Sievert doses. Medical search. Frequent questions

Taking these into account, millisieverts describe what's called the "equivalent dose. (harvard.edu)
Smaller units of measurement are usually used: millisieverts (mSv) = a thousandth of one sievert and microsieverts (μSv) = a millionth of one sievert. (swegon.com)
Radiation doses are measured in Sieverts, or milliSieverts (mSv, 0.1% of a Sievert), or microSieverts (μSv, 0.1% of a milliSievert, or one-millionth of a Sievert). (typepad.com)
Due to their professional activity, flight crews and frequent flyers may receive an annual dose of some millisieverts. (radioprotection.org)
De par leur activité professionnelle, les équipages et les voyageurs fréquents peuvent recevoir une dose annuelle de plusieurs millisieverts. (radioprotection.org)
It is expressed in sieverts (Sv) and millisieverts (mSv). (msdmanuals.com)

The AreaRAE Gamma's radiation dose rate unit can be displayed in rems/hour or Sieverts/hour. (ohscanada.com)
To add to the complexity, non-SI units (rads for absorbed dose, rems for equivalent and effective dose) are still in wide use, and many dosimeters are still calibrated in these units. (hackaday.com)

Doses can be expressed in grays or sieverts. (ensi.ch)
The absorbed dose of energy is expressed in grays or milligrays and corresponds to the energy absorbed per kilogram of body tissue. (ensi.ch)
To compute sieverts from grays, simply multiply by W R . This is obviously a simplification. (arpansa.gov.au)
Calculation of external exposure doses is based not on the radioactivity intensity (becquerels) but on the amount of radiation (grays or sieverts) the human body is exposed to. (go.jp)
To express the size of an exposure in terms of potential harm, a measurement of the absorbed dose in joules per kilogram (hence in grays) in a given organ or tissue is multiplied by "quality factors" for that kind of radiation. (who.int)

The most common units are the milliSievert (mSv = thousandth of sievert) or the microSievert (μSv = millionth of sievert). (euronuclear.org)

In the SI system, the basic unit of absorbed dose is the gray (Gy), which is one joule per kilogram of matter. (hackaday.com)

The sievert is used for radiation dose quantities such as equivalent dose and effective dose, which represent the risk of external radiation from sources outside the body, and committed dose, which represents the risk of internal irradiation due to inhaled or ingested radioactive substances. (wikipedia.org)
To calculate the value of stochastic health risk in sieverts, the physical quantity absorbed dose is converted into equivalent dose and effective dose by applying factors for radiation type and biological context, published by the ICRP and the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). (wikipedia.org)
sievert: quantity H - equivalent dose 1 Sv = 1 joule/kilogram - a biological effect. (wikipedia.org)
The ratio to absorbed dose is denoted by Q. The ICRP definition of the sievert is: "The sievert is the special name for the SI unit of equivalent dose, effective dose, and operational dose quantities. (wikipedia.org)
There can be confusion between, for instance, equivalent dose and dose equivalent. (wikipedia.org)
Although the CIPM definition states that the linear energy transfer function (Q) of the ICRU is used in calculating the biological effect, the ICRP in 1990 developed the "protection" dose quantities effective and equivalent dose which are calculated from more complex computational models and are distinguished by not having the phrase dose equivalent in their name. (wikipedia.org)
Still, most experts believe that can be almost as harmful as getting an equivalent dose all at once. (harvard.edu)
Enter a quantity called equivalent dose. (arpansa.gov.au)
Equivalent dose is measured in an international (SI) unit called the sievert (Sv). (arpansa.gov.au)
To determine equivalent dose (Sv), you multiply absorbed dose (Gy) by a radiation weighting factor that is unique to the type of radiation. (arpansa.gov.au)
The equivalent dose , which takes into account the RBE of the radiation, is measured in sieverts (Sv), which is just the absorbed dose in joules per kilogram multiplied by the dimensionless weighting factor. (hackaday.com)
a unit of equivalent dose. (cdc.gov)
The rem is the traditional unit of equivalent dose, but it is being replaced by the Sievert (Sv), which is equal to 100 rem. (cdc.gov)
The equivalent dose is the absorbed dose multiplied by a radiation weighting factor that adjusts for tissue effects based on the type of radiation delivered (eg, x-rays, gamma rays, electrons). (msdmanuals.com)
it adjusts the equivalent dose based on the susceptibility of the tissue exposed to radiation (eg, gonads are most susceptible). (msdmanuals.com)

