physiological and pathological processes. (lu.se)
Mitochondrial fusion and fission are fundamental processes underlying cellular dynamics [1]. (centrodinoferrari.com)
This review attempts to provide a summary of the background knowledge and recent developments in mitochondrial processes relating to mitochondrial-associated metabolic diseases arising from defects or deficiencies in mitochondrial function, as well as insights into current and future avenues for investigation. (biomedcentral.com)
The Meinecke lab focuses on the in vitro reconstitution of processes at and across cellular membranes. (db-engine.de)
Unlike membrane remodeling in classical curvature-dependent processes like clathrin-mediated endocytosis, cristae junctions are most likely shaped by integral membrane proteins. (db-engine.de)
Reactive oxygen species are reactive molecules that play a role in cellular signaling and are formed as side products in physiological processes. (5dok.net)
MW) chemicals interact with host cells and molecules and In our daily life, we are confronted with a plethora of natural influence biologic processes such as signal transduction. (cdc.gov)

In recent years, a large number of pharmaceutical compounds and nutritional supplements that can boost mitochondrial bioenergetics efficiency have been developed. (frontiersin.org)
ATP-dependent Clp protease (ClpP), a mitochondrial matrix protease, plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial protein turnover and bioenergetics activity. (springer.com)
Fig. 1: Mitochondrial bioenergetics and the coenzyme Q (CoQ) pool. (nature.com)

His work carried out in the field of Signal transduction brings together such families of science as Anandamide, Cannabinoid receptor and Endocannabinoid system. (research.com)

They serve to transport molecules and other factors, such as ions, into or out of the organelles. (wikipedia.org)
The outer membrane is porous, whereas the inner membrane restricts the movement of all molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Our findings provide new evidence about the IL27-dependent proinflammatory signaling which may be under the control of calprotectin and highlight the need for further investigations on molecules which might have antiatherosclerotic functions. (uni.lu)
ABC transporter proteins carry many types of molecules across membranes in cells. (medlineplus.gov)

GPR91 is a G protein-coupled cell surface receptor for extracellular succinate (Sucnr1). (haematologica.org)
We also discussed the advantage and challenges of mitochondrial transfer strategies, including cell-based mitochondrial transplantation, extracellular vesicle-based mitochondrial transplantation, and naked mitochondrial transplantation, for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. (frontiersin.org)

Major structure giving elements of the inner membrane are the so-called cristae junctions. (db-engine.de)
This short, tubular membrane segments connect the flat inner boundary membrane with the morphological dynamic cristae membranes. (db-engine.de)
Cristae junctions are rather uniform with inner diameters between 15 - 35 nm and hence display high degrees of membrane curvature. (db-engine.de)
At least some of these proteins are likely to be found within the MICOS complex (mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system). (db-engine.de)

Proteins dubbed chaperones keep the mitochondrial proteins unfolded and stabilized throughout this process. (reasons.org)

3 2 Under physiological hypoxia, low oxygen levels lead to reduced activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), which metabolizes succinate, and other oxygen-dependent enzymes in the electron transport chain, causing succinate accumulation. (haematologica.org)
Studies have shown that cell-to-cell mitochondrial transfer plays an essential role in regulating cardiovascular system development and maintaining normal tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions. (frontiersin.org)
can act as donors or recipients during mitochondrial transfer under physiological conditions ( 8 - 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
Macroautophagy is a physiological cellular response to nutrient stress, which leads to the engulfment of cytosolic contents by a double-walled membrane structure, the phagophore. (nih.gov)

Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), a cytosolic dynamin-related GTPase, plays a central role in fission by promoting mitochondrial division through its oligomerization into multimeric spiral structures [5]. (centrodinoferrari.com)
Human ABC7 transporter: gene structure and mutation causing X-linked sideroblastic anemia with ataxia with disruption of cytosolic iron-sulfur protein maturation. (medlineplus.gov)

