Production of short-chain alkanesSedimentsMethaneCarbonsMicrobialGases at room temperatureHydrocarbonsCompoundsAromaticsCarbonWaxesIsomersTerrestrial higher plantsPredominantMolecularSedimentPathwayCatalystStraight-chainDependenceFatty acidsHigherSoilLeafMoleculesAquaticLongerWaterSubstancesContrastProductsNormalProcessPresentGeneralSingleLongHealthMassSupply
Production of short-chain alkanes1
- In the paper (entitled "Microbial Production of Short-chain Alkanes") published online in Nature on September 29, a Korean research team led by Distinguished Professor Sang Yup Lee of the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) reported, for the first time, the development of a novel strategy for microbial gasoline production through metabolic engineering of E. coli. (technovelgy.com)
Sediments4
- Hence, the distribution and d 13 C values of n -alkane in sediments have been primarily used to characterize the source(s) of organic matter in a given depositional environment as well as to gain insight into paleoenvironmental conditions. (atlas.jp)
- Therefore, the present study suggests that caution must be exercised while using n -alkanes as a paleoenvironmental indicator as the variations in d 13 C n -alk values in sediments is a cumulative product of temporal changes in the vegetation composition and post-depositional modifications experienced by the biomarker. (atlas.jp)
- 2004 ). Relatively high carbon isotopic values of C 31 n -alkane in the surface sediments from the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean suggest significant contributions of C 4 higher vascular plant waxes or conifer resin (Ohkouchi et al. (springeropen.com)
- 2000 ). Altered or recycled material mixed with modern marine input is also an important source for long-chain n -alkanes with low CPI values in ocean sediments in the Ross Sea region (Kvenvolden et al. (springeropen.com)
Methane5
- Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the origin of organic matter in Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, an eutrophic, coastal and chocked lagoon in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, through the determination of n -alkanes and sterols compounds in the upper two centimeters of sediment and compare these data with methane ebullitive flux. (scielo.br)
- N2O and NOx are reduced in this process by ammonia and/or short-chain alkanes like methane or propane yielding nitrogen as harmless product. (clariant.com)
- Our laboratory experiments have shown that only short-chain n -alkanes (C 6 -C 10 ) and certain monoaromatics (BTEX) present in C 3 -C 14 range hydrocarbons entrained in Syncrude tailings are readily biodegraded by the indigenous microorganism in the tailings ponds to produce methane. (actapress.com)
- This is an introductory page about alkanes such as methane, ethane, propane, butane and the rest. (shout.education)
- It grows thanks to methane, organic acids and short-chain alkanes and also thanks to the inorganic compounds of sulfur. (gadgetonus.com)
Carbons5
- As the chain length (numbers of carbons) increases, the melting and boiling points of the alkanes gradually increase for these compounds. (scienceskool.co.uk)
- The shorter chains are gases at room temperature, pentane with five carbons is a liquid at room temperature though has a very low boiling point. (scienceskool.co.uk)
- Once we reach about 18 carbons the alkanes become solids at room temperature and have a waxy feel. (scienceskool.co.uk)
- Masazumi Tamura, associate professor in the Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis in the Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology at OCU, and Keiichi Tomishige, professor in the Graduate School of Engineering in Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan, already had found that Ru-based catalysts showed high activity and selectivity in the hydrogenolysis of single short (≤30 carbons) alkanes. (chemicalprocessing.com)
- By the time you get 17 carbons into an alkane, there are unbelievable numbers of isomers! (shout.education)
Microbial2
Gases at room temperature1
- Notice that the first four alkanes are gases at room temperature. (shout.education)
Hydrocarbons6
- with 52% of C5-C12 alkanes, 17% of C5-C12 olefins, 14% of C5-C12 aromatics, and 17% of C13+ hydrocarbons from catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene. (aiche.org)
- Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. (scienceskool.co.uk)
