Signal transduction calcium calmodulin dependent protein kinase type 2. Medical search. Frequent questions

Signal transduction pathways mediated by the changes in the [Ca2+]c is termed Ca2+ signaling, and are mainly initiated by the activation of Ca2+-permeable channels. (globalsciencebooks.info)
Ca 2+ /CaM binds to the death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) to regulate intracellular signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
Upon Ca 2+ binding, CaM is capable of interacting with hundreds of protein targets to regulate the wealth of intracellular signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
These data suggest that PKC may regulate interactions of EWS and other RNA-binding proteins with their RNA targets and that IQ domains may provide a regulatory link between Ca2+ signal transduction pathways and RNA processing. (embl.de)
May be part with PAFAH1B1/LIS-1 of overlapping, but distinct, signaling pathways that promote neuronal migration. (string-db.org)
Seems to act as a scaffold protein in multiple signaling pathways. (string-db.org)
Specifically we evaluate the effect of increased dietary protein intake and caloric restricted diets on gene expression in skeletal muscle, particularly focusing on biosynthesis, degradation and the expression of genes in the ubiquitin-proteosome (UPP) and mTOR signaling pathways, including MuRF-1, MAFbx/atrogin-1, mTORC1, and S6K1. (biomedcentral.com)
It plays a key role during sperm capacitation [ 3 - 6 ] and the acrosomal exocytosis [ 7 - 10 ], where it affects different intracellular signalling pathways. (plos.org)
Therefore, SLE is currently believed to be a T cell-driven condition and, indeed, targeting molecules expressed on T cells and their signalling pathways can be one of the potential therapeutic strategies in SLE. (hindawi.com)
Stimulation of TCRs upon antigen binding triggers downstream signalling pathways which enables various physiological functions of the T cells. (hindawi.com)
Transcriptomic changes in L. dendroidea in the presence of V. madracius include the upregulation of genes that participate in signaling pathways described here for the first time as a response of seaweeds to microbes. (asm.org)
The atypical protein kinase C (PKC) member PKC-zeta has been implicated in several signal transduction pathways regulating differentiation, proliferation or apoptosis of mammalian cells. (embl.de)
Through extensive biochemical and genetic analysis, we now know that pathways are not simply switched on with kinases and off with phosphatases. (rupress.org)
Expression analyses suggested that maize CDPK genes are important components of maize development and multiple transduction pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
Currently, there are 4 known MAPK signaling pathways, including the extracellular signal-regulated kinase ( ERK ), c- Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK, also known as SAPK), p38 and ERK5 pathways. (cusabio.com)
CDPKs protein kinases have been proposed to function in multiple plant signal transduction pathways downstream of [Ca2+]cyt elevations, thus transducing various physiological responses. (or.jp)

DAPK1, located in human chromosomal locus 9q34.1, is a member of the DAPK family that belongs to the serine/threonine kinase (STK) superfamily. (frontiersin.org)
Enables protein serine/threonine kinase activity. (nih.gov)
Protein serine kinase H2. (string-db.org)
STP, serine/threonine protein phosphatase. (rupress.org)
The reversible phosphorylation of proteins on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues represents a fundamental strategy used by eukaryotic organisms to regulate a host of biological functions, including DNA replication, cell cycle progression, energy metabolism, and cell growth and differentiation. (rupress.org)
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the CMGC family of serine/threonine protein kinases. (cancerindex.org)
MAPK is a mitogen-activated protein kinase, a class of protein kinases with dual phosphorylation of serine and tyrosine in the cytosol. (cusabio.com)
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) is a new intracellular modulator of P2X3 receptors. (shengsci.com)
The present study investigated the role of calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) in interacti. (shengsci.com)
Calcineurin (CN) is a Ca 2+ /calmodulin dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase first identified in brain and also known as protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B). (pancreapedia.org)
Calcineurin (Cn) is a Ca 2+ /calmodulin (CaM)-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase first identified in extracts of mammalian brain (68, 94). (pancreapedia.org)
CnA ( Figure 1 ) contains the catalytic domain, which is homologous to other serine/threonine protein phosphatases (4). (pancreapedia.org)
PI-3 kinase is normally essential in the legislation of many mobile events involving proteins tyrosine kinases and can be an upstream aspect in a serine kinase transduction cascade (15 16 Serine and tyrosine phosphorylation of varied target protein (STATs IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 chains etc.) are fundamental early occasions in IFN signaling and actions (17-20). (bibf1120.com)

