Signaling pathways including cytoskeleton. Medical search. Frequent questions

Interestingly, inhibiting specifically DGK changed vacuolar dynamics and the morphology of pollen tubes, whereas inhibiting specifically PLD disrupted the actin cytoskeleton. (frontiersin.org)
Both isoform 3 of the human mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4) and Traf2- and Nck-interacting kinase (TNIK) are putative effectors of Rap2 in mediating the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to regulate the actin cytoskeleton. (nih.gov)
In human platelets, Rap2 was shown to interact with the cytoskeleton by binding the actin filaments. (nih.gov)
Members of the Rho family of small G proteins transduce signals from plasma-membrane receptors and control cell adhesion, motility and shape by actin cytoskeleton formation. (embl-heidelberg.de)
These compound mutant mice were compared to FXS mice to determine if genetically impairing pathways to the actin cytoskeleton can rescue deficits in the FXS mice. (fraxa.org)
Several of the mRNAs regulated by FMRP directly impact spine actin dynamics, including both the mRNA encoding the Rac GTPase, a key regulator of actin dynamics, and the mRNA encoding profilin, an actin binding protein. (fraxa.org)
PAK, a kinase that regulates the actin cytoskeleton downstream of Rac, also binds FMRP. (fraxa.org)
Actin filaments, composed of the abundant actin protein, are a main component of the cytoskeleton, playing a key role muscle contraction. (wikipathways.org)
In addition, 1-deoxysphinganine altered cytoskeleton dynamics, resulting in intracellular accumulation of filamentous actin and activation of the RhoGTPase Rac1. (uzh.ch)
We have identified a novel pathway that directs Lyn/Src family tyrosine kinase signals to the invadopodia to regulate sarcoma cell invasion via the molecule AFAP-1-like-1 (AFAP1L1), a new member of the AFAP (actin filament-associated protein) family. (nature.com)
AFAP1L1 intersects several invadopodia pathway components through its multiple domains and motifs, including the following (i) pleckstrin homology domains that bind phospholipids generated at the plasma membrane by phosphoinositide 3-kinase, (ii) a direct filamentous-actin binding domain and (iii) phospho-tyrosine motifs (pY136 and pY566) that specifically bind Vav2 and Nck2 SH2 domains, respectively. (nature.com)
However, mechanistic details are lacking, and recent studies have implicated ALMS1 in several processes including endosomal trafficking, actin organisation, maintenance of centrosome cohesion and transcription. (springer.com)
and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, cell cycle, and actin cytoskeleton regulation. (bvsalud.org)
Rho proteins promote reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulate cell shape, attachment, and motility. (cancerindex.org)
Upregulation of Tβ 4 by cDNA-mediated transfection was found to cause actin depolymerization in fibroblast cells ( 1 ), which demonstrated that the modulation of Tβ 4 affected the polymerization state of actin cytoskeleton, as well as other cell processes associated with the organization of actin cytoskeleton, such as cell migration. (spandidos-publications.com)
The actin cytoskeleton is essential in eukaryotes, not least in the plant kingdom where it plays key roles in cell expansion, cell division, environmental responses and pathogen defence. (biorxiv.org)
Yet, the precise structure-function relationships of properties of the actin network in plants are still to be unravelled, including details of how the network configuration depends upon cell type, tissue type and developmental stage. (biorxiv.org)
Using this algorithm, we then studied a number of cases in Arabidopsis thaliana , including several different tissues, a variety of actin-affected mutants, and cells responding to powdery mildew. (biorxiv.org)