- This often happens with longer chain hydrocarbons, which need more oxygen to burn compared with shorter chains. (scienceskool.co.uk)
- Alkanes are the simplest family of hydrocarbons - compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only. (shout.education)
- The n-alkane fractions are prepared from sediment samples by (1) saponification and extraction with organic solvents, (2) chromatographic separation using silica gel, (3) isolation of straight-chain carbon skeletons using a zeolite molecular sieve, and (4) oxidation and removal of unsaturated hydrocarbons with RuO4. (mblwhoilibrary.org)
- For interpretation of data, some relations were used such as odd/even hydrocarbons C21 and C22, total short and long chain fatty alcohols, the coprostanol + epicoprostanol divided by total sterols and epicoprostanol/coprostanol. (usp.br)
Compounds2
- Higher alkane List of compounds with carbon numbers 50+ "organic chemistry - How to determine number of structural isomers? (wikipedia.org)
- The liquid alkanes are good solvents for many other covalent compounds. (shout.education)
Aromatics3
- The components with the lowest boiling points volatilize most rapidly (e.g., short-chain alkanes, aromatics). (cdc.gov)
- The tests were very successful and very promising results (60-75% C5-C12 alkanes, 3-5% C5-C12 olefins, 5-15% mono-aromatics) were obtained as hypothesized. (aiche.org)
- SOA growth was simulated using a wide range of anthropogenic HCs including ten aromatics and linear alkanes with different carbon-lengths. (copernicus.org)
Carbon13
- The following is a list of straight-chain alkanes, the total number of isomers of each (including branched chains), and their common names, sorted by number of carbon atoms. (wikipedia.org)
- ISO 12010:2012 specifies a method for the quantitative determination of the sum of short-chain polychlorinated n ‑alkanes, also known as short-chain polychlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), in the carbon bond range n -C 10 to n -C 13 inclusive, in mixtures with chlorine mass fractions ("contents") between 49 % and 67 %, including approximately 6 300 of approximately 8 000 congeners. (iso.org)
- In soil, the distribution and carbon isotopic composition of n -alkane (d 13 C n -alk ) is extremely source-specific. (atlas.jp)
- Polarisation-dependent NEXAFS measurements made at the carbon K-edge reveal that vapour-grown n-alkanes, deposited onto Si(111), exhibit structures with a high degree of long-range order. (hw.ac.uk)
- The molecular tilt angles, with respect to the substrate surface, for n-alkanes C n H 2n+2 in the carbon chain-length range n = 22-60 are found to be consistent with their bulk crystallographic structures. (hw.ac.uk)
- Here, we present pilot study results of organic geochemical features of long-chain n -alkanes and alkenones and individual carbon isotope ratios of long-chain n -alkanes from a newly collected, approximately 8 m long, located in the far reaches of the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. (springeropen.com)
- The results show abundant long-chain n -alkanes (C 29 - C 35 ) with predominant odd-over-even carbon preference, suggesting an origin of terrestrial higher plant waxes via long-range transport of dust, possibly from Australia and New Zealand. (springeropen.com)
- In the analysis, we found that the mid-chain n -alkanes (C 23 - C 25 ) have a small odd-over-even carbon preference, indicating that they were derived from marine non-diatom pelagic phytoplankton and microalgae and terrestrial sources. (springeropen.com)
- This is when the main chain has another carbon chain coming off from it. (scienceskool.co.uk)
- Alkanes are almost non-polar due to the relative similarities between the electronegativities of hydrogen and carbon. (scienceskool.co.uk)
- All the alkanes with 4 or more carbon atoms in them show structural isomerism. (shout.education)
- Long-chain, odd-carbon-numbered C25 to C35 n-alkanes are characteristic components of epicuticular waxes produced by terrestrial higher plants. (mblwhoilibrary.org)
- We have developed a rapid method for stable carbon isotopic analyses of total plant-wax n-alkanes using a novel, moving-wire system coupled to an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (MW-irMS). (mblwhoilibrary.org)
Waxes1
- The δ 13 C values of the C 31 n -alkane range from − 29.4 to − 24.8‰, in which the higher δ 13 C values suggest more contributions from C 4 plant waxes. (springeropen.com)