2 - after the initial stimulation of the IRS-1/Akt pathway, CaMKII mediates the down-regulation of stimulated glucose uptake. (cnr.it)
AP-1 pathway and that BK mitogenic signaling is critically dependent on protein tyrosine phosphorylation. (nih.gov)
Here we show that functional modulation of ventricular sarcKATP channels by NO induction is mediated by intracellular signalling through a novel sGC GMP KG OS(H2 O2 ) RK1/2 almodulin a MKII (CaMKII isoform in specific) signalling pathway that alters the open and closed properties from the channel, enhancing channel activity. (acthreceptor.com)
May in that way participate in a signaling pathway that is crucial for neuronal interaction before and during migration, possibly as part of a calcium ion-dependent signal transduction pathway. (string-db.org)
However, we recently found that the eEF2 (elongation) pathway is affected by dopamine D1 receptor activation in an NMDA receptor-dependent manner [ 22 ]. (nature.com)
Diagram showing the synthetic pathway responsible for nitric oxide (NO) production from arginine and O 2 and catalyzed by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS). (frontiersin.org)
Adding further complexity to this picture is the fact that both kinases and phosphatases can function in signaling networks where multiple kinases and phosphatases contribute to the outcome of a pathway. (rupress.org)
Treatment of the pertussis toxin-treated cells with cholera toxin before CB1 receptor activation amplified the stimulatory pathway, suggesting that this response was mediated through a G s -type G-protein. (jneurosci.org)
Stimulation of cAMP accumulation was not observed after pertussis toxin treatment of CHO cells expressing the human CB2 receptor, suggesting that this novel signaling pathway is unique to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. (jneurosci.org)
AKAP12 expression levels also affected the expression of stemness markers associated with STAT3, potentially via regulating the expression of protein kinase C. CONCLUSION: This study suggests Colorectal CSCs overexpress AKAP12 and maintain stem cell characteristics through the AKAP12/PKC/STAT3 pathway. (bvsalud.org)
KDEL receptor (KDELR) is a key protein that recycles escaped endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins from the Golgi apparatus back to the ER and maintains a dynamic balance between these two organelles in the early secretory pathway. (bvsalud.org)
Studies have shown that this retrograde transport pathway is partly regulated by two KDELR-interacting proteins, acyl-CoA-binding domain-containing 3 (ACBD3), and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA). (bvsalud.org)
Taken together, these data demonstrate that ACBD3 coordinates the protein secretory pathway at the Golgi by facilitating KDELR/PKA-containing protein complex formation. (bvsalud.org)
The MAPK signaling pathway activates transcription factors and regulates gene expression through a cascade reaction (MAPKKK-MAPKK-MAPK). (cusabio.com)
In the MAPK signaling pathway, the ERK pathway acts primarily through the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK cascade. (cusabio.com)
The main process of this pathway: the growth factor activates the receptor by binding to the tyrosine kinase receptor, and the activated tyrosine kinase receptor activates the Ras protein, then the Ras protein phosphorylates the Raf, and the activated Raf phosphorylates the downstream MEK. (cusabio.com)
The ERK-MAPK signaling pathway plays a role in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into adipocytes [1] [2] . (cusabio.com)
Studies have shown that ERK signaling pathway is also involved in signal transduction of osteoblast differentiation and proliferation. (cusabio.com)
The JNK signaling pathway can affect a variety of life processes such as cell growth, cell differentiation, and cell death. (cusabio.com)
JNK signaling pathway also plays an important role in regulating adipocyte differentiation. (cusabio.com)
The p38 signaling pathway is an important component of the MAPK family. (cusabio.com)
Inhibition of the p38 MARK pathway down-regulates the activity of protein kinase C ( PKC ), which plays an important role in osteogenic differentiation of cells. (cusabio.com)
In addition, transforming growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein BMP-2 induce Runx2 /Cbfa1 transcriptional expression via the p38 MAPK pathway. (cusabio.com)
The p38 signaling pathway regulates the differentiation direction of stem cells, which may be related to the regulation of the stability of p53 protein [3] [4] . (cusabio.com)
Accumulation of misfolded proteins and alterations in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway are associated with various neurodegenerative conditions of the CNS and PNS. (shengsci.com)
DSTN These results led us to consider the possibility that the defect in IFN-resistant Daudi cells may reflect an failure to activate a STAT3-dependent signaling pathway. (bibf1120.com)
Our results indicate that a STAT3-dependent signaling pathway is required for the manifestation of the key biological activities of IFN besides the well. (bibf1120.com)
The combination of growth factors and RTKs can activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and negatively regulate TSC1/2, promoting Rheb to become GTP loaded, which can activate mTORC1. (biomedcentral.com)

