Signal transduction pathways involve. Medical search. Frequent questions

In the absence of Wnt signals, the cytoplasmic catenin beta-1 ( β-catenin ) is associated with a complex including auxin, glycogen synthase kinase 3 ( GSK-3 ), and adenomatous polyposis coli ( APC ) (the APC protein acts as the primary regulator of β-catenin function). (hindawi.com)
Concomitant activation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, Akt, and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 as well as increased phosphorylation of Bad also were unique to the hippocampus of APP Sw mice. (jneurosci.org)
To investigate the effect of losartan on vascular remodeling and transforming growth factor-beta and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. (ijpsonline.com)
Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to measure the thickness and diameter ratio of the aortic media of mice in each group, Masson staining was used to observe the content of collagen fibers in the aorta of mice in each group, elastic fibers in the aorta of mice in each group were stained, and transforming growth factor-beta and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway protein expression. (ijpsonline.com)
Losartan has protective effect on aortic wall of rats with aortic dissection, and the mechanism may be through inhibiting transforming growth factor-beta 1 pathway, which activates downstream phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway related proteins, and then inhibits the expansion and progression of aortic dissection. (ijpsonline.com)
The overarching goal of understanding molecular principles underlying differentiation of protein kinase clients and chaperone-based modulation of kinase activity is fundamental to understanding activity of many tumor-inducing signaling proteins. (utoronto.ca)
Allosteric interactions of the Hsp90 with cochaperones and protein kinase clients can determine regulatory mechanisms and cellular functions of many signaling proteins and cascades. (utoronto.ca)
Integration of computational systems biology and machine learning analysis of the Hsp90 interactions with oncogenic kinase mutants is then used to construct models of allosteric regulation of oncogenic proteins by molecular chaperones in signaling cascades. (utoronto.ca)
Based on these findings, we developed a computational synthetic biology framework for design and re-engineering signal transduction networks and pathways that involve cross-talk between molecular chaperones and protein kinase clients. (utoronto.ca)
Our study offers a systems-based perspective on drug design and re-engineering of signaling networks by unravelling relationships between protein kinase networks with molecular chaperones and binding specificity of targeted kinase drugs. (utoronto.ca)
The ↑[Ca 2+ ] i activates a signaling cascade that involves, sequentially, calcium-calmodulin, nitric oxide synthase, guanylyl cyclase, and protein kinase G. This signal transduction pathway enables Cl − to pass through vesicular channels and act as a counterion for the transport of H + , so that the vesicles of secretogogue-stimulated cells become acidic. (jneurosci.org)
It has been shown to interact with RAF1 and protein kinase C, proteins involved in various signal transduction pathways. (prospecbio.com)
Choline kinase (ChoK), the enzyme responsible for the generation of phosphorylcholine (PCho) from its precursor choline, is the first enzyme in the Kennedy pathway that renders phosphatidylcholine as its final product. (aacrjournals.org)
In FC, both the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signal transduction pathway of Na+/K+-ATPase were involved in the increase of the calcium transient induced by Str, but only activation of the MAPK pathway increased the calcium transient in NC. (unboundmedicine.com)
In addition, they play important roles in gene transcription (via activation of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways and, in higher eukaryotes, the transcription factor NFκB), generation of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and cell-cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)
As a result, the kinase and the downstream signaling pathway are constantly turned on (constitutively activated). (medlineplus.gov)
In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal–regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)

It is found in proteins involved in several biological processes as diverse as signal transduction pathways, cytoskeleton organization, membrane traffic or organelle assembly. (eu.org)
Several S. cerevisiae proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and bud formation like BEM2, BEM3, BUD4 and the BEM1-binding proteins BOI2 (BEB1) and BOI1 (BOB1). (embl.de)

Those agents inhibit Smoothened (SMO), a transmembrane protein involved in Hedgehog pathway signal transduction. (medscape.com)
the authors suggest that continuous dosing may be required to fully inhibit the Hedgehog pathway and achieve clinical response in such cases. (medscape.com)
Existing studies have shown that there is crossover between Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAAS) signaling pathway and TGF-β pathway, but little is known about whether ARB drug losartan can block Angiotensin-II (Ang-II) signaling pathway, inhibit the activation of Transforming Growth Factor- Beta (TGF-β) pathway, and regulate vascular remodeling. (ijpsonline.com)
"While the precise mechanism of action of our peptides against TNF-α is not known, it has been shown previously that both endogenous and exogenous peptides can inhibit signal transduction pathways involved in the expression of inflammatory cytokines," the team highlights. (nutraingredients.com)

