• The malate-aspartate shuttle (sometimes simply the malate shuttle) is a biochemical system for translocating electrons produced during glycolysis across the semipermeable inner membrane of the mitochondrion for oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • glutamate-aspartate antiporter in the inner membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • The second antiporter (the glutamate-aspartate antiporter) imports glutamate from the cytosol into the matrix and exports aspartate from the matrix to the cytosol. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the N-methyl-d-aspartate acid (NMDA) receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. (foodb.ca)
  • In ischemic stroke and brain trauma, the severely reduced blood supply leads to flooding of glutamate and aspartate into the extra-neuronal space ( PMID: 16314180). (foodb.ca)
  • The most common compounds involved as a donor/acceptor pair in transamination reactions are glutamate and α-KG, which participate in reactions with many different aminotransferases. (medmuv.com)
  • Protein arginine N-methyltransferase CARM1 methylates and inhibits MDH1 by disrupting its dimerization, which represses malate-aspartate shuttle and inhibits mitochondria respiration of pancreatic cancer cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • AST delivers substrate to the mitochondria for energy production as part of the malate shuttle, and CK is involved in the utilization of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) throughout cells. (globenewswire.com)
  • Cell death arises from damage to mitochondria by the excessively high intracellular calcium, which open mitochondrial pores, causing mitochondria to swell. (foodb.ca)
  • Recently, we reported that the nucleus-mitochondria positive feedback loop formed by p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK) and phosphorylation of S496 on ERK5 (a unique member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family that is not only a kinase but also a transcriptional co-activator) were vital signaling events that played crucial roles in linking mitochondrial dysfunction, nuclear telomere dysfunction, persistent SASP induction, and atherosclerosis. (oaepublish.com)
  • Enzymes of neuronal energetic pathways, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), were also evaluated. (hindawi.com)
  • Serum aminotransferases such as aspartate aminotransferase, AST and alanine transaminase, ALT have been used as clinical markers of tissue damage, with increasing serum levels indicating an increased extent of damage. (medmuv.com)
  • Nrf2, the target of omaveloxolone, is suppressed in FA patients leading to impaired mitochondrial function. (globenewswire.com)
  • Impaired mitochondrial function in FA patients has been shown to correlate with impaired neurological function as assessed by the mFARS. (globenewswire.com)
  • Malate dehydrogenase is present in two forms in the shuttle system: mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and cytosolic malate dehydrogenase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once in the cytosol, aspartate is converted by cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase to oxaloacetate. (wikipedia.org)
  • The malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) is a redox shuttle that transports reducing equivalents across the inner mitochondrial membrane while recycling cytosolic NADH to NAD+. (bvsalud.org)
  • The shuttle system is required because the mitochondrial inner membrane is impermeable to NADH, the primary reducing equivalent of the electron transport chain. (wikipedia.org)
  • After malate reaches the mitochondrial matrix, it is converted by mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase into oxaloacetate, during which NAD+ is reduced with two electrons to form NADH. (wikipedia.org)
  • The net effect of the malate-aspartate shuttle is purely redox: NADH in the cytosol is oxidized to NAD+, and NAD+ in the matrix is reduced to NADH. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since the malate-aspartate shuttle regenerates NADH inside the mitochondrial matrix, it is capable of maximizing the number of ATPs produced in glycolysis (3/NADH), ultimately resulting in a net gain of 38 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose metabolized. (wikipedia.org)
  • Compare this to the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle, which reduces FAD+ to produce FADH2, donates electrons to the quinone pool in the electron transport chain, and is capable of generating only 2 ATPs per NADH generated in glycolysis (ultimately resulting in a net gain of 36 ATPs per glucose metabolized). (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxaloacetate is then transformed into aspartate (since oxaloacetate cannot be transported into the cytosol) by mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since aspartate is an amino acid, an amino radical needs to be added to the oxaloacetate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two markers of cellular metabolism, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK), were monitored to assess improvements in mitochondrial function. (globenewswire.com)
  • In contrast to normal cells, most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation, even in the presence of oxygen, a less efficient metabolism compared to a low rate of glycolysis followed by mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, HIF-1 actively limits the mitochondrial consumption of pyruvate at two levels: (i) through the enzyme PDK (PDH-kinase), which in turn inhibits PDH activity preventing the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, and thereby limiting mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate [ 6 ] and (ii) through the direct activation of LDH [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Glucose is the major substrate for ATP synthesis through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whereas intermediary metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle utilizes non-glucose-derived monocarboxylates, amino acids, and alpha ketoacids to support mitochondrial ATP and GTP synthesis. (molvis.org)
  • Malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) is essential for maintaining glycolysis and energy metabolism in tumors, while its regulatory mechanisms in neuroblastoma (NB), the commonest extracranial malignancy during childhood, still remain to be elucidated. (bvsalud.org)
  • As a member of the malate-aspartate shuttle, it has a key role in the intracellular NAD(H) redox balance. (cusabio.com)
  • The increase in the heart respiratory chain proteome suggests an increase in mitochondrial oxidative capacity, which could compensate for the energy deficit caused by the inhibition of glycolysis. (nature.com)
  • A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. (kidney.de)
  • Synaptic dysfunction is a typical pathophysiologic change in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Hintington's disease (HD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which involves protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) including L-isoaspartate (L-isoAsp) formed by isomerization of aspartate or deamidation of asparagine. (bvsalud.org)
  • SARS-CoV-2 infection of cultured cells is accompanied by elevated glycolysis and decreased mitochondrial function, whereas 2DG represses glycolysis and stimulates respiration, and restricts viral replication. (nature.com)
  • Telomeric DNA damage-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and increased reactive oxygen species production are hallmarks of premature senescence. (oaepublish.com)
  • The MOXIe Part 1 dose-escalation trial identified 160 mg of omaveloxolone as the optimal dose associated with pharmacodynamic measures of Nrf2 induction and improvements in mitochondrial function. (globenewswire.com)
  • aspartate aminotransferase in the mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, decreasing glycolysis and augmenting mitochondrial function could be beneficial to tackle the disease. (nature.com)
  • Glyoxylate is metabolized either to glycolate by glyoxylate reductase (GR) in the mitochondria and cytoplasm or to glycine by peroxisomal alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT). (blogspot.com)
  • Serum aminotransferases such as aspartate aminotransferase, AST and alanine transaminase, ALT have been used as clinical markers of tissue damage, with increasing serum levels indicating an increased extent of damage. (tdmuv.com)
  • The enzymology of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation and its application to follow-up analysis of positive neonatal screening results. (kidney.de)
  • The malate-aspartate shuttle (sometimes simply the malate shuttle) is a biochemical system for translocating electrons produced during glycolysis across the semipermeable inner membrane of the mitochondrion for oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The shuttle system is required because the mitochondrial inner membrane is impermeable to NADH, the primary reducing equivalent of the electron transport chain. (wikipedia.org)
  • A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. (kidney.de)
  • Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders: pathophysiological studies in mouse models. (kidney.de)