Domain A of this neural protein contains phosphorylation sites for cAMP-dependent protein kinase and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I, and domain B has two mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation sites. (wikipedia.org)
Particularly, we investigated the involvement in NO signal transduction of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), calmodulin, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)1/2 from the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. (acthreceptor.com)

Forward trafficking of proteins from the ER triggers activation of PKA by releasing the catalytic subunit from RII. (bvsalud.org)
This kinase is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression and G1/S transition. (cancerindex.org)

Role of nitric oxide on purinergic signalling in the cochlea Harada, Narinobu 2010-06-08 00:00:00 In the inner ear, there is considerable evidence that extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) plays an important role in auditory neurotransmission as a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator, although the potential role of adenosine signalling in the modulation of auditory neurotransmission has also been reported. (sagepub.com)
PGE1-mediated IP accumulation, cyclic GMP formation, and [Ca2+]i increase depended on both the concentration of PGE1 and extracellular calcium ions. (shengsci.com)

Cellular growth and glucose uptake are regulated by multiple signals generated by the insulin receptor. (cnr.it)
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) signaling after stroke may reduce brain injury, but this effect will depend on the levels of receptor and cofactors. (ox.ac.uk)
LMO4 augments PPARgamma-dependent gene activation, in part, by promoting RXRalpha (retinoid X receptor-alpha) binding to PPARgamma and by increasing PPARgamma binding to its target DNA sequence. (ox.ac.uk)
Here, potential mechanisms involving alterations in T-cell receptor expressions, postreceptor downstream signalling, epigenetics, and oxidative stress which favour activation of lupus T cells will be discussed. (hindawi.com)
Cannabinoids act at the CB1 receptor to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein. (jneurosci.org)
The cannabinoid receptor-stimulated accumulation of cAMP was blocked in a concentration-dependent manner by SR141716A, suggesting that the response was regulated through the CB1 receptor. (jneurosci.org)
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) is a ubiquitous enzymatic complex that is involved in a broad spectrum of intracellular receptor signaling. (bvsalud.org)
Using a recombinant endonuclease-deficient Cas9-based gene promoter pulldown approach coupled with mass spectrometry, we found that MCUb is upregulated in the T2D heart due to loss of glucose homeostasis regulator nuclear receptor corepressor 2 repression, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays identified peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α as a mediator of MCUb gene expression in T2D cardiomyocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
The autoantigens include glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel (VGCC), metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 (mGluR1), and glutamate receptor delta (GluRdelta). (springer.com)
These data suggest that there may be subtypes of the PGE1 receptor in this clone: a high-affinity receptor mediating cyclic AMP formation, and a low-affinity receptor mediating IP accumulation, cyclic GMP formation, and intracellular calcium mobilization. (shengsci.com)
Type I IFNs (IFN α β and ω) contend with one another for binding to a common cell surface area receptor whereas the receptor for type II IFN (IFNγ) is normally a definite entity (1). (bibf1120.com)
The sort I IFN receptor comprises IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 chains (2-4) which go through speedy ligand-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation. (bibf1120.com)
We lately reported that STAT3 serves as a bridge (adapter) for the IFN-dependent connections from the IFNAR1 receptor string as well as the regulatory 85-kDa (p85) subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3′ (PI-3) kinase (14). (bibf1120.com)

Orthologous to human MAPKAPK2 (MAPK activated protein kinase 2). (nih.gov)
Proinflammatory Effect of Endothelial Microparticles Is Mitochondria Mediated and Modulated Through MAPKAPK2 (MAPK-Activated Protein Kinase 2) Leading to Attenuation of Cardiac Hypertrophy. (nih.gov)
also called A20) in a negative way manages NF-kappa T along with MAPK signals to manage inflamed responses. (cyp17-signal.com)
MAPK can cause the activation of transcription factors in the nucleus, participate in the process of signal transmission from the cell surface to the nucleus, and regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. (cusabio.com)
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), also known as stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK), is another subclass of MAPK in mammals. (cusabio.com)

Acts as a 'third messenger' substrate of protein kinase C-mediated molecular cascades during synaptic development and remodeling. (embl.de)
Stimulation of acid secretion typically involves an initial elevation of intracellular calcium and cAMP, followed by activation of protein kinase cascades, which trigger the translocation of the proton pump, H+,K+-ATPase, from cytoplasmic tubulovesicles to the apical plasma membrane and thereby H+ secretion into the stomach lumen. (genome.jp)
These techniques may help to decipher the cascades of signal transduction underlying synaptic plasticity in vivo . (jneurosci.org)