The downstream signal transduction toward Eda-A1 involves the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway (Clevers 2006 ) and requires lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 (Lef-1) for activation of the Ed1 ( Ta ) expression (Durmowicz et al. (springer.com)
Both bacteria and archaea use chemosensory arrays and downstream signal transduction pathways to receive and process external stimuli. (esrf.fr)

In the presence of Wnt signals, the Wnt proteins bind to (frizzled) frizzled receptors ( FZDs ) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein ( LRP ) receptors, leading to the stabilization of β-catenin , its transfer to the nucleus, and the activation of target genes. (hindawi.com)
However, there is now a growing body of evidence to suggest that kiss2 , the paralogous gene for kiss1 , evolved in parallel during vertebrate lineage, and the kiss2 product also activates the GPR54 (kisspeptin receptor) signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
This gene encodes a G-protein coupled receptor 1 family member involved in the complement system of the innate immune response. (antikoerper-online.de)
It may instead modulate signal transduction through the beta-arrestin pathway, and may alternatively act as a decoy receptor. (antikoerper-online.de)
Cell signaling in plant development usually involves a receptor (i.e. for a hormone or light molecule) and a signal transduction pathway, which concludes with a cellular response that is relevant to the plants development. (hightimes.com)
The chemotaxis system in prokaryotes is composed of membrane-embedded receptor proteins that, upon signal reception, trigger a cascade resulting in the phosphorylation of a protein termed CheY. (esrf.fr)
A SH2 DOMAIN-containing protein that mediates SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathways from multiple CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS, including the EPHB1 RECEPTOR. (bvsalud.org)
Receptor tyrosine kinases transmit signals from the cell surface into the cell through a process called signal transduction. (medlineplus.gov)

Cdc42 and Rac - ancient, highly conserved, small GTPases - mediate extracellular signals, triggering changes in transcription and in the actin cytoskeleton. (biomedcentral.com)

It plays a key role during sperm capacitation [ 3 - 6 ] and the acrosomal exocytosis [ 7 - 10 ], where it affects different intracellular signalling pathways. (plos.org)
This pathway plays a prominent role in inter- and intracellular communication and subversion can lead to cancer, fibrosis vascular disorders, and immune diseases. (lu.se)

Once the ethylene signal reaches the nucleus, it activates a transcriptional cascade that results in changes in the expression of a number of genes. (nih.gov)

In recent years, the MAPK family has been found to be an important signal-regulating enzyme between cell surface receptors and determinants of gene expression ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

We have demonstrated that this resistance to fatigue results from global changes in contractile protein isoforms and metabolic pathways during the progression of COPD. (upenn.edu)
An introduction to biologically important molecules and metabolic pathways and the laboratory techniques used to study and characterize them. (graceland.edu)

This insulin signal transduction pathway is composed of trigger mechanisms (e.g., autophosphorylation mechanisms) that serve as signals throughout the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Fisher and her team plan to investigate how some of these enzymes recognize their interaction partners and to explore mechanisms by which such pathways could be inhibited. (lehigh.edu)
In this article, we focus on the signaling mechanisms of two of these three subgroups, Cdc42 and Rac, as they are often linked in their physiological functions and have several effectors in common. (biomedcentral.com)
Future challenges in host-microbe interactions will be to decipher the mechanisms by which the type III secretion system required for colonization of bovine and human intestines becomes fully functional and how the bacterial effector proteins injected into the host cell and the regulation of their expression manipulate host signal transduction pathways. (cdc.gov)
This analysis discriminates between different biological mechanisms to achieve a transient signal from a sustained TGF-b input, where one mechanism is to use a negative feedback to turn the signal off. (lu.se)
Toward better understanding of the mechanisms involved, we examined high throughput sequencing data (HTS) from two Aedes aegypti aegypti collections from Merida, Yucatan, Mexico treated with either permethrin or deltamethrin. (cdc.gov)

The insulin transduction pathway is a biochemical pathway by which insulin increases the uptake of glucose into fat and muscle cells and reduces the synthesis of glucose in the liver and hence is involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis. (wikipedia.org)
Biochemical and genetic approaches have provided a detailed view of the biosynthetic and signal transduction pathways of this hormone in the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana. (nih.gov)
Signal transduction pathways work in sequences of biochemical reactions. (hightimes.com)