Before fusion, curving of the outer membranes is promoted by the phospholipase D-dependent hydrolysis of cardiolipin. (centrodinoferrari.com)

We recently identified an endomembrane-based signalling cascade that is activated by the KDEL receptor (KDELR) on the Golgi complex. (oncotarget.com)
My research aims to a) reveal how a traumatic social event affects astrocytes of various brain regions associated with socio-emotional behaviour on a molecular and cellular level and b) manipulate astrocytes cell type-specifically (using viral-vector based knockdown of targets involved in astrocytic oxytocin receptor signaling and astrocyte-specific DREADD) to examine their contribution to the acquisition, as well as extinction of social fear. (uni-regensburg.de)
Role of the Menkes copper-transporting ATPase in NMDA receptor-mediated neuronal toxicity. (medscape.com)

Excessive reactive hydroxyl radicals could damage DNA, proteins, and membranes. (biomedcentral.com)

Protein sorting into the mitochondrial compartments always starts at the TOM complex. (wikipedia.org)

Recently it has been shown in endothelial cells that hyperglycemia induces mitochondrial superoxide overproduction ( 5 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Overexpression of ClpP reduces αSyn-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress through enhancing the level of Superoxide Dismutase-2 (SOD2), and suppresses the accumulation of αSyn S129 phosphorylation and promotes neuronal morphology in neurons derived from PD patient iPS cells carrying αSyn A53T mutant. (springer.com)
Fig. 2: Succinate controls mitochondrial superoxide production through mitochondrial complex I. (nature.com)

The etiology of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes is complex and involves the interaction between both genetic and environmental factors including nutritional state with consequent metabolic signals. (lu.se)

Four protein complexes in the inner membrane make up the electron transport chain (ETC, also known as the electron transport system), which converts the redox energy stored as NADH and FADH 2 into chemical energy in the form of ATP. (biomedcentral.com)
This connection is of general importance because CoQ redox state integrates three bioenergetic parameters: mitochondrial electron supply, oxygen tension and ATP demand. (nature.com)

Mice lacking mitochondrial uncoupling protein are cold-sensitive but not obese. (nature.com)
METHODS AND RESULTS: Stabilization of myocardial HIF-1 was achieved by pharmacological inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) domain-containing enzyme using GSK360A or using cardiac-specific ablation of von Hippel-Lindau protein (VHL(fl/fl)) in mice. (ox.ac.uk)
Firstly, we confirmed by Western blot evaluation UCP1 -driven GFP protein expression in interscapular BAT of the knock-in mice saved at 4 °C. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that GFP protein was detected within the adrenal gland of the knock-in mice. (aabioetica.org)
Here, we show that the protein level of ClpP is selectively decreased in αSyn-expressing cell culture and neurons derived from iPS cells of PD patient carrying αSyn A53T mutant, and in dopaminergic (DA) neurons of αSyn A53T mice and PD patient postmortem brains. (springer.com)
Compensating for the loss of ClpP in the substantia nigra of αSyn A53T mice by viral expression of ClpP suppresses mitochondrial oxidative damage, and reduces αSyn pathology and behavioral deficits of mice. (springer.com)
Furthermore, I will perform mouse phenotyping experiments to reveal if the loss of mitochondrial SPIRE1 function contributes to the increased fear of SPIRE1-mutant mice. (uni-regensburg.de)

We are interested in recruiting highly motivated and creative Postdocs and PhD students to study the fascinating molecular organization of cellular membranes. (db-engine.de)

The nature of nuclear localisation signals and nuclear pores. (manchester.ac.uk)

Here we propose that succinate has evolved as a signaling modality because its concentration reflects the coenzyme Q (CoQ) pool redox state, a central redox couple confined to the mitochondrial inner membrane. (nature.com)
A sensitive mass spectrometric assay for mitochondrial CoQ pool redox state in vivo. (nature.com)