May act by competing with the putative neuronal protein kinase DCLK1 in binding to a target protein. (string-db.org)
The discovery that the activity of aluminium-activated malate transporters (ALMTs) can be regulated by GABA 18 represents a plausible mechanism by which GABA signals could be transduced in plants, providing a putative-but unproven-novel signalling link between primary metabolism and physiology 19 . (nature.com)
A variety of approaches, including biochemical purification, gene isolation by homology, and genetic screens, have been successfully used for the identification of putative protein kinases and phosphatases. (rupress.org)

Activator of protein kinase A (cyclic AMP agonist). (biolog.de)
5-Hydroxytryptamine type 2A receptors regulate cyclic AMP accumulation in a neuronal cell line by protein kinase C-dependent and calcium/calmodulin-dependent mechanisms. (aspetjournals.org)
PGE1 increased intracellular levels of total inositol phosphates (IP), cyclic GMP, cyclic AMP, and calcium ([Ca2+]i). (shengsci.com)
There was more than a 10-fold difference between the ED50 for PGE1 at cyclic AMP formation (70 nM) and its ED50 values at IP accumulation (1 microM), cyclic GMP formation (2 microM), and [Ca2+]i increase (5 microM). (shengsci.com)
A protein kinase C activator, 4 beta-phorbol 12 beta-myristate 13 alpha-acetate, had opposite effects on PGE1-mediated IP release and cyclic GMP formation (inhibitory) and cyclic AMP formation (stimulatory). (shengsci.com)

At its B domain, between amino acids 43 and 121, synapsin II binds to a protein component in the cytosolic surface membrane of synaptic vesicles, organelles in neurons which carry neurotransmitters. (wikipedia.org)
When Ca2+ channels are activated in response to a variety stimuli, a drastic increase in the [Ca2+]c is induced and the entered free Ca2+ binds to the sets of Ca2+-regulated proteins such as calmodulin and calcium dependent protein kinases to modify the activities or affinities of these proteins in binding to specific targets. (globalsciencebooks.info)
The prooncoprotein EWS binds calmodulin and is phosphorylated by protein kinase C through an IQ domain. (embl.de)
Calcium binds in a cup-shaped depression formed by the N- and C-terminal loops of the C2-key motif. (embl.de)

In the present study, we examined the role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation and the mitogen-activated protein kinases, ERK1/2,in mediating BK-induced AP-1 and DNA replication in cultured rat mesangial cells. (nih.gov)
Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells expressing recombinant cardiac-type KATP (i.e. (acthreceptor.com)
Breakdown of immune tolerance is believed to be one of the major mechanisms which triggers the production of autoantibodies by B cells and antibody forming cells, leading to inflammation upon binding to autoantigens and consequent tissue damage [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Phenotypic and functional alterations in lupus T cells including expansion of the Th17 population, perturbations of the physiology of T-cell receptors (TCRs) and postreceptor downstream signalling, oxidative stress, and epigenetic changes result in exaggeration of TCR response to stimuli and the propensity of lupus T cells to get activated [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
The activation of ligand-gated ionotropic P2X receptors and G protein-coupled metabotropic P2Y receptors has been reported to induce an increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in inner hair cells (IHCs), outer hair cells (OHCs), spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), and supporting cells in the cochlea. (sagepub.com)
I also consider the possible role of NO in the ATP-induced Ca2+ signalling in SGNs and supporting cells. (sagepub.com)
Rapid effects of steroid hormones on free intracellular calcium in T84 colonic epithelial cells. (sagepub.com)
B cells are therefore particularly dependent on 'quality control' mechanisms to oversee antibody production. (cipsm.de)
Fig. 1: Guard cells respond to light signals. (nature.com)
Therefore, stomatal guard cells represent an ideal system to test whether GABA signalling occurs in plants. (nature.com)
Elevation of glutathione levels by phase II enzyme inducers: lack of inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in chronically infected monocytoid cells. (aspetjournals.org)
Effects of tyrphostins on the activated c-src protein in NIH/3T3 cells. (aspetjournals.org)
Although the relevance of PKA-AKAP signaling in the immune system is evident in T cells, its relevance in B and other immune cells remains relatively unclear. (bvsalud.org)
In the last decade, lipopolysaccharide-responsive and beige-like anchor protein (LRBA) has emerged as an AKAP that is ubiquitously expressed in B and T cells, specifically after activation. (bvsalud.org)
If, at the first, acute phase of the injury, the immune (primarily innate) response aiming at the tissue repair is mediated by mostly resident and infiltrating immune cells, later in the chronic phase of the disease the alarm signals released by the stressed or damaged cells initiate the second wave of the innate immune response. (highwire.org)
while p38 kinase inhibited cell develop into ectodermal cells and eventually differentiate into neural cells. (cusabio.com)
Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)-mediated transmembrane signal control systems were investigated in intact murine neuroblastoma cells (clone N1E-115). (shengsci.com)
The delivery of proteins to the presynaptic terminals of guinea pig retinal ganglion cells by two of the major components of axonal transport, and the subsequent persistence and turnover of those proteins were examined in this study. (shengsci.com)
ABA and Ca(2+) activation of slow-type anion channels and, interestingly, ABA activation of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-permeable channels were impaired in independent alleles of single and double cpk3cpk6 mutant guard cells. (or.jp)
Correction: Stoichiometry of Nck-dependent actin polymerization in living cells. (tamu.edu)
A novel subset of CD4(+) T(H)2 memory/effector cells that produce inflammatory IL-17 cytokine and promote the exacerbation of chronic allergic asthma. (tamu.edu)
IL-25 augments type 2 immune responses by enhancing the expansion and functions of TSLP-DC-activated Th2 memory cells. (tamu.edu)
resistant cells complemented these signaling flaws and in addition markedly improved mobile sensitivity towards the antiproliferative and antiviral ramifications of IFN. (bibf1120.com)
By demonstrating manifestation of wild-type STAT3 in IFN-resistant Daudi cells we display that STAT3 is an important upstream element in IFNα/β transmission transduction and in the induction of biological activities. (bibf1120.com)