Isomers2
- The boiling points shown are all for the "straight chain" isomers where there are more than one. (shout.education)
- Where you have isomers, the more branched the chain, the lower the boiling point tends to be. (shout.education)
Terrestrial higher plants2
- In general, terrestrial higher plants are primary producers of long-chain n -alkanes (C 27 -C 33 ) while short-chain n -alkanes (C 14 -C 20 ) are mainly contributed from microorganisms with distinct d 13 C n -alk values. (atlas.jp)
- The n -alkanes exhibit a bimodal distribution suggesting contributions from both terrestrial higher plants and soil microbes. (atlas.jp)
Predominant1
Molecular3
- The longer chains, different molecular weights and structures, high viscosity and poor hydrogen diffusion in such plastics hamper contact between themselves and catalysts, thus reducing reactivity. (chemicalprocessing.com)
- That's why the boiling points of the alkanes increase with molecular size. (shout.education)
- For example, low-molecular-weight n-alkanes. (wxchemicals.com)
Sediment1
- MIS25-P03] Are sediment-derived long-chain n -alkanes a reliable paleoenvironmental indicator? (atlas.jp)
Pathway2
- Long chain aliphatic alcohols are metabolised by a pathway that also acts on alkanes and fatty acids (Mudge, 2008). (europa.eu)
- The research team engineered the fatty acid metabolism to provide the fatty acid derivatives that are shorter than normal intracellular fatty acid metabolites, and introduced a novel synthetic pathway for the biosynthesis of short-chain alkanes. (technovelgy.com)
Catalyst2
- Notably, relay catalysis of Al 2 O 3 followed by ZSM-5 achieved up to 100% conversion into monoaromatics and C5-C12 alkanes/olefins at a catalyst to plastic ratio of 4:1. (aiche.org)
- In order to further mitigate the aromatic formation, Al 2 O 3 pillared clay catalyst was developed and tested, resulting over 50% C5-C12 alkanes and less than 10% monoaromatics. (aiche.org)
Straight-chain3
- Unbranched alkanes are sometimes called straight chain alkanes. (scienceskool.co.uk)
- Branched alkanes have a lower boiling point than straight chain alkanes. (scienceskool.co.uk)
- Cycloalkanes have boiling points which are about 10 - 20 K higher than the corresponding straight chain alkane. (shout.education)
Dependence2
- The potential causes of this chain-length dependence are discussed. (hw.ac.uk)
- Alternatively the temperature dependence of order in the n-alkanes can be described in terms of a heterophase fluctuation (Frenkel), but again the number of CH 2 units in an 'ordered phase' is extremely small (≈ 8 to 9 units).The conformation of the chains has been studied by small-angle neutron scattering and Raman spectroscopy. (uni-freiburg.de)
Fatty acids4
- Bacteria form branched chain and odd chain length fatty acids and alcohols. (europa.eu)
- Alkanes may be oxidised to alcohols and alcohols converted via short-lived aldehydes to fatty acids (which are exempt from REACH). (europa.eu)
- The fatty acids produced by the action of alcohol dehydrogenase followed by aldehyde dehydrogenation enter the ß-oxidation cycle producing acetyl-CoA products (and a propionyl-CoA from odd chain-length molecules) and ATP. (europa.eu)
- The titer is rather low due to the low metabolic flux towards the formation of short-chain fatty acids and their derivatives. (technovelgy.com)
Higher2
- Those with higher boiling points (e.g., branched alkanes, long-chain alkanes) persist longer in the water. (cdc.gov)
- The results of this study strongly indicate that the δ 13 C values of long-chain n -alkanes and \( {U}_{37}^{\mathrm{k}} \) index are potentially useful to reconstruct the detailed history of C 3 /C 4 plants and SST change in the higher latitudes of the Southern Ocean. (springeropen.com)
Soil3
- However, very little is known about post-depositional modification of plant-derived long-chain n-alkanes within the soil. (atlas.jp)
- Therefore, the present study aims to understand the factors affecting the distribution and d 13 C values of long-chain n -alkanes in the soil as well as evaluate their potential as paleoenvironmental indicators. (atlas.jp)
- The concentration of long-chain n -alkanes (C 27 -C 33 ) within the soil profiles decreases with depth, indicating a significant loss of biomarkers during soil-forming processes. (atlas.jp)
Leaf1