Deficiency in ClpP induces an overload of mitochondrial misfolded/unfolded proteins, suppresses mitochondrial respiratory activity, increases mitochondrial oxidative damage and causes cell death. (springer.com)
A Fatty Diet Induces a Jejunal Ketogenesis Which Inhibits Local SGLT1-Based Glucose Transport via an Acetylation Mechanism-Results from a Randomized Cross-Over Study between Iso-Caloric High-Fat versus High-Carbohydrate Diets in Healthy Volunteers. (gu.se)

These sequences prevent the TIM22 and TIM23 complexes from transporting it across the inner membrane into the lumen. (reasons.org)
Additionally, both complexes recognise different targeting signals on a precursor protein. (uni-goettingen.de)
Specifically, we use recombinantly expressed proteins and purified native protein complexes in combination with a wide variety of model membrane systems, including planar lipid bilayers (single channel electrophysiology), giant unilamellar vesicles, lipid nanodiscs and supported bilayers. (db-engine.de)
Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) provides unique insight into biomacromolecular complexes by combining solvent contrast variation (H2O:D2O exchange) with either natural contrast between different classes of biomolecules (proteins, RNA/DNA, lipids/detergents) and/or by applying artificial contrast, i.e. deuteration of specific biomolecules. (lu.se)
In a first couple of examples, I will show how distance and shape restraints from SANS have helped to improve the uniqueness of structural models for two multi-protein-RNA complexes, in combination with NMR restraints and building blocks from crystallography [1, 2]. (lu.se)

The outer membrane consists of two types of integral proteins, including proteins with transmembrane β-barrel and proteins with one or more α-helical membrane anchors. (wikipedia.org)
These mitochondrial responses are governed by general principles of regulatory biology exemplified by changes in gene expression, protein translation, protein complex formation, transmembrane transport, enzymatic activities and metabolite levels. (nature.com)
These proteins have predominantly been defined to contain either four or six transmembrane domains. (uni-goettingen.de)

Sam50 and Sam35 are responsible for the binding of precursors of β-barrel proteins, which contain conserved β-signal that is formed by the last β-strand. (wikipedia.org)
Precursors of the polytopic or multi-spanning proteins can be recognized by Tom70, but cannot be passed through the Tom40 channel. (wikipedia.org)

Immunoreceptor signaling during development, homeostasis, and effector function of T cells and NK cells. (upstate.edu)
Overall, researchers believe that the ABCB7 protein helps maintain an appropriate balance of iron (iron homeostasis) in developing red blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)

Heme contains iron and is a component of hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)

We identify mitoguardin-2, a mitochondrial protein at contacts with the ER and/or lipid droplets (LDs), as a lipid transporter. (rupress.org)

Therefore, we hypothesized that the mitochondrial iron transporter may participate in As 2 O 3 -induced excessive ROS production. (biomedcentral.com)
Mutation of a putative mitochondrial iron transporter gene (ABC7) in X-linked sideroblastic anemia and ataxia (XLSA/A). Hum Mol Genet. (medlineplus.gov)

These findings were further confirmed when HIF-1 stabilization in the rat and murine heart resulted in smaller myocardial infarct sizes (both in vivo and ex vivo), decreased mitochondrial oxidative stress, and inhibited MPTP opening following IRI, effects which were also found to be dependent on HKII. (ox.ac.uk)
CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated that acute HIF-1α stabilization using either a pharmacological or genetic approach protected the heart against acute IRI by promoting aerobic glycolysis, decreasing mitochondrial oxidative stress, activating HKII, and inhibiting MPTP opening. (ox.ac.uk)

This being the case, the action would be mediated by the permeability of its membranes, through the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and would involve phenomena such as the dissipation of the mitochondrial electrochemical potential and the release of substances from within it. (lu.se)
HIF-1 reduces ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the heart by targeting the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. (ox.ac.uk)

abstract = "The increased expression of 18 kDa Translocator protein (TSPO) is one of the few available biomarkers of neuroinflammation that can be assessed in humans in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET). (kcl.ac.uk)