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a homeostasis disorder of glucose metabolism caused by insulin resistance (IR) and/or pancreatic β-cells dysfunction, which involves the interaction of genetic, environmental and behavioral factors ( 1 , 2 ) . (researchsquare.com)
Recombinant antibodies are monoclonal, but their production involves in vitro genetic manipulation. (cellsignal.com)
Here, I report genetic evidence that in addition to FlhB, the product of a newly identified gene, rflH, is involved in the negative regulation of FlgM export. (unboundmedicine.com)
Rearrangements of genetic material involving the ALK gene on chromosome 2 increase the risk of developing several other types of cancer. (medlineplus.gov)

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokine in RA may be involved in the development of the disturbed lipid metabolism. (researchgate.net)
It can act as a precursor of cellular metabolic coenzymes, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ), which are involved in lipid metabolism, respiratory oxidation, anaerobic catabolism of sugars, and so on [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
More and more evidences ( 6 - 8 ) show that miRNAs are involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism, insulin synthesis and secretion, which are the core links in the development of T2D. (researchsquare.com)
Scientists working in basic, translational, and clinical cancer metabolism research are invited to join the Academy in New York on April 17th to discuss the intersection between cell signaling and metabolism. (nyas.org)
These categories were transport, signal transduction and metabolism, in order from highest to lowest statistical significance. (cdc.gov)

The expression of transthyretin, a protein shown to sequester Aβ and prevent amyloid fibril formation in vitro , and several genes in the insulin-signaling pathway, e.g., insulin-like growth factor-2, were increased selectively in the hippocampus of APP Sw mice. (jneurosci.org)

Insulin secretion mechanism is a common example of signal transduction pathway mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
Network-defined modularity of interacting components and cross-talk in signal transduction networks are quantified through molecular mechanism of allosteric regulation. (utoronto.ca)
Immune escape is mainly caused by histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, abnormal antigen signaling mechanism, immunosuppressive components (such as HLA-G), Fas and its ligands to activate apoptosis and overexpression of other immunosuppressive molecules, such as lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) ( Steven and Seliger, 2018 ). (techscience.com)
Includes an in-depth study of the multistage model of carcinogenesis, genes involved in cancer, activation of cancer genes, signal transduction pathways that promote carcinogenesis, the mechanism of metastasis, apoptosis, how cancer treatments work, and the new potential cancer treatments. (graceland.edu)

Cancer-preventing strategies of these beneficial bacteria such as binding to carcinogens and degrading them, stimulating anti-cancer enzymes, and preventing the conversion of procarcinogens to carcinogens, production of beneficial compounds that act as signaling molecules affecting the immune system, cell death, and proliferation, and interference with cell signaling pathways are reported [ 16 - 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
Combining X-ray crystallography data from beamline ID30B and biochemistry with cell biology reveals how the conserved signal transduction machinery in bacteria and archaea is coupled to the archaeal rotary motor termed the archaellum. (esrf.fr)
Bacteria can respond to their environment using signal transduction pathways that lead to the regulation of sets of genes by transcription factors, Fisher says. (lehigh.edu)

Within the project using next generation sequencing technology and signal transduction pathway activity profiling technology, we have identified novel pathways and biomarkers implicated in cervical carcinogenesis. (europa.eu)

Microarray analysis of pepper gene expression 48 h after inoculation with isolates DIS 259j and DIS 376f identified a large group of highly induced ESTs putatively involved in plant defense. (usda.gov)
In this disturbance the maintenance involve the gene expression under the stress either in the form of structural gene or regulatory. (scielo.br)
Plant/ crop productivity effected by the environmental strains such as water deficit condition (drought), Low temperature (cold), salt and High temperature (heat) these stresses disturb the signal transduction of gene regulatory systems of plants. (scielo.br)
This gene may be involved in coronary artery disease and in the pathogenesis of sepsis. (antikoerper-online.de)
In addition, gene set enrichment analysis shows 6 pathways that differ between high- and low-risk group. (techscience.com)
At least 15 translocations involving the ALK gene have been identified in people with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), a rare form of cancer involving immune cells called T cells. (medlineplus.gov)
In addition, at least seven translocations involving the ALK gene have been identified in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT). (medlineplus.gov)
About half of people with IMT have a translocation involving the ALK gene. (medlineplus.gov)