In this study, we show that the T2D heart is metabolically inflexible and almost exclusively dependent on mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation as a consequence of mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex (MCUC) inhibitory subunit MCUb overexpression. (diabetesjournals.org)
Although IFNAR2 may be the ligand-binding subunit IFNAR1 serves as a species-specific transducer for the activities of type I IFN (5-7). (bibf1120.com)

Lack of synapsins altogether in neurons, leads to behavioral alterations as well as epileptic-type seizures. (wikipedia.org)
The lack affects nervous signal transduction across excitatory and inhibitory synapses of neurons differently and is believed to be synapse-specific. (wikipedia.org)
Initial signal transduction appears to be unaffected by the lack of synapsins, but repeated stimulation of cultured synapsinless hippocampal neurons subsequently showed depressed responses at the excitatory synapse. (wikipedia.org)
At the inhibitory synapse, base signal transduction is reduced in neurons lacking pre-existing synapsins, but the reduced level of transduction is less affected by progressive stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
However, the restoration of synapsin IIa to neurons without pre-existing synapsins, can partially recover presumably lost signal transduction and slow the depression of synaptic response with progressive stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we showed that the direct effect of PPARgamma signaling to protect neurons from ischemic injury requires a novel cofactor LMO4, because this effect was lost in LMO4-null cortical neurons. (ox.ac.uk)
Addition of a superoxide dismutase mimetic MnTBAP [manganese(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin] bypassed the deficiency in PPARgamma signaling and was able to directly rescue LMO4-null cortical neurons from ischemic injury. (ox.ac.uk)
Together, our results identify LMO4 as an essential hypoxia-inducible cofactor required for PPARgamma signaling in neurons. (ox.ac.uk)
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that operates in the calcium-triggered CaMKK-CaMK1 signaling cascade and, upon calcium influx, activates CREB-dependent gene transcription, regulates calcium- mediated granulocyte function and respiratory burst and promotes basal dendritic growth of hippocampal neurons. (string-db.org)
Corticosterone impairs cultured hippocampal neurons and facilitates Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel. (sagepub.com)
First, since chained inhibitory neurons shape the output signals through the mechanism of disinhibition/inhibition, impairments of GABA release and LTD distort the conversion process from the "internal model" to the output signals. (springer.com)

Here we report the selection of camelid-derived single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) that modulate the conformation and spectral properties of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). (cipsm.de)
Furthermore, kinases and phosphatases may work together to modulate the strength of a signal. (rupress.org)

