Signal transduction pathways. Medical search. Frequent questions

This thesis describes that hepatocyte death and survival are regulated at the cross-roads of intracellular organelles (e.g., mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum), membrane-bound receptors (such as GPCRs and EGFR) and cell survival signaling pathways (such as ERK, PI3K and PKC). (rug.nl)
In the classical two-component system model, the extracellular domain of the transmembrane sensor kinase senses a specific signal, autophosphorylates its intracellular kinase domain, and passes that phosphate group to its cognate response regulator. (uea.ac.uk)
These receptors then initiate intracellular signaling events, which eventually regulate the activity of various transcription factors. (biomedcentral.com)
Cellular signalling is the base for the extra- and intracellular communication. (mdpi.com)
Transmembrane and intracellular signal transduction mechanisms are the focus of our group, especially understanding how extracellular stimuli control cell growth and division, cell morphology, and gene expression at the biochemical level. (berkeley.edu)
Containing a convenient lysis buffer, assay buffer and firefly substrate, this kit provides a complete reagent system for the intracellular detection of promoter or pathway activity. (thermofisher.com)
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. (bvsalud.org)

The chemotaxis system in prokaryotes is composed of membrane-embedded receptor proteins that, upon signal reception, trigger a cascade resulting in the phosphorylation of a protein termed CheY. (esrf.fr)
We conclude that TSH signal transduction in cultured tanycytes signals via Gαs to increase cAMP and via an alternative G protein to increase phosphorylation of ERK1/2. (nottingham.ac.uk)
This gives the sensor protein much tighter control over the whole signal transduction pathway because, instead of simply phosphorylating its cognate response regulator and letting it go, the sensor kinase can also suppress the levels of phosphorylated response regulator in the absence of signal and switch the pathway off when the signal has disappeared. (uea.ac.uk)
In hypothalamic neurons, modulators such as neuropeptide Y (NPY) and adenosine depress glutamatergic transmission by either a pertussis toxin (PTx)-sensitive G-protein-coupled pathway or by inhibition of voltage-activated calcium channels (VACCs). (jneurosci.org)
Our methods will not be able to distinguish very similar pathways, and in some sense this problem can be seen as a result of the ambiguities that follow when the full protein network is partitioned into separate pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast, inhibitors of the PI-3 kinase and mTOR pathways strongly blocked early protein synthesis rate stimulated by I+P and PMA and also blocked 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and release of eIF4E suggesting that these pathways regulate protein synthesis activities, which are important for proliferation in T cells. (psu.edu)
PI-3 kinase is normally essential in the legislation of many mobile events involving proteins tyrosine kinases and can be an upstream aspect in a serine kinase transduction cascade (15 16 Serine and tyrosine phosphorylation of varied target protein (STATs IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 chains etc.) are fundamental early occasions in IFN signaling and actions (17-20). (bibf1120.com)
A long-standing issue in neuro-scientific signal transduction would be to understand the cross-talk between receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and heterotrimeric G protein, two main and distinct signaling hubs that control eukaryotic cell behavior. (bio-cavagnou.info)
The ↑[Ca 2+ ] i activates a signaling cascade that involves, sequentially, calcium-calmodulin, nitric oxide synthase, guanylyl cyclase, and protein kinase G. This signal transduction pathway enables Cl − to pass through vesicular channels and act as a counterion for the transport of H + , so that the vesicles of secretogogue-stimulated cells become acidic. (jneurosci.org)
for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. (bvsalud.org)

Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. (innspub.net)
It is of course also possible that the mRNA levels of effector proteins in a pathway change due to altered pathway activity. (biomedcentral.com)
Recent advances in understanding the molecular events underlying hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) caused by mutations of the genes encoding proteins of the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-related signaling pathway have been presented. (springer.com)
These proteins are involved in signal transduction from ectoderm to mesenchyme during development of the fetus and are indispensable for the differentiation of ectoderm-derived structures such as eccrine sweat glands, teeth, hair, skin, and/or nails. (springer.com)
Novel data were reviewed and discussed on the structure and functions of the components of TNFα-related signaling pathway, the consequences of mutations of the genes encoding these proteins, and the prospect for further investigations, which might elucidate the origin of HED. (springer.com)
Within the last 10 years significant progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of HED and this is mainly due to the discovery of unknown proteins and the elucidation of their function in signal transduction via the TNFα-related pathway. (springer.com)
The mechanistic and structural insights obtained here reveal the long-standing queries surrounding RTK/G proteins cross-talk, arranged a book paradigm, and characterize a distinctive pharmacological focus on for uncoupling GIV-dependent signaling downstream of multiple oncogenic RTKs. (bio-cavagnou.info)
In eukaryotes, two broadly studied and unique signaling pathways will be the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and trimeric G proteins. (bio-cavagnou.info)
We have recently shown that this same pathway modulates the content of integral membrane proteins and, in collaborative studies, that it is also involved in maintenance of the sterol composition of the plasma membrane. (berkeley.edu)
In response to the signal transduction pathway (initiated by the presence of plant hormones or PGRs), repressor proteins for example are then broken down and the "stop breaks" are removed. (hightimes.com)
Future challenges in host-microbe interactions will be to decipher the mechanisms by which the type III secretion system required for colonization of bovine and human intestines becomes fully functional and how the bacterial effector proteins injected into the host cell and the regulation of their expression manipulate host signal transduction pathways. (cdc.gov)

The initial step consists of extracellular signaling molecules, ligands, that activate receptors of the cell. (biomedcentral.com)
Diverse signal recognition receptors and signal transduction pathways were defined which regulate cellular functions, metabolism and development. (mdpi.com)
ATP, released by cells, is rapidly metabolized by extracellular nucleotidases to adenosine, a potent signaling molecule that can activate several cell surface receptors to produce myriad effects on both parenchymal and immune cells throughout the body (Figure 1 ). (jci.org)
Receptors of this type are ubiquitous and transduce binding of a wide variety of extracellular ligands (peptide hormones, neurotransmitters and other bioactive compounds) into a physiological signal. (berkeley.edu)
The signaling pathways activated by the oncogenic mutants are in part overlapping with those normally activated by these receptors, but there are also signal transduction pathways that are unique to the oncogenic mutants. (lu.se)

We will discuss specific signaling aberrations found in lung cancers, review the status of signaling inhibitors being developed for lung cancer, identify emerging targets, and provide recommendations for the development of agents designed to inhibit signal transduction. (johnshopkins.edu)
In this review we highlight the major dysregulations in the PAM signaling pathway in cancer , and discuss the results of PI3K, AKT and mTOR inhibitors as monotherapy and in co-administation with other antineoplastic agents in clinical trials as a strategy for overcoming treatment resistance. (bvsalud.org)

Neurotrophin-tyrosine kinase receptor (NT-Trk) signaling pathway plays an important role in the neural regulation of development. (shsmu.edu.cn)
Results Preliminary data suggest that the follicular phase is characterized by high phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway activity and the luteal phase by high androgen receptor (AR) pathway activity. (bmj.com)
Remarkably, no significant differences in estrogen receptor (ER) pathway activity were seen in the FTE during the menstrual cycle. (bmj.com)
While both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals can be sent depending on the specific adenosine receptor activated, adenosine produces a net proinflammatory effect in the asthmatic airway. (jci.org)
Kappa-opioid (KOP) receptor agonists exhibit analgesic effects without activating reward pathways. (acs.org)
However, we recently found that the eEF2 (elongation) pathway is affected by dopamine D1 receptor activation in an NMDA receptor-dependent manner [ 22 ]. (nature.com)
Cell signaling in plant development usually involves a receptor (i.e. for a hormone or light molecule) and a signal transduction pathway, which concludes with a cellular response that is relevant to the plants development. (hightimes.com)
Adaptations of receptor-coupled signal transduction pathways underlying stress and drug-induced neuronal plasticity. (bvsalud.org)
En cada sistema de transducción de señales, media una señal de activación/inhibición procedente de una molécula biológica activa (hormona, neurotransmisor) merced al acoplamiento de un receptor/enzima a un segundo sistema mensajero o a un canal iónico. (bvsalud.org)
Los relacionados con la despolarización de la membrana o la liberación intracelular de calcio incluyen el receptor que media la activación de funciones citotóxicas en los granulocitos y la potenciación sináptica de la activación de proteincinasa. (bvsalud.org)
In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. (bvsalud.org)
Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. (bvsalud.org)

The activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/TrkB signal transduction pathway stimulates tumor cell survival and angiogenesis, and contributes to the resistance to cytotoxic drugs and anoikis. (shsmu.edu.cn)
Signaling pathways are attractive targets for lung cancer therapy because activation of signaling pathways contributes to tumor growth and therapeutic resistance, and constitutively active signaling commonly occurs in lung cancer. (johnshopkins.edu)
Our objective is to analyze tumor gene expression data from microarrays in the context of such pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
By using prior knowledge about pathways, we aim at inferring cellular signaling pathway activity from tumor microarray data, on a sample-by-sample basis. (biomedcentral.com)
HED embraces a genetically heterogeneous group of diseases and is due to mutations of several genes that encode components of the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-related signaling pathway (Cluzeau et al. (springer.com)

We demonstrate that this process occurs through the PI3K/Akt pathway, via zinc stimulation of transporter Zip7. (gla.ac.uk)
Depletion of zinc transporter Zip7 by RNA interference shows reduction of both PI3K/Akt signalling and a significant reduction of multinucleated myofibres and myotubes development. (gla.ac.uk)
PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling transduction pathway and targeted therapies in cancer. (bvsalud.org)
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) signaling pathway is a highly conserved signal transduction network in eukaryotic cells that promotes cell survival , cell growth , and cell cycle progression. (bvsalud.org)
Dysfunction of components of this pathway such as hyperactivity of PI3K, loss of function of PTEN, and gain-of-function of AKT, are notorious drivers of treatment resistance and disease progression in cancer . (bvsalud.org)
As proliferation is a hallmark of the follicular phase, it is suggested that up-regulation of the PI3K pathway in HGSC could be promoting proliferation and therefore be an interesting target for new therapeutic options. (bmj.com)
Conclusion During the menstrual cycle, PI3K and AR pathway activity are activated in a strictly controlled manner. (bmj.com)

Both bacteria and archaea use chemosensory arrays and downstream signal transduction pathways to receive and process external stimuli. (esrf.fr)
The downstream signal transduction toward Eda-A1 involves the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway (Clevers 2006 ) and requires lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 (Lef-1) for activation of the Ed1 ( Ta ) expression (Durmowicz et al. (springer.com)

Molecular alterations in lung cancer include genetic changes, epigenetic changes, and changes in the expression or activity of kinases that comprise signaling pathways within cells. (johnshopkins.edu)

This insulin signal transduction pathway is composed of trigger mechanisms (e.g., autophosphorylation mechanisms) that serve as signals throughout the cell. (wikipedia.org)
JAK-STAT signaling mechanisms during pathogenesis and cancer development are continually being explored for potential therapeutic benefit. (innspub.net)
Therefore, the understanding of the diverse signalling molecules, signal recognition mechanisms and signal transduction pathways is fundamental for the insight into physiological and pathophysiological processes. (mdpi.com)
Finally, the major mechanisms of resistance to PAM signaling targeted therapies , including PAM signaling in immunology and immunotherapies are also discussed. (bvsalud.org)
For these reasons, this pathway and the mechanisms by which TORC2 and Ypk1 are regulated are under continuing intensive study. (berkeley.edu)

The investigation of signal transduction pathways is critical to the basic understanding of cellular processes as these pathways function to regulate diverse processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. (umd.edu)
Signal transduction pathways convey information from the outside of the cell to transcription factors, which in turn regulate gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
These transcription factors, in turn, regulate the expression levels of various genes, termed downstream targets of the pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
In this regard, we have recently shown that efficient activation of Ypk1 by TORC2 requires stimulation of TORC2 by the GTP-bound state of a Rab5 GTPase (Vps21/Ypt51) and that, in turn, Rab5-dependent endocytosis may be a mechanism to down-regulate TORC2 signaling after it has been activated. (berkeley.edu)

A key element regulating the elongation phase is the eukaryotic elongation factor (eEF2) pathway [ 8 ]. (nature.com)

As research efforts have been expanded to further elucidate disease pathogenesis, vast arrays of inflammatory mediators and proinflammatory pathways have been discovered, and pharmacological interruption of many of these pathways has been proposed. (jci.org)