The sievert is important in dosimetry and radiation protection. (wikipedia.org)

Conventionally, deterministic health effects due to acute tissue damage that is certain to happen, produced by high dose rates of radiation, are compared to the physical quantity absorbed dose measured by the unit gray (Gy). (wikipedia.org)
The sievert represents the equivalent biological effect of the deposit of a joule of radiation energy in a kilogram of human tissue. (wikipedia.org)
When the sievert is used to represent the stochastic effects of external ionizing radiation on human tissue, the radiation doses received are measured in practice by radiometric instruments and dosimeters and are called operational quantities. (wikipedia.org)
Depending on the magnitude of the dose, symptoms typical of the tissue may occur. (ensi.ch)
The organ committed dose The irradiation of tissue or organs with incorporated radion. (euronuclear.org)
Although the estimates are generally considered reliable, they are subject to a number of errors including the usual variations that occur in laboratory measurements, an inability to respond accurately to all radiation energies to which workers are exposed, and the fact that modern dosimeters are usually designed to estimate deep doses, that is, energy absorbed at a tissue depth of 1 centimeter, rather than the organ doses needed for epidemiologic studies. (cdc.gov)
Overall biases and uncertainties in estimates of doses to lung tissue and bone marrow received by workers at the Hanford research facility (Hanford workers) were summarized. (cdc.gov)
This relates the absorbed dose in human tissue to the effective biological damage of the radiation. (arpansa.gov.au)
Different types of radiation have different impacts on tissue, and those differences need to be taken into account when calculating dose, through weighting factors that reflect the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the radiation. (hackaday.com)
Radiation dose is a measurement of the energy absorbed by tissue from a beam of radiation. (diagnosticimaging.com)
The amount of energy deposited in tissue by an exposure to ionizing radiation ("a dose") can be expressed in joules per kilogram. (who.int)

One gray is equal to 100 rad and one sievert to 100 rem. (who.int)

We've long known that children and teens who receive high doses of radiation to treat lymphoma or other cancers are more likely to develop additional cancers later in life. (harvard.edu)
Bias factors determined from true doses to the lungs can be used in studies of the risk for all cancers except leukemia. (cdc.gov)
For all cancers excluding leukemia, application of the techniques slightly reduced the risk estimates, from 0.23 to 0.20 per sievert. (cdc.gov)
We explored the association between radiation doses and selected cancers in RUL mineworkers. (allenpress.com)
While some recent results indicate non-linear dose relationships for some cancers, overall, the LNT model does not substantially overestimate the risks at low doses. (bvsalud.org)

The absorbed dose is the amount of radiation absorbed per unit mass. (msdmanuals.com)

If the dose rate is constant, the total exposure dose can be calculated by multiplying the dose rate by the time of exposure to radiation. (go.jp)

Even higher radiation doses can cause cells to die and the organ concerned to stop functioning. (ensi.ch)
at the time t0 is the time integral of the organ dose The organ dose HT,R is the product of the organ absorbed dos. (euronuclear.org)
H T (t) average organ dose The organ dose HT,R is the product of the organ absorbed dos. (euronuclear.org)

These are the recorded total Gamma Radiation and Sievert highs that affected people around the United States. (veteranstoday.com)
In other devices the registered gamma radiation is converted in units of dose rate or absorbed dose. (wikivoyage.org)

It is named after Rolf Maximilian Sievert, a Swedish medical physicist renowned for work on radiation dose measurement and research into the biological effects of radiation. (wikipedia.org)
Short and to the point, the Sievert measurement is meant to inform all residents of imminent danger. (veteranstoday.com)

In addition, Japan and the European Union report radiation measurements in Sieverts. (veteranstoday.com)
You are encouraged to compare Sievert measurements with the rest of the world. (veteranstoday.com)
The ExoMars measurements cover a period of declining solar activity, corresponding to a high radiation dose. (theregister.com)
The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements and other organizations consider a dose to the human conceptus below 50 mGy as an acceptable risk in a trade-off with the potential medical benefit of the examination to the patient. (diagnosticimaging.com)