In addition to these results, our algorithm is designed to be easily adaptable to other tissues, mutants and plants, and so will be a valuable asset for the study and future biological engineering of the actin cytoskeleton in globally-important crops. (biorxiv.org)
In addition, this problem is by far the most acute for actin, the narrowest element of the cytoskeleton, which is ubiquitous throughout eukaryotic cells. (biorxiv.org)
The cytoskeleton is typically divided into three distinct components: microtubules, intermediate filaments and actin[ 4 , 5 ]. (biorxiv.org)
Finally, actin filaments, also known as microfilaments, are the narrowest components of the cytoskeleton and are constructed from globular actin sub-units (G-actin) that assemble to form a helical structure 5-7nm in diameter[ 12 ]. (biorxiv.org)
In combination with myosin motors, actin aids in transport by providing the roads and pathways for cellular cargo[ 13 ]. (biorxiv.org)
Moreover, enrichment analysis suggested that ANLN functionally affected endocytosis, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and oxytocin signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
During endocytosis, forces provided by endocytic proteins, formation of multiprotein scaffolds, protein crowding, and polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton reshape the plasma membrane into a vesicle. (biologists.com)
This coincided with the appearance of fluorescence signal of the actin marker Abp1-mScarlet-I at the endocytic sites, indicating that the force applied over the Sla2 sensors correlates with the onset of actin polymerization at the endocytic site. (biologists.com)
The similar starting point of the FRET ratio drop and its subsequent stepwise decrease observed for all 3 sensors suggests that Sla2 molecules are sequentially recruited to the growing actin cytoskeleton during the course of endocytosis. (biologists.com)
The Rg1 treatment also abolished H 2 O 2 -induced morphological changes, including cell rounding, membrane blebbing, neurite retraction and nuclei condensation, which were generated by myosin IIA-actin interaction. (ijbs.com)
Accordingly, the neuroprotective mechanism of Rg1 is related to the activity that inhibits myosin IIA-actin interaction and the caspase-3/ROCK1/MLC signaling pathway. (ijbs.com)
Using functional annotation, we found that proteins belonging to pathways associated with regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, EGF/EGFR, TGF-β, MAPK signaling, integrin-mediated cell adhesion, and lipid metabolism were significantly enriched in the OA samples (p ≤10 −5 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Gα12 couples to numerous G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and regulates multiple epithelial responses, including proliferation, apoptosis, permeability and the actin cytoskeleton. (medscape.com)
Emerin is a ubiquitous inner nuclear membraneprotein, presentin nearly all cell types, although its highest expression is in skeletal and cardiacmuscle.Emerin binds to many nuclear proteins, including several gene-regulatory proteins (eg, barrier-to-autointegration factor, germ cell-less, Btf), nesprins (proteins that act as molecular scaffolds), F-actin, and lamins. (medscape.com)
Integrin αIIbΒ3 bound to fibrin helps contract the platelet actin-myosin cytoskeleton, pulling the clot in and extruding excess fluid. (medscape.com)
This thesis is focused primarily on the effect that LTD4 has on reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton and on cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion properties. (lu.se)
We found that LTD4 caused dramatic changes in the actin cytoskeleton in intestinal epithelial cells, and an important factor in this context was the impact of this leukotriene on the actin-binding protein vinculin, which included inducing translocation of vinculin from a cell-cell to a cell-matrix complex. (lu.se)