During the course of signaling, the cell uses each response for accomplishing some kind of a purpose along the way. (wikipedia.org)
Two aspects of the transduction pathway process are explained below: insulin secretion and insulin action on the cell. (wikipedia.org)
β-catenin forms a complex with T-cell factor ( TCF ) /lymphoid enhancer factor ( LEF ) transcription factors and cofactors such as histone acetyltransferase p300 (p300), CBP, BCL9, and pygopus, to transcribe Wnt signaling target genes such as Cyclin D1 , C-Myc , and survivin [ 9 , 12 - 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
Important biological events associated with plasma membranes, such as signal transduction, cell adhesion, and protein trafficking, are mediated through the membrane microdomains. (mdpi.com)
These signals are transmitted to a rotary motor that propels the cell forward but can also switch rotational direction leading to a tumbling behaviour and reorientation of the cell [1,2] . (esrf.fr)
These pathways are comprised of many different enzymes that collaborate to deliver signals from the environment into the cell. (lehigh.edu)
Then I thought, there must be a sensory pathway that recognizes the DNA damage that's going on in the cell," says Elledge. (the-scientist.com)
While most molecular biologists thought signaling pathways worked by sensing signals extrinsic to the cell and relaying the information to the nucleus, Elledge was proposing an internal signaling pathway that senses cell-intrinsic events. (the-scientist.com)
These signaling pathways are important in many cellular processes such as cell growth and division (proliferation) or maturation (differentiation). (medlineplus.gov)
Mucin 1 lies on the tubular cell apical surface and has a role in signal transduction pathways. (medscape.com)

There are two phases of the insulin secretion, the first phase involves the L-type Ca+2 channels and the second phase involves the R-type Ca+2 channels. (wikipedia.org)
Increase of miR-720 reduced Rab35 expression then activate PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway, thus inhibiting insulin secretion. (researchsquare.com)

Recent advances in understanding the molecular events underlying hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) caused by mutations of the genes encoding proteins of the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-related signaling pathway have been presented. (springer.com)
To identify and validate signal transduction pathways and molecular targets that are disregulated in cancer cells. (moffitt.org)
The faculty members identify and validate aberrant pathways in cancer cells using several approaches, including traditional cellular and molecular biology as well as systemic biology, proteomics and genomics. (moffitt.org)
The allosteric interactions and regulation of molecular chaperones and protein kinases allow for molecular communication and event coupling in signal transduction networks. (utoronto.ca)

Together, the results of the current study suggest that the protective effect of vitexin reduces sevoflurane‑induced neuronal apoptosis through HIF‑1α‑, VEGF‑ and p38‑associated signaling pathways in newborn rats. (spandidos-publications.com)

Because recombinant antibody production involves sequencing the antibody light and heavy chains, it is a highly controlled and reliable process. (cellsignal.com)

The Wnt cascade consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways, of which the former is believed to be involved in self-regeneration. (hindawi.com)

The functioning of a signal transduction pathway is based on extra-cellular signaling that in turn creates a response that causes other subsequent responses, hence creating a chain reaction, or cascade. (wikipedia.org)
Although some of the ethylene receptors show a tissue-specific pattern of expression, little is known about the regulation of the components of the ethylene transduction cascade by other hormones or developmental factors. (nih.gov)

Further analysis in terms of parameter sensitivity reveals that this negative feedback loop in TGF-b signaling renders the system global robustness. (lu.se)

CaR stimulation leads to the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways. (jneurosci.org)
The activation continues through a series of proteins in a signaling pathway. (medlineplus.gov)

It is involved in flagellar movements and motility, and in cellular events that occur in the sperm head, that will lead to successful interaction with the egg and to fertilization [ 1 , 2 ]. (plos.org)
The effects of several hormones and of developmental changes on the regulation of the key enzymes of ethylene biosynthesis, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase, serve as a clear example of interaction between signals in the generation of complex responses. (nih.gov)
We describe some of the results that suggest an interaction at the transcriptional level between ethylene, other hormones, and stress signals. (nih.gov)
This motif is involved in protein-protein interaction mediated by SH3 domains. (eu.org)
The importance of being proline: the interaction of proline-rich motifs in signaling proteins with their cognate domains. (eu.org)

A study of cellular processes involved in the Central Dogma: DNA replication, transcription and translation. (graceland.edu)