Cosmic radiation contributes an estimated 8% to the average population radiation dose. (cdc.gov)
We're exposed to small doses of ionizing radiation from natural sources all the time - in particular, cosmic radiation, mainly from the sun, and radon, a radioactive gas that comes from the natural breakdown of uranium in soil, rock, water, and building materials. (harvard.edu)
In France, the computerized system for flight assessment of exposure to cosmic radiation in air transport (SIEVERT) is delivered to airlines for assisting them in the application of the European directive. (radioprotection.org)

To that end, the researchers retrospectively quantified radiation exposure (effective dose, or ED) and fluoroscopy time (FT) during I-EUS and three more common procedures and compared the findings. (auntminnie.com)
In practice, diagnostic examinations, including fluoroscopy, rarely result in a dose to the conceptus as high as 50 mGy. (diagnosticimaging.com)
From these conclusions plus the fact that x-ray harm is approximately proportional to accumulated x-ray dose, it follows that a very great deal of future cancer and ischemic heart disease (IHD) could be prevented by reducing the dose-levels customarily administered during x-ray imaging procedures, especially CT and fluoroscopy. (ratical.org)

Measuring this ionization - the amount of electrical charge created in the air by a source of radiation - was the first way that scientists used to measure radiation dose, resulting in a unit called the Roentgen. (ntanet.net)
unit is used to measure the amount of absorbed dose of radiation. (euronuclear.org)
Play VideoNuclear Regulation Authority workers use two remotely controlled robots to measure radiation doses near the shield plug of the No. 2 reactor's containment vessel at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant. (indybay.org)

One important reason for our doubting the credibility of the 1% to 4% estimates is that they were derived from an estimate of average per capita x-ray dose in the USA. (ratical.org)
As a result of doing our earlier study of radiation-induced breast cancer (Gofman 1996), we learned that there is no way for anyone to make a reliable estimate of what the average per capita accumulated dose in the USA was --- or is today --- from pre-cancer medical x-rays. (ratical.org)
Restricting the analysis to the low cumulative dose range (0-100 mGy) approximately doubled the estimate of association (and increased the width of its confidence interval), as did restricting the analysis to workers hired in the more recent years of operations when estimates of occupational external penetrating radiation dose were recorded more accurately. (bvsalud.org)
CONCLUSIONS: This major update to INWORKS provides a direct estimate of the association between protracted low dose exposure to ionising radiation and solid cancer mortality based on some of the world's most informative cohorts of radiation workers. (bvsalud.org)
The summary estimate of excess relative rate solid cancer mortality per Gy is larger than estimates currently informing radiation protection, and some evidence suggests a steeper slope for the dose-response association in the low dose range than over the full dose range. (bvsalud.org)

The sievert (symbol: Sv) is a unit in the International System of Units (SI) intended to represent the stochastic health risk of ionizing radiation, which is defined as the probability of causing radiation-induced cancer and genetic damage. (wikipedia.org)
According to the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), one sievert results in a 5.5% probability of eventually developing fatal cancer based on the disputed linear no-threshold model of ionizing radiation exposure. (wikipedia.org)
When considering the relationship between ionising radiation and the probability of cell mutation, and thus of sickness, a distinction must be made between stochastic and deterministic effects reflecting the magnitude of the radiation dose . (ensi.ch)
Even at low doses, there is a relationship between the magnitude of the radiation dose and the probability of sickness, however, it is less clear. (ensi.ch)
To this day, many low dose radiation carcinogenesis studies assume that the probability that one cell of a multicellular organism will acquire multiple mutations transforming it into cancer and the ability of that cancer to thrive can be described by a curve plotted against an axis that shows total radiation dose. (cdc.gov)

One possible consequence of high radiation doses is acute radiation syndrome (radiation sickness). (ensi.ch)
In a short time a dose of 1 Sv causes acute radiation sickness, and a dose of 10 Sv is fatal. (veteranstoday.com)

One sievert equals 100 rem, which is an older, CGS radiation unit. (wikipedia.org)
Mar 23, 2011 - Sievert(Sv), unit of radiation absorption in the International System of Units (SI). (veteranstoday.com)
a unit used to derive a quantity called dose equivalent. (cdc.gov)