Believed to target protein phosphatase 1/PP1 to dendritic spines, which are rich in F-actin, and regulates its specificity toward ion channels and other substrates, such as AMPA-type and NMDA-type glutamate receptors. (string-db.org)
Among these diverse features, it should be acknowledged that auto-antibodies toward glutamate receptors, GABA receptors, and K + channel-related proteins are preferentially found in autoimmune limbic encephalitis but not in IMCAs [ 10 ] (Table 1 ). (springer.com)

Cell differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one type to many different types. (cusabio.com)
In the early stage of adipocyte differentiation, ERK1/2 promotes adipocyte differentiation by promoting the expression of C/EBPα and PPARγ. (cusabio.com)
In the late stage of adipocyte differentiation, activated ERK1/2 phosphorylates PPARγ to inactivate it and inhibit adipocyte differentiation. (cusabio.com)

Protein phosphorylation can regulate enzyme function, mediate protein-protein interactions, alter subcellular localization, and control protein stability. (rupress.org)
This kinase, as well as CDK4, has been shown to phosphorylate, and thus regulate the activity of, tumor suppressor protein Rb. (cancerindex.org)
TRPML1-mediated lysosomal calcium release can also dephosphorylate TFEB and promote its nuclear translocation and regulate lysosome biogenesis, autophagy, and lipid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)

This review focuses on emerging topics encompassing the functional involvement of aquaporin channel proteins (AQPs) and membrane transport systems, also allowing permeation of NO and hydrogen peroxide, a major ROS, in oxidative stress physiology and pathophysiology. (hindawi.com)

Impact of beta and gamma variants on ligand-binding properties of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors. (aspetjournals.org)
Transfected muscarinic acetylcholine receptors selectively couple to Gi-type G proteins and Gq/11. (aspetjournals.org)
Cannabinoids exert many of their effects through activation of G i -protein-coupled receptors. (jneurosci.org)
Both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors also couple to adenylate cyclase via G-proteins. (jneurosci.org)
whereas dopamine D2 receptors inhibit adenylate cyclase via G i -proteins ( Sibley and Monsma, 1992 ). (jneurosci.org)
signaling interactions between these receptors have not been investigated extensively. (jneurosci.org)
Nicotine up-regulates alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptors and ER exit sites via stoichiometry-dependent chaperoning. (tamu.edu)

This stimulation of cAMP was not Ca 2+ -sensitive and was unaffected by a range of protein kinase inhibitors. (jneurosci.org)
The activity of this kinase first appears in mid-G1 phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits including D-type cyclins and members of INK4 family of CDK inhibitors. (cancerindex.org)

Calcium (Ca 2+ ) signaling plays an important role in the regulation of many cellular functions. (frontiersin.org)
The heterochromatin-enriched HP1 proteins play a critical role in regulation of transcription. (cipsm.de)
Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs) have been proposed to play roles in the light-dependent regulation of chloroplast translation. (cipsm.de)
The role of NO in vascular homeostasis also comes from the negative regulation on coagulation and inflammation operated by this signaling molecule. (hindawi.com)
Noncanonical regulation of phosphatidylserine metabolism by a Sec14-like protein and a lipid kinase. (tamu.edu)

We investigated the role of CaMKII in insulin signalling in a rat skeletal muscle cell line, demonstrating that CaMKII modulates the insulin action on DNA synthesis and the negative feedback that down regulates glucose uptake. (cnr.it)
Maintenance of fat free mass is dependent upon nutrient stimulation of protein synthesis via the mTOR complex, although during caloric restriction a decrease (atrophy) in skeletal muscle may be driven by a homeostatic shift favouring protein catabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
During eucaloric conditions the continual breakdown of protein that occurs in the body's organs and vital tissues is replenished in the post-absorptive state via supply of amino acids derived primarily from the skeletal muscle component of FFM[ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Providing there is adequate dietary protein intake, muscle protein gains which occur in the fed state balances the loss of muscle protein which occurs in the post absorptive state allowing day to day skeletal muscle mass to remain relatively constant[ 7 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The FFM reduction that typically occurs during CR weight loss also implies a negative net skeletal muscle protein balance. (biomedcentral.com)
Its importance has been documented in a number of physiologic and pathologic conditions including neuronal and muscle development, lymphocyte activation, cardiac hypertrophy, switching of skeletal muscle fiber type, and expression of ion channels. (pancreapedia.org)

Synapsin II the collective name for two proteins, synapsin IIa and synapsin IIb, with synapsin IIa being the larger of the two isoforms. (wikipedia.org)
Although a high level of PDE10A gene expression is observed in the testis, information on the identity of the isoforms or on the cell type that express the PDE10 protein is lacking. (plos.org)
Differential expression patterns of phospholipase D isoforms 1 and 2 in the mammalian brain and retina. (neurotree.org)