A PPI network provides crucial information on how biological pathways are structured and coordinated from individual protein functions. (nature.com)
It is used to simulate the Monte Carlo method, ST naturally provides ensembles of kinetics of large signaling networks, where one cannot only solutions rather than single ones, subject to analysis by rely on biological intuition. (lu.se)

The Wnt pathway is one of the most critical signaling pathways activated by mutation in many cancers [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)

Generally speaking, signal transduction pathways in the initiation and progression of cancer are essential. (hindawi.com)

The effects of insulin vary depending on the tissue involved, e.g., insulin is most important in the uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue. (wikipedia.org)

Thus, targeting signal molecules can be helpful for cancer therapy [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)

These results suggested that PM 2.5 induces the inflammatory M1 polarization and TLR4/NF-κB signal transduction pathway might be involved in the process. (medsci.org)
Only a small number of genes, which are mainly involved in inflammatory responses, are upregulated in human endothelial cells exposed to VT. (cdc.gov)

The 14-3-3 family of proteins plays a key regulatory role in signal transduction, checkpoint control, apoptotic and nutrient-sensing pathways. (prospecbio.com)

I propose a revised model of the export-switching machinery which consists of two systems, the hook-length signal transduction pathway and the double-locked gate for FlgM export. (unboundmedicine.com)
Although dozens of proteins act downstream of these GTPases, a comparison of effector proteins from evolutionarily diverse organisms suggests that six groups of proteins serve as the core machinery for signaling from Cdc42 and Rac. (biomedcentral.com)
In an effort to understand the fundamental signaling elements, or 'core machinery', required for the function of these GTPases, we describe here the conservation and functional similarities of Cdc42 and Rac effectors in five different species: plant, yeast, fruit fly, roundworm and human. (biomedcentral.com)

The basic signaling properties of two major subgroups of Rho GTPases - the Cdc42 and Rac subfamilies - are highly conserved amongst all eukaryotes, but the means by which they act are not well understood. (biomedcentral.com)

During flagellar morphogenesis in Salmonella typhimurium, the genes involved in filament assembly are expressed fully only after completion of hook-basal body assembly. (unboundmedicine.com)
A1 - Kutsukake,K, PY - 1997/2/1/pubmed PY - 1997/2/1/medline PY - 1997/2/1/entrez SP - 1268 EP - 73 JF - Journal of bacteriology JO - J Bacteriol VL - 179 IS - 4 N2 - During flagellar morphogenesis in Salmonella typhimurium, the genes involved in filament assembly are expressed fully only after completion of hook-basal body assembly. (unboundmedicine.com)

A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. (mdpi.com)
Furthermore, such approaches allow for predicting the Transforming Growth Factor b (TGF-b) pathway in quantities not yet measured. (lu.se)

We should consider that the physiological functions of each kisspeptin neuron population may not be assessed only by such analyses, because the pharmacological administration may activate unexpected signaling pathways apart from the actual kisspeptin neuron networks. (frontiersin.org)

Ethylene is a plant hormone involved in a large number of developmental processes. (nih.gov)

This study should help us understand the signal transduction pathways involved in carcinogenic effects of these nickel compounds. (cdc.gov)

We report the results of integrative systems biology studies of the Hsp90 chaperone and protein kinases with an atomic level analysis of the communication pathways regulating conformational equilibrium of theses protein systems in signaling networks. (utoronto.ca)
Among our primary findings is the emerging evidence that a small number of functional motifs may be utilized by the chaperone and protein kinases to act collectively as central regulators of the intermolecular communications, ATP hydrolysis, and protein client binding in signaling networks. (utoronto.ca)

Plants make extensive use of signal transduction pathways throughout their life. (hightimes.com)

Most cases of paraneoplastic AN involve an adenocarcinoma,[5] most commonly one arising in the gastrointestinal tract (stomach or liver[3] ) and less commonly in the lungs, ovaries, uterus, breasts, kidneys, prostate or bladder. (medscape.com)
Domain commonly found in eukaryotic signalling proteins. (embl.de)

Adaptive immune system is thought to be involved in the etiology of ASD. (bvsalud.org)

More important, some ESTs were only induced by specific isolates indicating divergent signal transduction pathways toward induced resistance may be involved. (usda.gov)

The effects of 25 micromol/L Str with different signal-transducing inhibitors on contractility and the calcium transient of NC or FC from guinea pigs were simultaneously assessed and compared with those in the 25 micromol/L Str-only group by a video-based, motion-edge detection system. (unboundmedicine.com)