Estimated risk of cancer due to radiation exposure in diagnostic imaging has been extrapolated from studies of people exposed to very high radiation doses (eg, survivors of the atomic bomb explosions at Hiroshima and Nagasaki). (msdmanuals.com)

The atomic blast isn't a perfect model for exposure to medical radiation, because the bomb released its radiation all at once, while the doses from medical imaging are smaller and spread over time. (harvard.edu)

In radiobiology, although certain mechanisms do not support linearity, the early stages of carcinogenesis comprised of mutational events, which are assumed to play a key role in carcinogenesis, show linear responses to doses from as low as 10 mGy. (bvsalud.org)

Citizen's Nuclear Information Center , a Japanese nongovernmental organization, reports that initially, an atmospheric radiation count of 0.84 mSv/hour (10,000 times of the annual dose limit) was monitored, but the local government has announced that the radiation count is back to normal. (isis-online.org)

At its highest point, the dose rate at the facility boundary was measured to be around 4 millisievert/hour. (isis-online.org)
The intensity of radiation (dose rate) is strong (large) when the source of radiation (radiation source) is close, and it gets weaker (smaller) as the distance increases, even if the amount of radioactive materials remains the same. (go.jp)
When the radioactive materials are located only in one place (point source), the dose rate becomes smaller in inverse proportion to the distance squared. (go.jp)
When radioactive materials are evenly distributed on a broad plain surface, the formula to express the relationship between the distance and the dose rate is rather complicated, but as in the case of a point source, the higher it is from the ground surface, the lower the dose rate is. (go.jp)
However, radioactive materials are not evenly distributed in reality and a plain surface is not necessarily smooth, and also owing to attenuation of radiation in the air or other reasons, the dose rate does not always match the value obtained from the relational expression. (go.jp)
Radiation Exposure and Contamination Ionizing radiation injures tissues variably, depending on factors such as radiation dose, rate of exposure, type of radiation, and part of the body exposed. (msdmanuals.com)
We assessed the effects of total dose and duration of primaquine regimens on the rate of first P vivax recurrence between day 7 and day 180 by Cox's proportional hazards regression (efficacy analysis). (cdc.gov)
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of protracted low dose, low dose rate exposure to ionising radiation on the risk of cancer. (bvsalud.org)
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Estimates of excess relative rate per gray (Gy) of radiation dose for mortality from cancer. (bvsalud.org)
The estimated rate of mortality due to solid cancer increased with cumulative dose by 52% (90% confidence interval 27% to 77%) per Gy, lagged by 10 years. (bvsalud.org)
It even appears that in many cases effects on the same cellular function vary with changes of total dose and dose delivery rate, while they also depend on genetic makeup of the organism as well (e.g. (cdc.gov)

We conducted meta-analyses for IHD mortality using random effects models using measures of excess relative risk per sievert (ERR/Sv) obtained from internal cohort comparisons, as well as with standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) from external cohort comparisons. (bmj.com)

The goal is to keep radiation doses and risks as low as reasonably possible, taking into account factors such as technology, economics, and social factors. (proprofs.com)
This article presents an overview of results on effects of exposure to low linear-energy-transfer radiation in radiobiology and epidemiology accumulated over the last decade and discusses their impact on the use of the LNT model in the assessment of radiation-related cancer risks at low doses. (bvsalud.org)
The knowledge acquired over the past 10 years, both in radiobiology and epidemiology, has reinforced scientific knowledge about cancer risks at low doses. (bvsalud.org)
In epidemiology, the results show excess cancer risks at dose levels of 100 mGy or less. (bvsalud.org)
The scientific knowledge currently available does not contradict the use of the LNT model for the assessment of radiation-related cancer risks within the radiological protection system, and no other dose-risk relationship seems more appropriate for radiological protection purposes. (bvsalud.org)
Although the health risks associated with occupational exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation in the medical field have been investigated in several national cohorts, no study has been conducted in France to date. (bvsalud.org)

The sievert takes into account the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of ionizing radiation, since each form of such radiation-e.g. (veteranstoday.com)