Insulin stimulation generated partly independent signals leading to the rapid activation of Akt, Erk-1/2 and CaMKII Akt activation was followed by Glut-4 translocation to the plasma membrane and increase of glucose uptake. (cnr.it)
2) The remaining contents will be sequestered in Rab7-positive late endosomes, which can fuse with the plasma membrane to form exosomes. (biomedcentral.com)

Family members are characterized by common protein domains, and they are implicated in synaptogenesis and the modulation of neurotransmitter release, suggesting a potential role in several neuropsychiatric diseases. (wikipedia.org)
The mechanisms of individual modulation of these signals remain somewhat elusive. (cnr.it)
NO is a gas which plays an important role in blood pressure modulation due to its signaling action on renal, cardiovascular, and central nervous system functions [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)

PPARgamma signaling activates the promoter of the antioxidant gene SOD2 and this process requires LMO4. (ox.ac.uk)
In addition to its PRKA-dependent effects, different studies have clearly demonstrated that cAMP also activates EPAC ( E xchange P roteins directly A ctivated by c AMP) during capacitation and acrosome exocytosis [ 15 - 17 ]. (plos.org)

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that operates in the calcium-triggered CaMKK-CaMK4 signaling cascade and regulates, mainly by phosphorylation, the activity of several transcription activators, such as CREB1, MEF2D, JUN and RORA, which play pivotal roles in immune response, inflammation, and memory consolidation. (string-db.org)
MEK can phosphorylate and activate ERK, which is transferred into the nucleus and regulates gene expression by activating other kinases or transcription factors. (cusabio.com)
ICA69 regulates activity-dependent synaptic strengthening and learning and memory. (neurotree.org)

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) have been shown to play important roles in various physiological processes, including plant growth and development, abiotic and biotic stress responses and plant hormone signaling in plants. (biomedcentral.com)

2 The specific characteristics of the immune response in HF caused by different etiological triggers are widely discussed in the literature and presented in several excellent reviews. (highwire.org)
The presence of auto-antibodies that target synaptic machinery proteins was documented recently in immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias. (springer.com)

It is known to act through protein phosphorylation via PRKA and through the activation of guanine nucleotide exchange factors like EPAC. (plos.org)
Gene therapy displacement of endogenous MCUb with a dominant-negative MCUb transgene (MCUb W246R/V251E ) in vivo rescued T2D cardiomyocytes from metabolic inflexibility and stimulated cardiac contractile function and adrenergic responsiveness by enhancing phospholamban phosphorylation via protein kinase A. We conclude that MCUb represents one newly discovered molecular effector at the interface of metabolism and cardiac function, and its repression improves the outcome of the chronically stressed diabetic heart. (diabetesjournals.org)

Preexisting antivector immunity can severely compromise the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium live vaccines to induce protective CD8 T-cell frequencies after type III secretion system-mediated heterologous protein translocation in orally immunized mice. (cipsm.de)
8) Lysosomal calcium channels, such as TRPMLs, can lead to the release of lysosomal calcium and activate mTORC1, which can phosphorylate TFEB and prevent TFEB nuclear translocation. (biomedcentral.com)

The co-chaperone Hep1 is required to prevent the aggregation of mitochondrial Hsp70 proteins. (cipsm.de)
The contribution of altered mitochondrial Ca 2+ handling to metabolic and functional defects in type 2 diabetic (T2D) mouse hearts is not well understood. (diabetesjournals.org)
Mitochondrial membrane biogenesis: phospholipids and proteins go hand in hand. (tamu.edu)

BK (10(-9) to 10(-7) M) stimulated a rapid increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple proteins with an estimated molecular mass of 120-130, 90-95, and 44-42 kDa. (nih.gov)
IFNs transduce indicators in the cell surface leading to selective gene activation (8-10) through the activation of JAK tyrosine kinases and indication transducers and activators of XMD8-92 transcription (STAT) elements (11 12 Upon their tyrosine phosphorylation IFN-activated STATs (STAT1 STAT2 and STAT3) dimerize and translocate towards the nucleus. (bibf1120.com)

Twelve CDPK genes were selected to respond to various stimuli, including salt, drought and cold, as well as ABA and H 2 O 2 . (biomedcentral.com)

eEF2 is itself regulated by inhibitory phosphorylation at Thr56 by an upstream kinase, eEF2 kinase (eEF2K), also known as calmodulin-dependent protein kinase III. (nature.com)

