SonneiDysenteriaeEscherichiaSalmonellaIsolatesInfectionSpeciesBacteriaSerotypesShigellosisEpithelial cellsInfecting human epitProteinPathogensOrganismSerotype 2aGenesVaccineSusceptibilityCastellaniStrainsIntracellularBacterialResistantATCCDysenteryProteinsAntimicrobial resistanceIpaCPenetrateDiarrhoealGeneGramEukaryoticPathogenCounted from stoolGenusStoolIdentificationNational surveillance systemsLaboratoirePatternOxidaseTraversePrevalentSeverePopulationsIcsA
Sonnei8
- The 5% lactose fermentation test in parallel is suggested when the O.N.P.G. test is used for isolating routine pathogens, because organisms such as Shigella sonnei, Shigella dysenteriae 1, and Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis are O.N.P.G. positive. (thisisbeep.com)
- In the United States, most Shigella infections occur in young children and their care-takers and are due to a species called S. sonnei . (cdc.gov)
- 1/353 in 2012 ( S. sonnei ), and 1 of 344 in 2013 ( S. flexneri ) ( 6 ). (blogspot.com)
- Azithromycin epidemiologic cutoff values for wild- and non-wild-types of S. flexneri and S. sonnei are newly reported by CLSI ( 8 ). (blogspot.com)
- subgroup C for Shigella boydii and subgroup D for Shigella sonnei. (justia.com)
- There are four known Shigella species, and the vast majority of infections in the US are caused by Shigella sonnei and flexneri . (cdc.gov)
- Shigella sonnei , also called "group D" Shigella, is responsible for most cases of shigellosis in the United States. (medlineplus.gov)
- Shigella dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii and S. sonnei . (who.int)
Dysenteriae6
- All Shigella species ferment mannitol except Shigella dysenteriae and some serotypes of Shigella flexneri. (thisisbeep.com)
- Shigella species are facultative anaerobes, are non-motile, oxidase negative, urease negative, do not decarboxylate lysine, and all except S. dysenteriae type 1 are catalase positive1. (thisisbeep.com)
- Shigella dysenteriae type 1 can be deadly. (cdc.gov)
- Since 1983 the incidence of resistance to ampicillin in Shigella dysenteriae, Sh. (nih.gov)
- Low risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome after early effective antimicrobial therapy for Shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection in Bangladesh. (medscape.com)
- Shigella dysenteriae, or "group A" Shigella is rare in the United States. (medlineplus.gov)
Escherichia7
- Shigella are closely related to Escherichia coli, but can be differentiated from E.coli based on pathogenicity, physiology (failure to ferment lactose or decarboxylate lysine) and serology. (wikipedia.org)
- Shigellae are Gram-negative, non-motile, facultative anaerobic pathogens that are closely related to Escherichia coli but have evolved specific traits of pathogenicity, physiology and serology (Ud-Din and Wahid, 2014). (thisisbeep.com)
- The Shigella genus is part of the larger Enterobacteriaceae family and, in fact, many researchers have suggested that Shigella and Escherichia should be considered one genus. (thisisbeep.com)
- The multilocus sequence typing scheme used previously for phylogenetic analysis of Escherichia coli was applied to 107 clinical isolates of Shigella flexneri. (uea.ac.uk)
- Foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia coli are important human pathogens, therefore, accurate and rapid detection of these pathogens is very critical. (usda.gov)
- Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 contaminate similar types of food and all three can cause foodborne disease. (usda.gov)
- Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. (bvsalud.org)
Salmonella10
- Comparison with the gene expression of intracellular Salmonella serovar Typhimurium, which resides within the Salmonella-containing vacuole, indicated that S. flexneri is exposed to oxidative stress in U937 cells. (strath.ac.uk)
- It has been associated with gastrointestinal (GI) infections with Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and other organisms, as well as with genitourinary (GU) infections (especially with Chlamydia trachomatis ). (medscape.com)
- Salmonella and Shigella species. (medscape.com)
- The objective of this study was to develop a selective enrichment broth for simultaneous enrichment of Salmonella Enteritidis, E. coli O157:H7, and S. flexneri (SES). (usda.gov)
- ABSTRACT In this study, the serogroup and susceptibility patterns of Shigella and Salmonella spp. (who.int)
- Antibiograms of Shigella and Salmonella spp. (who.int)
- Shigella were susceptible to gentamicin (100%) and nalidixic acid (97.3%) and Shigella and Salmonella were 100.0% susceptible to norfloxacin. (who.int)
- Les antibiogrammes réalisés sur les espèces Shigella et Salmonella ont montré une résistance de 100 % à l'érythromycine et des taux de résistance élevés ( 75 %) à l'ampicilline, à la céfalotine, au chloramphénicol et à la tétracycline. (who.int)
- 100 %) et à l'acide nalidixique (97,3 %) et Shigella et Salmonella étaient sensibles à 100 % à la norfloxacine. (who.int)