But many experts are concerned about an explosion in the use of higher radiation-dose tests, such as CT and nuclear imaging. (harvard.edu)
Sleeping next to someone gives us a much higher radiation dose than living close to a nuclear power station - both of which are harmless. (world-nuclear.org)

With high doses, the severity of the radiation effect increases beyond that of a threshold dose. (ensi.ch)
While the chances of survival up to a certain radiation exposure remain intact, very high doses, such as those measured on the Chernobyl site after the reactor accident, will lead to death within a very short time period. (ensi.ch)
At high radiological doses, the precursor cells of the cells on the intestinal villi, which cover the inside of the intestine (see figure), are affected. (ensi.ch)
A high dose also leads to shorter time intervals between irradiation, prodromal symptoms and the actual effects. (ensi.ch)
Cerebral: At very high doses, the central nervous system is also damaged. (ensi.ch)
Cancer patients often receive extremely high radiation doses - in some cases 40-60 Sievert over a period of a few weeks - to treat their disease. (world-nuclear.org)
But high-dose exposure to this radioactive substance is a serious health hazard. (swegon.com)
1 sievert (Sv) is defined as high-dose radiation, and is borderline for severe harm to human health. (swegon.com)
Radiation may be harmful if the total accumulated dose for a person is high, as when multiple CT scans are done, because CT scans require a higher doses than most other imaging studies. (msdmanuals.com)
At day 180, the risk of recurrence was 51·0% (95% CI 48·2-53·9) in 1470 patients treated without primaquine, 19·3% (16·9-21·9) in 2569 patients treated with a low total dose of primaquine (approximately 3·5 mg/kg), and 8·1% (7·0-9·4) in 2811 patients treated with a high total dose of primaquine (approximately 7 mg/kg), regardless of primaquine treatment duration. (cdc.gov)
High-dose primaquine had greater efficacy than low-dose primaquine in regions with high and low relapse periodicity (ie, the time from initial infection to vivax relapse). (cdc.gov)
Data from long concluded experiments with moderate and high doses of radiation delivered by internal emitters were significantly re-interpreted because the length of the cell cycle was used as one of the variables in the analysis. (cdc.gov)

The average annual effective dose equivalent from all natural sources combined is approximately 3 mSv (300 mrem). (cdc.gov)
See "Imaging procedures and their approximate effective radiation doses. (harvard.edu)
Effective dose takes the type of radiation and the biological sensitivity of various organs into account. (hackaday.com)
Similarly, the effective dose is also expressed in sieverts, and is the effective dose multiplied by another dimensionless factor based on the target tissue's sensitivity to radiation. (hackaday.com)
The effective dose is to be estimated using various experimental and calculation means. (radioprotection.org)
The effective dose is higher in young people. (msdmanuals.com)

The true dose is the measured dose to the lungs or bone marrow. (cdc.gov)
For leukemia, bias factors are to be derived from true dose determined for bone marrow. (cdc.gov)
According to a paper [PDF] by Euro eggheads, the annual ESA limit for ionizing radiation is 0.5 sievert (Sv) for bone marrow, spleen, and lymphatic tissues, 1 Sv for your eyes, and 3 Sv for your skin. (theregister.com)

The ICRU is primarily responsible for the operational dose quantities, based upon the application of ionising radiation metrology, and the ICRP is primarily responsible for the protection quantities, based upon modelling of dose uptake and biological sensitivity of the human body. (wikipedia.org)

This is why the European directive adopted in 1996 requires the aircraft operators to assess the dose and to inform their flight crews about the risk. (radioprotection.org)
The impact of non-mutational mechanisms on the risk of radiation-related cancer at low doses is currently difficult to assess. (bvsalud.org)

Absorbed and equivalent radiation doses can not be directly converted as the conversion depends on the type of radiation. (convert-me.com)
These factors include the dose (how much), the duration (how long), and the type of radiation. (cdc.gov)

Eight Absorbed Sieverts per Hour and you are probably a dead duck. (veteranstoday.com)
The Nuclear Regulation Authority said Sept. 14 that a radiation reading near the surface of the lid of the No. 2 reactor's containment vessel was 1.2 sieverts per hour, higher than the level previously assumed. (indybay.org)
that can rradate lvng bengs through close contact, Most of these sources delver relatvely low doses ngeston of water and foodstuffs and nhalaton of ar of less than 20 mSv per year at very low dose rates, contanng radonucldes or may be ncorporated nto .e. below 2.5 µSv per hour. (who.int)