One of these genes, SOCS-3 (Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3) is a member of a newly identified family of genes that inhibit JAK/STAT-dependent signaling. (nih.gov)
Signaling pathway activity scoring is a more direct measurement of biological processes than ontology mapping, which aims at finding over-representation of genes in various groups of contextual annotation. (biomedcentral.com)
With the exception of EDA1 and NEMO , both localized on the X chromosome, all other genes encoding components of the TNFα-related signaling pathway involved in differentiation of skin appendages, are localized on the autosomes (Table 1 ). (springer.com)
The purpose of this report is to review current literature on the structure and function of components of the TNFα-related signaling pathway, to present a novel approach to their contribution in the differentiation of skin appendages and to discuss the role of mutations of genes encoding components of this pathway in the origin of HED. (springer.com)
This study used Philips OncoSignal PCR, a diagnostic approach based on a computational model which infers quantitative STP activity from mRNA levels of pathway-specific target genes. (bmj.com)

The insulin transduction pathway is a biochemical pathway by which insulin increases the uptake of glucose into fat and muscle cells and reduces the synthesis of glucose in the liver and hence is involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis. (wikipedia.org)
This dissertation focuses on understanding some of the biochemical events that take place in the chemotaxis signal transduction pathway of bacteria. (umd.edu)
Signal transduction pathways work in sequences of biochemical reactions. (hightimes.com)

While the JAK-STAT pathway is indispensable for normal cellular functions, it was also discovered that abnormal activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway significantly contributes to the formation and progression of many human carcinomas. (innspub.net)

The aim of this project is to elucidate the mechanism of signal transduction of the oncogenic mutants of FLT3 and KIT and find such molecules. (lu.se)

Brevilin A, a novel natural product, inhibits janus kinase activity and blocks STAT3 signaling in cancer cells. (innspub.net)
A multitude of pathways control cyclin-dependent kinase activities as the major event for cell cycle progression. (benthamscience.com)

However, dysregulations of these signalling pathways are also causes for pathophysiological processes and diseases. (mdpi.com)

It is involved in p53 pathways and is implicated in cell death/survival signaling, the cell cycle, and differentiation, thereby playing a regulatory role in carcinogenesis [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)

Once phosphorylated, these tyrosine residues (and their flanking peptide sequences) serve as temporary docking sites for the latent transcription factor, STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-3). (nih.gov)
Signal transduction pathway modeling using sequences of chromatophore images. (oregonstate.edu)

Because STAT3 is normally mixed up in XMD8-92 induction of NF-κB DNA-binding activity and in the induction of antiviral and antiproliferative activity our outcomes place STAT3 as a significant upstream aspect in type I IFN indication transduction and in the induction of natural activities. (bibf1120.com)
DSTN These results led us to consider the possibility that the defect in IFN-resistant Daudi cells may reflect an failure to activate a STAT3-dependent signaling pathway. (bibf1120.com)
By demonstrating manifestation of wild-type STAT3 in IFN-resistant Daudi cells we display that STAT3 is an important upstream element in IFNα/β transmission transduction and in the induction of biological activities. (bibf1120.com)
Our results indicate that a STAT3-dependent signaling pathway is required for the manifestation of the key biological activities of IFN besides the well. (bibf1120.com)

Since the discovery of the JAK-STAT pathway over two decades ago, research investigations have clearly demonstrated that the JAK-STAT pathway plays a major role in many biological processes including proliferation, immunity, cellular activation, and differentiation to name just a few. (innspub.net)
Janus kinasesignal transduction and activation of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling is found to be involved in asthma. (kyobobook.co.kr)
CaR stimulation leads to the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways. (jneurosci.org)
The signal transduction pathways for AP-1 activation were also investigated. (cdc.gov)

Calcium plays a key role as a second messenger system in astrocytes, both in regulation of many subcellular processes and in long distance intercellular signaling. (jneurosci.org)
2012. SOCS negative regulation of the JAK-STAT pathway. (innspub.net)

Insulin secretion mechanism is a common example of signal transduction pathway mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
FK506 had less of an inhibitory effect with PMA stimulation suggesting that its mechanism mostly affected ionomycin-activated signals. (psu.edu)

New treatment options focus on targeted therapy based on signal transduction pathways (STPs). (bmj.com)
Signal transduction and targeted therapy 2023 0 0. (cdc.gov)

Several pathways are found to be differentially active in the data sets using these scores. (biomedcentral.com)

Furthermore, these pathways are essential for cellular dynamics and build a highly regulated cellular signalling network. (mdpi.com)
Growth factor signalling to transcription factors in the PAM axis is highly regulated by multiple cross-interactions with several other signaling pathways, and dysregulation of signal transduction can predispose to cancer development. (bvsalud.org)