- are readily transmitted via food, water, environmental contacts, pets and from Culture and identification of strains person to person, with morbidity rates in Frozen Shigella and Salmonella strains developing countries 3-to-6-fold higher were subcultured on MacConkey agar than in developed countries [ 1 ]. (who.int)
Isolates4
- A full list of clinical S. flexneri isolates subjected to MLST analysis in this study and a phylogenetic tree generated by the neighbour-joining method for S. flexneri are available as supplementary material with the online version of this paper. (uea.ac.uk)
- In Canada and the United States, Shigella isolates have high levels of resistance to ampicillin and TMP/SMX ( 1 , 3 - 6 ). (blogspot.com)
- resistant to at least nalidixic acid and azithromycin have been found in surveillance isolates: 1/293 in 2011 ( Shigella spp. (blogspot.com)
- Clinical treatment failure has been reported in patients infected with azithromycin-nonsusceptible Shigella isolates treated with this drug ( 7 , 8 ), including 1 of our patients (unpub. (blogspot.com)
Infection22
- Dissection of the global gene expression profile of the bacterium in its intracellular niche is essential to fully understand the biology of Shigella infection. (strath.ac.uk)
- There is no significanct difference between these findings in tests with guinea-pig cells and those of Gerber and Watkins 1961 in their study of the course of a Shigella flexneri infection of a human cell strain the Henle strain, derived from embryonic intestinal epithelia. (dtic.mil)
- People with a Shigella infection can spread the infection to others for several weeks after their diarrhea ends. (cdc.gov)
- Touching surfaces, such as toys, bathroom fixtures, changing tables, and diaper pails, contaminated with Shigella bacteria from someone with an infection. (cdc.gov)
- Changing the diaper of a child with a Shigella infection. (cdc.gov)
- Eating food prepared by someone with a Shigella infection. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to poop during sexual contact with someone with a Shigella infection or who has recently recovered from a Shigella infection. (cdc.gov)
- What are the symptoms of Shigella infection and how long do they last? (cdc.gov)
- Who is most likely to get Shigella infection? (cdc.gov)
- Travelers to places where water and food may be unsafe and sanitation is poor are more likely to get a Shigella infection. (cdc.gov)
- Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men* are among groups at high risk for Shigella infection. (cdc.gov)
- People who are experiencing homelessness are at high risk for Shigella infection when there is shigellosis spread in the community. (cdc.gov)
- A severe Shigella infection can spread into the blood, which can be life-threatening. (cdc.gov)
- Because only a few bacteria are needed to cause an infection, Shigella can be transmitted easily from person to person. (cdc.gov)
- Although these findings suggest the infection may have been transmitted sexually, the risk factors for Shigella transmission among MSM are not well understood. (cdc.gov)
- Simple precautions like washing before and after sex and using barrier methods can reduce the risk for MSM and others of contracting a Shigella infection. (cdc.gov)
- In 2015, a locally acquired, multidrug-resistant Shigella flexneri infection was identified in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in an HIV-positive man who had sex with men (MSM). (blogspot.com)
- Immunogenicity was assessed through mice's intraperitoneal (IP) immunization followed by infection with S. flexneri ATCC 12022. (biomedcentral.com)
- Ingersoll MA, Zychlinsky A. ShiA abrogates the innate T-cell response to Shigella flexneri infection. (medscape.com)
- Identification and management of Shigella infection in children with diarrhoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (medscape.com)
- Getting just a little bit of the Shigella bacteria into your mouth is enough to cause infection. (medlineplus.gov)
- Given these potentially serious public health concerns, CDC asks healthcare professionals to be vigilant about suspecting and reporting cases of XDR Shigella infection to their local or state health department and educating patients and communities at increased risk about prevention and transmission. (cdc.gov)
Species8
- Shigella flexneri is a species of Gram-negative bacteria in the genus Shigella that can cause diarrhea in humans. (wikipedia.org)
- Oxidase Test (optional) (TP 26 - Oxidase Test) Shigella species are oxidase negative. (thisisbeep.com)
- Urease Test (TP 36 - Urease Test) Shigella species do not produce urease. (thisisbeep.com)
- Shigella species are small Gram negative rods. (thisisbeep.com)
- An unusual cluster of 39 Shigella infections caused by another species, S. flexneri , occurred in Chicago in 2003 and 2004. (cdc.gov)
- Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) is one of the four Shigella species and a non-lactose fermenter member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. (biomedcentral.com)
- Shigella species. (medscape.com)