Similarly, primary cilia have been implicated in regulation of mTOR signaling, in which Tuberous Sclerosis Complex proteins 1 and 2 (TSC1/2) negatively regulate protein synthesis by inactivating the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) at energy limiting states. (springer.com)
These phosphotyrosine motifs are essential for AFAP1L1-mediated cytoskeleton regulation. (nature.com)
However, transcriptional dynamic regulation of adipose differentiation driven by complex signal cascades remains largely unexplored in this model. (biomedcentral.com)
Serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a role in a variety of different signaling pathways including cytoskeleton regulation, cell migration, proliferation or cell survival. (icr.ac.uk)
We will focus particularly on the roles of a tumor suppressor, neurofibromin 2 (NF2), whose expression is not only dependent on compartment-specific transcription factors, but is also subject to regulation by a Hippo-Yap feedback signaling circuit. (molcells.org)

A number of additional effector proteins for Rap2 have been identified, including the RalGEFs RalGDS, RGL, and Rlf, which also interact with Rap1 and Ras. (nih.gov)
Our data provide an interactive resource for investigation of the immunology of blood proteins that could support therapeutic targeting of microglia activation by immune and vascular signals. (nature.com)
However, how microglia integrate extracellular signals at sites of cerebrovascular damage and the specificity of blood proteins controlling innate immune cell polarization in disease remain poorly understood. (nature.com)
We report a blood-induced microglia gene network and show that blood proteins elicit distinct receptor-mediated transcriptional changes and signaling programs in innate immune cells. (nature.com)
Small G proteins of the Rho family, which includes Rho, Rac and Cdc42Hs, regulate phosphorylation pathways that control a range of biological functions including cytoskeleton formation and cell proliferation. (rcsb.org)
and 3) the molecular basis of diseases that involve spectrin or any of its associated proteins, including contributions of the cortical cytoskeleton to the phenotypic alterations of malignant cells and the molecular pathology of acquired and inherited disorders involving this structure. (yale.edu)
For each protein, basic characteristics about its composition and length, its human relatives and relatedness to proteins in other species, and direct links to resources at NCBI are included. (cshlpress.com)
They were classified into elevenfamilies, five of which were newly identified and not included in theStructural Classification of Proteins database release 1.71. (embl.de)
GEFs turn on (activate) proteins called GTPases, which play an important role in chemical signaling within cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Signaling stimulated by DOCK family proteins are typically involved in the arrangement of the structural framework inside cells (the cytoskeleton). (medlineplus.gov)
By controlling the shape of the cytoskeleton, DOCK family proteins play a role in cell structure and movement (migration). (medlineplus.gov)
We also used WebGestalt, a web-based enrichment tool for the functional annotation and pathway analysis of the differentially synthesized proteins, using the Wikipathways database. (biomedcentral.com)
ClueGO, a Cytoscape plug-in, is also used to compare groups of proteins and to visualize the functionally organized Gene Ontology (GO) terms and pathways in the form of dynamical network structures. (biomedcentral.com)
We identified several pathways and proteins to be associated with OA chondrocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
How do motor proteins transport cargo along the cytoskeleton? (mechanobio.info)
The cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic network of filamentous proteins that enables the active transport of cellular cargo, transduces force, and when assembled into higher-order structures, forms the basis for motile cellular structures that promote cell movement. (mechanobio.info)
Cargo that can be delivered or by cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport mechanisms can include other proteins and complex components. (mechanobio.info)
This complex includes nuclear membrane integral and associated proteins including emerin, lamin A/C, SUN1, SUN2, nesprin-1, and nesprin-2 that are proposed to form a mechanical link between the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton. (medscape.com)
Membrane trafficking defects caused by mutation in OCRL may explain renal tubular defects observed in Lowe syndrome, including the inability of proximal tubular cells (PTC) to reabsorb low-molecular weight (LMW) proteins and other solutes such as phosphorus and bicarbonate from the glomerular filtrate. (medscape.com)
In general, cell adhesion favours cell survival signalling, and integrins are the main receptors responsible for mediating the attachment of different types of cells to matrix proteins. (lu.se)
We found novel proteins were dysregulated under simulated microgravity, including CSC1-like protein, involved in the mechanotransduction of pressure signals, and PTPN11, SLC44A1 and MME which are involved in osteoblast differentiation pathways and which may become the focus of future translational projects. (lu.se)

Chemokine ligand receptor binding results in G protein activation as well as the activation of downstream signaling cascades, including the Akt and NFkB pathways. (rndsystems.com)
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a key integrator of integrin-mediated signals from the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton and downstream signaling molecules. (techscience.com)
FAK is activated by phosphorylation at specific tyrosine residues, which then stimulate downstream signaling including the ERK1/2 pathway, leading to a variety of cellular responses. (techscience.com)
Targeting activated Gα subunits to specific cells in vivo permits identification of downstream effector pathways independent of receptor activation, and thus permits insight into disease mechanisms otherwise impossible to study in vivo . (medscape.com)

Lipid signaling employs various messenger molecules that carry out communication between the plasma membrane, the endomembrane compartments, and the cytoplasm. (frontiersin.org)
9. Examine and explain structure, functions and components of cellular membranes, including transport of molecules and ions across membranes and the importance of such transport in cell homeostasis and neuronal signaling. (setur.fo)
The GTPase signalling molecules RhoA and Rac1 regulate merlin function, but to date only mutation in the NF2 gene has been identified as a causal event in schwannoma formation. (bmj.com)
The expression of EMT-related molecules and Jagged-1/Notch signaling pathway was analyzed by Western blot and qPC experiments. (researchsquare.com)
They bind to structural components (emerin, nesprin), chromatin components (histone), signal transduction molecules (protein kinase C), and several gene regulatory molecules. (medscape.com)