Mitochondrial biology, stress signaling and aging-related degenerative diseases. (upstate.edu)
Therefore, an important question of current cell biology in conjunction with physics and mathematics is to elucidate the functional cause for these different membrane morphologies as well as how they are formed. (db-engine.de)

We also review the literature describing the main disorders associated with the disruption of mitochondrial fusion. (centrodinoferrari.com)

To create particular shaped cells and cell organelles, membranes must undergo deformations which are determined by the structure and elasticity of the membrane and this process is most probable driven by proteins, lipids and/or interplay of both. (db-engine.de)

The Menkes protein is synthesized as a single-chain polypeptide localized to the trans-Golgi network in cells. (medscape.com)

These factors play a role in the function of mitochondrial membrane transport proteins. (wikipedia.org)
To date it has been viewed that monosaturated and saturated DAG formed via PLD1 have no signaling function. (biologists.com)
Substantial evidence has shown that αSyn toxicity may directly disrupt mitochondrial function. (springer.com)
Biological membranes exhibit function-related shapes, leading to a plethora of complex and beautiful cell and cell organellar morphologies. (db-engine.de)
We have recently shown that it is possible to restore the normal function of beta-cells by blocking the protein VDAC1 (Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 1), which is dramatically increased in beta cells of people with T2D. (lu.se)

Alterations in mitochondrial dynamics due to mutations in proteins involved in the fusion-fission machinery represent an important pathogenic mechanism of human diseases. (centrodinoferrari.com)
Each of these mutations changes a single protein building block (amino acid) in the ABCB7 protein, slightly altering its structure. (medlineplus.gov)

The LETM1 study combines topics in areas such as Oxidative phosphorylation and Mitochondrial membrane transport protein. (research.com)

The TIM22 complex is required for the import of polytopic inner membrane proteins which lack a presequence but have internal targeting signals. (uni-goettingen.de)

Ubiquitination is a multifunctional posttranslational modification controlling the activity, subcellular localization and stability of proteins. (cipsm.de)

Therefore, we designed a protein-free dispersion media containing phospholipids and amino acids in an isotonic balanced electrolyte solution, a solution for nasal and olfactory transport (SNOT). (cdc.gov)

The phenomenon of intercellular mitochondrial transfer has been discovered in the cardiovascular system. (frontiersin.org)
The intercellular mitochondrial transfer was reported for the first time by Spees and colleagues in 2006. (frontiersin.org)
However, harmful stimuli (such as ischemia-reperfusion, oxidative stress, and toxic chemicals) can change the direction and efficiency of intercellular mitochondrial transfer. (frontiersin.org)
3) (Cytokines are regulatory proteins involved in intercellular communication. (antiaging-systems.com)

5 4 Succinate functions as a competitive inhibitor for prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins that are central to degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α subunit. (haematologica.org)

Anatomy41

Organisms13

Chemicals and Drugs120

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes59

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science3

Health Care1

Mitochondria49

Pathways8

Biogenesis6

Pathway7

Metabolism8

Intracellular3

Endoplasmic7

Intermembrane space8

Apoptosis3

Dysfunction5

Respiratory chain2

Mechanisms9

Kinase5

Calcium6

Regulation6

Mitochondrion2

Cytosol2

Translocase4

Translocation3

Processes7

Bioenergetics3

Transduction1

Molecules4

Extracellular2

Cristae4

Chaperones1

Physiological4

Cytosolic2

Outer membranes1

Receptor3

Reactive1

Compartments1

Superoxide3

Metabolic1

Electron2

Mice6

Cellular membranes1

Nuclear1

Redox2

Induces2

Complexes5

Transmembrane3

Precursors2

Homeostasis2

Oxygen1

Lipid1

Iron transporter2

MPTP2

Permeability2

Abstract1

Biology2

Disruption1

Lipids1

Golgi1

Function5

Mutations2

Oxidative phosphorylation1

Polytopic1

Localization1

Amino Acids1

Intercellular4

Hypoxia1