To dissect the web of signals that control plant growth, it is important to understand how the individual components of the pathway are modulated. (nih.gov)

This study is the first report that assessed the potential impact of L. rhamnosus , especially its supernatant on esophageal cancer and Wnt signaling pathway genes. (hindawi.com)
The overarching aim of our research program is to better understand signal transduction pathways involved in cancer. (uc.edu)
The appearance of paraneoplastic AN usually coincides with the presence of malignancy, but it can precede or follow the diagnosis of cancer and thus may signal a relapse in patients with a history of cancer. (medscape.com)
2. Find values for the kinetic parameters from experimental b pathway have been detected in several human diseases, estimates or by fitting the model to experimental kinetic most notably in many forms of cancer, and in fibrotic diseases data. (lu.se)

HED embraces a genetically heterogeneous group of diseases and is due to mutations of several genes that encode components of the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-related signaling pathway (Cluzeau et al. (springer.com)
With the exception of EDA1 and NEMO , both localized on the X chromosome, all other genes encoding components of the TNFα-related signaling pathway involved in differentiation of skin appendages, are localized on the autosomes (Table 1 ). (springer.com)
Through these interactions, PH domains play a role in recruiting proteins to different membranes, thus targeting them to appropriate cellular compartments or enabling them to interact with other components of the signal transduction pathways. (embl.de)
We address this different components of the pathway have been perturbed. (lu.se)

To understand this we need to take a look at signal transduction pathways, hang in there! (hightimes.com)

These proteins are involved in signal transduction from ectoderm to mesenchyme during development of the fetus and are indispensable for the differentiation of ectoderm-derived structures such as eccrine sweat glands, teeth, hair, skin, and/or nails. (springer.com)
The signaling via the TNFα-related pathway, which is critical for differentiation of skin appendages, has been elucidated mainly due to the investigations performed in mice (Mikkola 2009 ). (springer.com)

In response to the signal transduction pathway (initiated by the presence of plant hormones or PGRs), repressor proteins for example are then broken down and the "stop breaks" are removed. (hightimes.com)

Step 2 often presents the main limitation for a pathway or a simple ON/OFF language as means to draw conclusions modeling approach. (lu.se)

We now have a picture of how ethylene is sensed by the ethylene receptors and how the signal is further transduced to the nucleus. (nih.gov)

protein-protein interactions such as MDM2/p53, MDMX/p53, Rb/Raf, IGF-1R/FAK and others such as STAT3, proteasome, Shp2, FTase and GGTase I. Among the projects that have translated laboratory findings to the clinic are those involving FTase, GGTase I and Akt. (moffitt.org)

The real-time PCR method was used to analyse the L. rhamnosus supernatant effect on the expression of Wnt signaling pathway genes. (hindawi.com)
The supernatant of this bacterium significantly reduced the expression of Wnt signaling pathway genes. (hindawi.com)

Control of contractile protein synthesis in the extraocular muscles: Although oculomotor disorders such as strabismus or nystagmus can have marked, deleterious effects on the development of vision, little is known about the final common pathway of oculomotor control: the extraocular muscles (EOMs). (upenn.edu)

This was followed by the contention that asthma is an autonomic dysfunction syndrome characterized by excess cholinergic and/or tachykinin pathway activity. (jci.org)

Anatomy21

Organisms11

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs138

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes61

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Kinase17

Proteins involved2

Inhibit4

Downstream signal2

Receptor8

Extracellular1

Intracellular2

Activates1

MAPK1

Metabolic pathways2

Mechanisms6

Biochemical3

Genetic4

Metabolism5

Vitro1

Mechanism4

Bacteria3

Carcinogenesis1

Gene8

Cell10

Insulin secretion2

Molecular4

Apoptosis1

Recombinant1

Canonical1

Cascade2

Renders1

Activation2

Interaction5

Cellular processes1

Biological2

Cancers1

Progression1

Glucose1

Molecules1

Inflammatory2

Regulatory1

Machinery3

Highly conserved1

Genes involved2

Approaches2

Activate1

Hormone1

Compounds1

Kinases2

Plants1

Commonly2

Immune1

Resistance1

Transient1

Important1

Cancer4

Components4

Understand1

Differentiation2

Response1

Limitation1

Nucleus1

Laboratory1

Expression2

Control1

Dysfunction1