Intercellular and intracellular communication: Hormones, growth factors, signal transduction. (setur.fo)
The process of cell death involves several signaling pathways, including the autophagic-lysosomal pathway, intracellular trafficking, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. (biomedcentral.com)
The growth of tissue compartments is regulated by multiple intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways, including the Hippo signaling pathway that limits the growth of various organs. (molcells.org)

Most chemokine receptors exhibit promiscuous binding properties whereby several different chemokines signal through the same receptor. (rndsystems.com)
Chemokine receptors mediate the chemotactic actions of chemokine ligands and activation of these receptors leads to cytoskeleton rearrangement and chemotactic cell migration. (rndsystems.com)
Activation by various effectors including growth factor receptors or active CDC42 and RAC1 results in a conformational change and a subsequent autophosphorylation on several serine and/or threonine residues. (icr.ac.uk)
Cell membranes are highly enriched in signaling receptors, transmembrane mechanosensors, pumps and channels, and, depending on their makeup, can recruit and retain a pool of mechanosensors important in the field of mechanobiology. (mechanobio.info)

a) genes whose products organize the cytoskeleton and establish the initial polarity of the embryo, (b) genes that encode cell signaling pathways, (c) genes whose products regulate mRNA translation and protein stability, and (d) genes that encode positive and negative regulators of transcription. (pewtrusts.org)
In summary, our results support distinct functions of Tsc1 and Tsc2 in cellular signaling as the two genes affect ciliary length control and HH signaling via different mechanisms. (springer.com)
Our results demonstrate that FAK signaling emanating from Y397, Y925, and to a lesser extent Y576/7, but not from Y861, controls osteogenic differentiation through an ERK1/2 pathway, as measured by expression levels of key osteogenesis marker genes and subsequent matrix mineralization. (techscience.com)
Blood induced widespread microglial transcriptional changes, including changes involving oxidative stress and neurodegenerative genes. (nature.com)
Innate immune cells integrate environmental signals to rapidly activate target genes and perform specialized cellular functions 5 . (nature.com)
Our study reveals a sex-dependent effect of EO diet in both tissues, and an influence on the expression of genes mainly involved in immune, inflammatory and stress pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
10. Describe and categorize cellular signaling pathways, including the transfer of a stimulus across a cell membrane, and how the stimulus is propagated to its effector, it be an enzyme or one or several genes. (setur.fo)
With numerous illustrations and tables, each of the nearly 300 sections of the Guide describes genes involved in a specific pathway, process, or structure from the molecular and cellular levels to developmental and physiological processes. (cshlpress.com)
El objetivo de nuestro estudio tuvo como objetivo revisar y correlacionar genes involucrados en TEA y aque- llos relacionados con la comunicación ultrasónica en estudios con modelos animales de comportamiento social basado en el lenguaje en la base de datos PubMed. (bvsalud.org)
We revealed 3 hub genes, including one up-regulated gene VEGFA and two down-regulated genes JUN and FOS, which are closely related to the development of PLA2R-associated IMN. (biomedcentral.com)

Primary cilia are sensory organelles that coordinate multiple cellular signaling pathways, including Hedgehog (HH), Wingless/Int (WNT) and Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) signaling. (springer.com)

Furthermore, canonical signaling pathway analysis results showed that the interferon signaling and apoptosis pathways were highly activated in avian H7N9 infected NHBE cells compared with the pdmH1N1 infected cells. (aacc.org)
Role of PDL-1 in NSCLC chemoresistance was assessed using CRISPR/Cas9 knockdown and various functional assays including MTT, cell invasion, sphere formation, and cell apoptosis. (cdc.gov)

In terms of mechanism, the functional gain and loss experiments of human LEC show that TLR3 regulates the proliferation, migration, invasion of LEC and EMT induced by TGF-β2 by targeting the Jagged-1/Notch signaling pathway to affect the development of fibrotic cataract. (researchsquare.com)

This gene encodes a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, which cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states and function as molecular switches in signal transduction cascades. (cancerindex.org)

and transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. (nih.gov)
For patients with KIRC versus KIRP, the KEGG pathways were involved in cAMP and calcium signaling pathways versus microRNAs (MiRNAs) in cancer cells and neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
We have unequivocally established that direct signalling occurs between the LTD4 receptor and the collagen integrins in two different cell lines respectively derived from human colon carcinoma and intestinal epithelial cells. (lu.se)