- Abundance-weighted average δ13C and Δ14C values of long-chain leaf wax lipids (C26+28+30n-FAs, C24+26+28n-alkanols, C27+29+31n-alkanes) are −29.1 ± 1.1‰ to −30.2 ± 0.3‰, and −286 ± 150‰ to −442 ± 119‰, respectively, illustrating that terrestrial OC delivery is dominated by pre-aged (∼3000-5000 14C yrs) C3 vegetation sources. (gla.ac.uk)
Molecules4
- You should read the whole of the page about drawing organic molecules, but there is no need to read the other two beyond where they talk about alkanes. (shout.education)
- Van der Waals dispersion forces are smaller for shorter molecules, and only operate over very short distances between one molecule and its neighbours. (shout.education)
- It is more difficult for short fat molecules (with lots of branching) to lie as close together as long thin ones. (shout.education)
- In the isomerization of alkanes, there are more branches with a short main chain, and if there are more branches, the two molecules are easier to get closer, the intermolecular force is small, the melting point is lower, and the same distillation section volatilizes. (wxchemicals.com)
Aquatic2
- In other environmental species, long chain aliphatic alcohols are formed as part of fatty acid breakdown in aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates. (europa.eu)
- Long chain aliphatic alcohols are metabolised by algae, to the extent that it is difficult to maintain concentrations in aquatic studies in which Daphnia are fed on algae (Schäfers, 2005a-d). (europa.eu)
Longer1
- Temperature dependent measurements carried out using simultaneous electron yield and fluorescence yield techniques reveal evidence of surface freezing in the longer even n-alkanes (n = 46). (hw.ac.uk)
Water1
- Alkanes are virtually insoluble in water, but dissolve in organic solvents. (shout.education)
Substances2
- Butane in the absence of 1,3-butadiene, is being assessed for potential risk to human health and the environment as part of a group of substances referred to as Short-Chain Alkanes . (canada.ca)
- Major electrical and electronic manufacturers and suppliers use the DSL in their design and supply chain management operations to specify and control substances of concern. (rohs.ca)
Contrast1
- In contrast, a very long acclimation period has been observed for indigenous microbes to degrade long-chain n -alkanes (C 14 - 18 ) and branched alkanes such as 2-methylpentane. (actapress.com)
Products2
- Furthermore, this platform strain, if desired, can be modified to produce other products such as short-chain fatty esters and short-chain fatty alcohols. (technovelgy.com)
- During the daytime, low-volatile products originating from the autoxidation of long-chain alkanes considerably contributed to the SOA mass. (copernicus.org)
Normal4
- Long chain alcohols have no hydrolysable structural features and would not be expected to be degraded by oxidation under normal environmental conditions. (europa.eu)
- The characteristics of isoparaffins relative to normal alkanes: The cloud point is low. (wxchemicals.com)
- Faster than normal alkanes. (wxchemicals.com)
- Compared with the toxicity of normal alkanes, branched alkanes have significant advantages in toxicology. (wxchemicals.com)
Present1
- A halogen and an alkane will react if a bright light source is present. (scienceskool.co.uk)
General2
- The general formula for all chain alkanes is CnH2n+2. (scienceskool.co.uk)
- Alkanes in general are quite unreactive. (scienceskool.co.uk)
Single1
- In spite of the local segmental orientation correlation it was found that the conformation of the single chains behaves as expected from Flory's theory: no conformation changes occur in the melt. (uni-freiburg.de)
Long1
- The spatial distributions of anthropogenic SOA associated with aromatic and alkane HCs were noticeably affected by the southward wind direction owing to the relatively long lifetime of their atmospheric oxidation, whereas those of biogenic SOA were nearly insensitive to wind direction. (copernicus.org)
Health1
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a union request for a health hazard evaluation (HHE) at Diamond Chain Company in Indianapolis, Indiana. (cdc.gov)
Mass1
- The simulated SOA mass in the urban areas of California was predominated by alkane and terpene. (copernicus.org)
Supply1
- As the global supply chain gains awareness of the restriction, applications of BNST lubricants have been turning up in a variety of applications from IT equipment, to HVAC equipment and starter motors and alternators. (rohs.ca)