This review will discuss signaling pathways that are relevant to lung cancer. (johnshopkins.edu)
We use pathways compiled from the TRANSPATH/TRANSFAC databases and the literature, and three publicly available cancer microarray data sets. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, these pathway activities are biologically relevant in the three cancer data sets. (biomedcentral.com)
In this chapter, I briefly review these epidemiological findings and the three molecular pathways currently proposed to link body weight gain and cancer risk. (benthamscience.com)
Despite the fact that these molecular pathways, vary and depend on both sex and the type of cancer, I briefly discuss the possible roles of three hormonal systems, the adipose derived hormones, the Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) axis and sex steroids, in linking obesity and cancer risk. (benthamscience.com)
The PAM axis is the most frequently activated signaling pathway in human cancer and is often implicated in resistance to anticancer therapies . (bvsalud.org)

The signaling via the TNFα-related pathway, which is critical for differentiation of skin appendages, has been elucidated mainly due to the investigations performed in mice (Mikkola 2009 ). (springer.com)
Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. (bvsalud.org)

The functioning of a signal transduction pathway is based on extra-cellular signaling that in turn creates a response that causes other subsequent responses, hence creating a chain reaction, or cascade. (wikipedia.org)

Variation in pathway activity, across the samples, is gauged by the degree of correlation between downstream targets of a pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
A further complication is that many pathways overlap, both in terms of having common transcription factors, and in terms of distinct transcription factors having common downstream targets. (biomedcentral.com)

They play important roles in the pain pathway where in concert with proinflammatory factors such as leukotrienes they mediate sensitization and hyperalgesia. (researchgate.net)

Combining X-ray crystallography data from beamline ID30B and biochemistry with cell biology reveals how the conserved signal transduction machinery in bacteria and archaea is coupled to the archaeal rotary motor termed the archaellum. (esrf.fr)
To survive, all bacteria must sense and respond to their environment and one of the major ways in which they do this is via two-component signal transduction pathways. (uea.ac.uk)

This approach defines a projection of high-dimensional gene expression data onto low-dimensional pathway activity scores. (biomedcentral.com)
This study shows that it is feasible to infer signal transduction pathway activity, in individual samples, from gene expression data. (biomedcentral.com)
To characterize pathway activity, it would be desirable to have both proteomic and gene expression data. (biomedcentral.com)

In the absence of proteomic data, one is thus forced to rely on aspects of the pathway that are detectable at the mRNA level. (biomedcentral.com)

Magnolol reduced Th17 cell population and effectively modulated the JAK-STAT and Notch 1 signaling. (kyobobook.co.kr)

Intro Transmission transduction pathways hyperlink inner and environmental indicators to cellular reactions. (bio-cavagnou.info)

Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in humans with alternative NF-κB pathway deficiency. (cdc.gov)

Two aspects of the transduction pathway process are explained below: insulin secretion and insulin action on the cell. (wikipedia.org)

These results suggest that the eEF2 pathway play a role in cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference. (nature.com)

Finally, we find that several sample-wise pathway activities are significantly associated with clinical classifications of the samples. (biomedcentral.com)

Title : Selective Identification of Hedgehog Pathway Antagonists By Direct Analysis of Smoothened Ciliary Translocation Personal Author(s) : Wang, Yu;Arvanites, Anthony C.;Davidow, Lance;Blanchard, Joel;Lam, Kelvin;Yoo, Jin Woo;Coy, Shannon;Rubin, Lee L.;McMahon, Andrew P. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy21

Organisms11

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs138

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes61

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Intracellular7

Protein10

Proteins11

Receptors5

Inhibitors2

Receptor12

Tumor5

PI3K7

Downstream signal2

Kinases1

Mechanisms5

Regulate4

Eukaryotic1

Pathogenesis1

Genes5

Biochemical3

Contributes1

Oncogenic1

Kinase2

Dysregulations1

Survival1

Sequences2

STAT34

Activation4

Regulation2

Mechanism2

Therapy2

Differentially1

Highly regulated2

Cancer6

Differentiation2

Cascade1

Targets2

Roles1

Bacteria2

Gene expression3

Proteomic1

Notch1

Transmission1

IFNs1

Secretion1

Results1

Significantly1

Translocation1