Reduced SMO-dependent expression of Gli1 was demonstrated in both Tsc1 −/− and Tsc2 −/− cells, and we found that Tsc1 is required for TGF-β induced phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 and subsequent expression of the HH signaling effector and transcription factor GLI2. (springer.com)

Hao Y, Waller TJ, Nye DM, Li J, Yang Y, Hume RI, Rolls MM, Collins CA. Degeneration of Injured axons and dendrites requires restraint of a protective JNK signaling pathway by the transmembrane protein Raw. (case.edu)

The current investigation aimed to demonstrate how interpretation of results from several standard cytotoxicity and proliferation assays vary in dependence on contributions from the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). (cdc.gov)

Our results demonstrate an association between cognitive impairment and a defect in a signalling pathway that depends on a Ras-like GTPase. (embl-heidelberg.de)

Phosphatidic acid (PA) is an important intermediate in membrane lipid metabolism that acts as a key component of signaling networks, regulating the spatio-temporal dynamics of the endomembrane system and the cytoskeleton. (frontiersin.org)
Scientists working in basic, translational, and clinical cancer metabolism research are invited to join the Academy in New York on April 17th to discuss the intersection between cell signaling and metabolism. (nyas.org)
Axons are therefore vulnerable to stressors that impair energy metabolism, cytoskeleton, axonal transport machinery and glial support as well as acute physical injury. (case.edu)

Colon cancer cells overexpressing Tβ 4 also exhibited enhanced cell migration, due in part to the activation of the Rac1 signaling pathway ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

The DOCK8 protein is also involved in chemical signaling pathways that stimulate B cells to mature and produce antibodies. (medlineplus.gov)
We hypothesized that podocytes are susceptible to filtered plasma components, including hormones and growth factors that stimulate signaling pathways leading to glomerulosclerosis. (medscape.com)

A cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments that extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane. (wikipathways.org)

It may also provide new insights into the molecular pathways that go awry in common forms of conditions such as obesity and diabetes, which represent major public health concerns [ 8 , 9 ]. (springer.com)
We performed a quantitative proteomic analysis in osteoarthritic and normal chondrocytes followed by functional analyses to investigate proteome changes and molecular pathways involved in OA pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)

At the proliferation stage, proliferation related pathways and basic cellular and metabolic processes were inhibited, while regulatory factors that initiate differentiation enter the ready-to-activate state, which provides a precondition for initiating adipose differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
These findings indicate that TLR3 prevents the progression of lens fibrosis by targeting the Jagged-1/Notch signaling pathway to regulate LEC proliferation, migration, invasion and TGF-β2-induced EMT. (researchsquare.com)

In particular we are interested in the mechanisms underlying a) the activation of cellular signaling during viral entry and b) the pathway of viral egress, including the affects of viral gene products on the cytoskeleton. (virginia.edu)
These challenges include identifying clinically relevant but nonteratogenic forms of the drug, and the mechanisms underlying phocomelia and species specificity. (hindawi.com)
The mechanisms of chronic kidney disease progression are not well defined, but may include activation of numerous vasoactive and inflammatory pathways. (medscape.com)
[ 1 ] Although risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes are linked to CKD, little is known about the signaling mechanisms that lead to progression with aging. (medscape.com)

In addition, extracellular, administered Tβ 4 promoted the cell migration of various types of cells including cardiomyocytes, human umbilical vein endothelial cells and conjunctival epithelial cells ( 4 - 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Mechanical forces are key for many cellular processes, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (biologists.com)

Central to the integrated function of multicellular organisms is cell contact mediated signaling and the spatial organizations of specialized membrane-surface domains. (yale.edu)

For example, TSC inactivation has been shown to cooperate with non-canonical Smoothened (SMO)-independent Hedgehog (HH) signaling to drive tumor growth in murine cerebellar granule neuron precursors [ 10 ]. (springer.com)

Analyses of signaling pathways identified JNK and p38 MAPK as antagonistic effectors of cellular senescence. (uzh.ch)