External dose estimates used in analyses of occupational data have generally been obtained from personal dosimeters worn by workers. (cdc.gov)
These results can help to strengthen radiation protection, especially for low dose exposures that are of primary interest in contemporary medical, occupational, and environmental settings. (bvsalud.org)

Only the operational dose quantities which still use Q for calculation retain the phrase dose equivalent. (wikipedia.org)

For instance, the average annual radiation dose received by a person living in Boston, Massachusetts, is approximately 300 mrem (3 mSv), while people living in Denver, Colorado, and Kerala, India, receive average annual doses of approximately 600 mrem and 1500 mrem, respectively. (cdc.gov)

Consequently, at low doses of radiation, it is only possible to speak of stochastic or random effects. (ensi.ch)

So the prudent course, the argument goes, is to assume for regulatory purposes, that radiation is harmful all the way down to zero dose. (atomicinsights.com)
This is important to ensure the safety and well-being of individuals, as exceeding the maximum allowed dose could have harmful effects. (proprofs.com)
Experience has shown that a 1-gray dose of alpha rays, for example, is about 10 to 20 times more harmful than a 1-gray dose of gamma rays. (who.int)

On a six-month journey to the Red Planet, and assuming six-months back again, an astronaut could be exposed to at least 60% of the total radiation dose limit recommended for their entire career. (theregister.com)

Cancer treatments focus on a specifically-targeted part of the body - which the body can cope with - whereas an identical dose over the whole body would be fatal. (world-nuclear.org)
A dose above 10 Sv is generally considered fatal to a human being. (powermag.com)

Ionising radiation is a human carcinogen, but the evidence is less clear that exposure to low-dose ionising radiation (LDIR) increases the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. (bmj.com)
There is a growing recognition that exposure to low-dose ionising radiation (LDIR) may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and reduce longevity. (bmj.com)
A logical approach to remedy the situation for low dose research was to conduct well controlled animal studies with hundreds of animals, nevertheless, even after many such studies were completed our understanding of biological basis for risk from low dose radiation exposure is still not conclusive. (cdc.gov)

Depending upon the region of the body and the resolution of the scan, the number of images taken can range from 10s to a thousand x-rays, significantly increasing the radiation dose to the patient compared to a single x-ray. (radiationsafety.ca)
However, recent advances (eg, automated exposure control, iterative reconstruction algorithms, 3rd-generation CT detectors), are likely to significantly lower radiation doses used for CT scans. (msdmanuals.com)

In Tokaimura, as a result of some errors, three workers received cumulative doses of about three, eight, and twenty gray due to a chain reaction that was out of control. (ensi.ch)
Seven months after the accident, the patient who received a dose of about 8 gray also died. (ensi.ch)
Absorbed doses to the fetus are measured by gray (gy), which has replaced the older term rad (one gray is equivalent to 100 rads). (diagnosticimaging.com)

The sievert is used for a number of dose quantities which are described in this article and are part of the international radiological protection system devised and defined by the ICRP and ICRU. (wikipedia.org)
Gastrointestinal: If the radiological dose continues to increase, the reaction of the digestive system mimics the reaction to radiation of the haematopoietic system. (ensi.ch)

1. The low-dose-effect relationship controversy ther uptake s regulated by homeostatc mechansms. (who.int)

5. Fit enough to receive full dose of systemic anti-cancer therapy (SACT) in cycle 1 as defined in the protocol. (who.int)

Anatomy13

Organisms14

Diseases21

Chemicals and Drugs86

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment91

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes37

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science6

Named Groups1

Health Care34

Millisieverts6

Rems2

Grays5

Thousandth1

Kilogram of matter1

Equivalent dose15

Dosimetry1

Tissue11

Equal to 1001

Cancers5

Amount of radiation1

Exposure to radiation1

Organ3

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Measurement2

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Cosmic radiation3

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Estimate5

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Rate11

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Risks6

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High12

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Assess2

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Mrem1

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Gray3

Radiological2

Uptake1

Full dose1