Microtubule-associated protein required for initial steps of neuronal dispersion and cortex lamination during cerebral cortex development. (string-db.org)

Ca2+-binding motif present in phospholipases, protein kinases C, and synaptotagmins (among others). (embl.de)

Coimmunoprecipitation and mammalian two-hybrid assays revealed that LMO4 interacts in a ligand-dependent manner with PPARgamma. (ox.ac.uk)

Recent evidence links synaptic plasticity and mRNA translation, via the eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K) and its only known substrate, eEF2. (nature.com)

However, the precise mechanism by which a high protein diet may mitigate dietary weight loss induced reductions in fat free mass has not been fully elucidated. (biomedcentral.com)
The precise mechanism by which an increased dietary protein intake may mitigate weight loss induced reductions in FFM has not been fully elucidated. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we establish endogenous GABA as a bona fide plant signal, acting via a mechanism not found in animals. (nature.com)

Calmodulin (CaM) is recognized as a major calcium sensor and orchestrator of regulatory events through its interaction with a diverse group of cellular proteins. (embl.de)
The C2 domain is a Ca 2+ -dependent membrane-targeting module found in many cellular proteins involved in signal transduction or membrane trafficking. (embl.de)

Inhibition of CaMKII abrogated the insulin-induced Erk-1/2 activation, DNA synthesis and phosphorylation of IRS-1 at S612. (cnr.it)
Each of these effects was blocked by tyrosine kinase inhibition with genistein or herbimycin A. Similarly, antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeting of ERK1/2 mRNA inhibited BK-stimulated DNA synthesis. (nih.gov)
In contrast, protein kinase C inhibition or depletion had no effect on BK-induced c-fos mRNA, AP-1-DNA binding activity, or DNA synthesis. (nih.gov)

Storage protein degradation is induced by cold temperature, and the accumulation of a soluble N fraction, especially glutamine, occurs. (globalsciencebooks.info)
A large quantity of 2-oxo-4-methyl-3-pentene-1,5-dioic acid (OMPD) accumulation was discovered in leaves and stems of tulip, and OMPD may be a waste product by deamidation and deamination of 4-methyleneglutamine. (globalsciencebooks.info)

Emerging evidence suggests a high ratio of protein to carbohydrate in a low-fat, caloric restricted (CR) diet may mitigate FFM reductions during weight loss through increasing muscle protein synthesis and/or reducing protein catabolism, thereby improving net muscle protein balance[ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Template 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine monophosphate inhibits in vitro DNA synthesis. (aspetjournals.org)
In the pancreatic acinar cell CN plays a role in mediating the action of elevated Ca 2+ to stimulate cell division, pancreatic growth and protein synthesis. (pancreapedia.org)

Encodes calcium dependent protein kinase 3 (CPK3), a member of the Arabidopsis CDPK gene family. (or.jp)

Substrate-based kinase activity inference identifies MK2 as driver of colitis. (nih.gov)

Chapter 2 Physiology and genetics of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in tulip. (globalsciencebooks.info)
Emerging evidence suggests that lysosomes may also be the cellular center for intracellular transport (Fig. 1 ), signaling (Fig. 2 ), and metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)

They are classified according to their dependence on certain divalent metal ions for phosphatase activity and Cn is uniquely dependent upon Ca 2+ . (pancreapedia.org)

There are a number of plausible mechanisms, several of them mediated by dietary protein that may provide some explanation for the negative net protein balance. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy11

Organisms5

Chemicals and Drugs75

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes25

Information Science3

Pathways18

Serine13

Pathway28

Mitogen-activa2

Catalytic2

Extracellular2

Receptor13

MAPK5

Cascades3

Putative3

Cyclic5

Binds4

Cells24

Subunit2

Neurons11

Modulate2

Glutamate receptors2

Differentiation3

Regulate3

Oxidative stress1

Receptors7

Inhibitors2

Regulation5

Skeletal muscle6

Isoforms3

Plasma membrane2

Modulation3

Activates2

Regulates3

CDPKs1

Immune2

Phosphorylation via2

Translocation2

Mitochondrial3

Tyrosine phosphorylation2

Genes1

Inhibitory1

Neuronal1

Phospholipases1

Ligand-dependent1

Synaptic plasticity1

Mechanism3

Cellular proteins2

Inhibition3

Accumulation2

Synthesis3

Arabidopsis1

Substrate1

Metabolism2

Phosphatase1

Mechanisms1