Con respecto a los modelos animales en TEA, muchos estudios se centran en la expresión génica, la migración y maduración neuronal cortical y los déficits de la red neuronal, pero muy pocos son los estudios que relacionen directamente la comunicación oral animal y la expresión génica en áreas corticales del lenguaje. (bvsalud.org)

Granular disintegration of the axonal cytoskeleton and inner organelles occurs after axolemma degradation. (wikipedia.org)
6. Describe experimental methods and tools for studying the cytoskeleton, some membrane-enclosed organelles and their trafficking pathways, including basic theoretical background of the methods (for example: fluorescence or antibodies). (setur.fo)
7. Perform some simple experiments that can elucidate the cytoskeleton, organelles and their trafficking pathways. (setur.fo)
Formed from polymerisation of discrete protein sub-units, the cytoskeleton connects to various organelles (including the nucleus) and the plasma membrane. (biorxiv.org)

According to weighted gene co-expression network analysis, pathways positively related to adipogenic differentiation are significantly activated at the differentiation stage, while WNT, FOXO and other pathways that inhibit preadipocyte differentiation are negatively regulated. (biomedcentral.com)

These data define a novel pathway that directs Lyn/Src family tyrosine kinase signals to sarcoma cell invadopodia through specific recruitment of Vav2 and Nck2 to phosphorylated AFAP1L1, to control cell migration and invasion. (nature.com)
Collins CA, Wairkar YP, Johnson SL, DiAntonio A. Highwire restrains synaptic growth by attenuating a MAP kinase signal. (case.edu)

Although most injury responses include a calcium influx signaling to promote resealing of severed parts, axonal injuries initially lead to acute axonal degeneration (AAD), which is rapid separation of the proximal (the part nearer the cell body) and distal ends within 30 minutes of injury. (wikipedia.org)
These include cell autonomous signaling pathways that become triggered in damaged axons, and neuron-glial interactions that mediate circuit adaptations to axonal damage. (case.edu)
Our lab uses both Drosophila melanogaster and mice as model organisms, when enables us to combine molecular genetics approaches with cell biology, biochemistry and primary cell culture to study conserved pathways of axonal damage response. (case.edu)
Asgari Adib E, Smithson LJ, Collins CA. An axonal stress response pathway: degenerative and regenerative signaling by DLK. (case.edu)

OCRL1 has been localized to the trans -Golgi network and various compartments of the endocytic pathway (traffic), where it is found in the clathrin-coated pits, clathrin-coated vesicles, variable functioning endosomes (early, signaling, recycling), and the basal body of primary cilia. (medscape.com)

Laboratory demonstrations of cell culture, and laboratory exercises elucidating some cellular processes and some methods in cell biology, including use of light microscopy and epifluorescence microscopy. (setur.fo)
This modular nature of the cytoskeleton allows it to be dynamic, adapting as necessary to environmental changes relayed via a host of signalling processes[ 2 ]. (biorxiv.org)

Our recent studies implicate a major and unexpected role for the spectrin skeleton in the pathways of vesicle trafficking and membrane assembly. (yale.edu)
This is the major trafficking pathway transporting nutrients, signals, pathogens and plasma membrane components into the cell. (biologists.com)
The first suggests that disruption of the inner nuclear membrane and the nuclear lamina causes disorganization of nuclear chromatin and gene expression, while the second proposes that the mechanical strength of the cell nucleus is disrupted when the nuclear lamina is weakened leading to structural and signaling defects in mechanically stressed tissue such as muscle and heart. (medscape.com)

Hedgehog signaling was restored in Tsc1 −/− cells after exogenous expression of Gli2 , whereas rapamycin restored HH signaling in Tsc 2 −/− cells. (springer.com)

To follow the forces applied on the Sla2 force sensors, the authors analysed FRET changes during individual endocytic events- by simultaneously recording the mTurquoise2 and mNeonGreen fluorescence signals (i.e. (biologists.com)

In the optic neuroepithelial continuum, which is partitioned into the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and ciliary margin (CM) during eye development, the Hippo signaling activity operates differentially, as it does in many tissues. (molcells.org)

RhoGAP also appears to function by stabilizing several regions of RhoA that are important in signalling the hydrolysis of GTP. (rcsb.org)

In animals and fungi, they play a number of roles including aiding in the formation of flagella or cilia[ 7 ], providing structures for material transport, and positioning of the mitotic spindle during cell division[ 8 ]. (biorxiv.org)

TSC1 and TSC2 were originally found to form a heterodimeric complex that acts as a switch for turning off mTOR signaling by inactivating the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). (springer.com)
The mTORC1 signaling cascade receives inputs from various upstream cues related to the metabolic and nutritional status of the cell and translates these into cell growth [ 4 , 6 ]. (springer.com)
In the presence of nutrients, mTORC1 is activated and promotes cell growth, including protein synthesis and energy storage. (springer.com)
TSC1 and TSC2 also play a role in regulating pathways other than mTORC1/2. (springer.com)
Despite these advances, the roles of TSC1 and TSC2 in regulating signaling pathways independently of mTORC1/2 remain poorly understood. (springer.com)

Elucidating the function of the mutated gene, ALMS1 , is critical for the development of specific treatments and may uncover pathways relevant to a range of other disorders including common forms of obesity and type 2 diabetes. (springer.com)
Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to identify signalling pathway in IMN. (biomedcentral.com)
GSEA showed that the signalling pathway of DEGs in GSE115857 was focused on angiogenesis, in which VEGFA acts as a core gene. (biomedcentral.com)
In 5 of 6 gene mutations that have been shown to cause EDMD, the affected protein is present in the LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex. (medscape.com)
Several mutations in the OCRL gene have been described, including truncation mutations, missense mutations, and large deletions. (medscape.com)

When more patients were described, the phenotype was expanded to include the renal tubular defects that comprise Fanconi syndrome , and an X-linked inheritance pattern was noted. (medscape.com)

Pathway enrichment analysis found that the biological process induced by VEGFA is associated with PI3K/Akt signalling. (biomedcentral.com)

Leukotrienes belong to a family of biologically active conjugated trienes that are formed from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway and are important mediators of inflammatory reactions. (lu.se)

VEGFA/PI3K/AKT signalling may play significant roles in the pathogenesis of IMN, which may provide new targets for the treatment of IMN. (biomedcentral.com)

In embryonic Xenopus development, Rap2 is necessary for the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. (nih.gov)
Here we report that TSC1 and TSC2 regulate Smoothened (SMO)-dependent HH signaling in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). (springer.com)

Most cell types, including unicellular organisms, have the capacity to phagocytose. (frontiersin.org)

The depolymerization of microtubules occurs and is soon followed by degradation of the neurofilaments and other cytoskeleton components. (wikipedia.org)

Cardinal features include childhood obesity, insulin resistance, cone-rod retinal dystrophy and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). (springer.com)
Insulin signaling–mathematical modeling comes of age. (crossref.org)

[ 6 ] thus, defining specific pathways in vivo has been difficult. (medscape.com)
In vivo , we found low dose of BV attenuates proteinuria via inhibiting VEGFA/PI3K/AKT signalling. (biomedcentral.com)

Overall, our results demonstrate the critical importance of all three types of enzymes involved in PA production and degradation, with strikingly different roles of PA produced by the PLD and DGK pathways, in pollen tube growth. (frontiersin.org)

Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)

Anatomy47

Organisms8

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs134

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes40

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science4

Actin35

Regulation5

Proteins21

Downstream4

Molecules5

Intracellular3

Receptors4

Genes10

Cellular signalin1

Apoptosis2

Regulates1

Transduction1

Receptor3

Phosphorylation1

Transmembrane1

Pentose Phospha1

GTPase1

Metabolism3

Rac11

Stimulate2

Filaments1

Molecular pathways2

Proliferation2

Mechanisms4

Epithelial1

Endocytosis1

Integrated function of multicellul1

Canonical1

MAPK1

Neuronal1

Organelles4

Differentiation1

Kinase2

Axonal4

Primary cilia1

Processes2

Membrane3

Rapamycin1

Endocytic1

Ciliary1

RhoA1

Cilia1

MTORC15

Gene5

Defects1

Biological1

Inflammatory1

Pathogenesis1

Embryonic2

Organisms1

Neurofilaments1

Insulin2

Vivo2

Results demonstrate1

Protein Expression1