- Shigella phages isolated during a dysentery outbreak reveal uncommon structures and broad species diversity. (medscape.com)
Bacteria13
- The influx of PMN cells across the epithelial layer in response to Shigella disrupts the integrity of the epithelium allowing lumenal bacteria to cross into the sub-mucosa in an M-cell independent mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
- Is Shigella a Gram positive bacteria? (thisisbeep.com)
- Shigella is a genus of bacteria that is Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, non-spore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped and genetically closely related to E. coli. (thisisbeep.com)
- How do Shigella bacteria spread? (cdc.gov)
- If Shigella bacteria are resistant, first-choice antibiotics recommended to treat these infections may not work. (cdc.gov)
- It is caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. (medlineplus.gov)
- Phytochemical analysis of the extracts was done using previously described technique, and in vitro antibacterial activities of different concentrations of the extracts (50-200 mg/ml) and a standard antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) were tested on four enteric bacteria (S. typhi, S. flexneri, E. coli, P. vulgaris) by the agar diffusion test. (bvsalud.org)
- Shigella bacteria are easily transmissible. (cdc.gov)
- XDR Shigella strains can spread antimicrobial resistance genes to other enteric bacteria. (cdc.gov)
- CDC defines XDR Shigella bacteria as strains that are resistant to all commonly recommended empiric and alternative antibiotics - azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), and ampicillin. (cdc.gov)
- Shigella bacteria are transmitted by the fecal-oral route, directly through person-to-person contact including sexual contact, and indirectly through contaminated food, water, and other routes. (cdc.gov)
- Shigella bacteria are easily transmitted because of the low infectious dose (as few as 10-100 organisms), and outbreaks tend to occur among people in close-contact settings [2-6]. (cdc.gov)
- XDR Shigella bacteria (n=239) are defined as resistant to azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ampicillin. (cdc.gov)
Serotypes2
- This bacterium is gram-negative, non-spore forming Shigella from serogroup B. There are 6 serotypes within this serogroup. (wikipedia.org)
- S. flexneri serotypes 1-5, X and Y were clustered together in a group containing many allelic variants while serotype 6 formed a distinct group, as previously established. (uea.ac.uk)
Shigellosis1
Epithelial cells3
- Once inside of the colon, S. flexneri can penetrate the epithelium in three ways: 1) The bacterium can alter the tight junctions between the epithelial cells, allowing it to cross into the sub-mucosa. (wikipedia.org)
- S. flexneri can pass to neighboring epithelial cells by using its own outer membrane protein, IcsA, to activate the host's actin assembly machinery. (wikipedia.org)
- Shigella flexneri, the etiologic agent of bacillary dysentery, invades epithelial cells as well as macrophages and dendritic cells and escapes into the cytosol soon after invasion. (strath.ac.uk)
Infecting human epit1
- We have determined the complete gene expression profiles for S. flexneri infecting human epithelial HeLa cells and human macrophage-like U937 cells. (strath.ac.uk)
Protein3
- VacJ is a protein that is also needed by S. flexneri to exit the protrusion. (wikipedia.org)
- Solution NMR structures of proteins VPA0419 from Vibrio parahaemolyticus and yiiS from Shigella flexneri provide structural coverage for protein domain family PFAM 04175. (rostlab.org)
- IcsA is an outer membrane protein in the autotransporter family that is required for Shigella flexneri pathogenesis. (tamu.edu)
Pathogens2
- Shigella organisms are a group of gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogens. (thisisbeep.com)
- In contrast, some bacterial pathogens (including Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri ) have mechanisms to escape from the phagosome and proliferate in the cytosol ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
Organism2
- What type of organism is Shigella? (thisisbeep.com)
- 2 The infectious dose of Shigella can be as low as 10 organisms, 3 thus facilitating the rapid spread of the organism during outbreaks. (who.int)
Serotype 2a1
- This S. flexneri, serotype 2a pulsovar 21 (a new PFGE combination pattern in the province of Quebec), was resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. (blogspot.com)
Genes2
- The key S. flexneri virulence genes, ipa-mxi-spa and icsA, were drastically downregulated during intracellular growth. (strath.ac.uk)
- This work will facilitate functional studies of hundreds of novel intracellularly regulated genes that may be important for the survival and growth strategies of Shigella in the human host. (strath.ac.uk)
Vaccine3
- Aiming at a broad serotype coverage S. flexneri glycoconjugate vaccine, a non-natural lightly protected tetrasaccharide was designed for compatibility with (i) serotype-specific glucosylations and O-acetylations defining S. flexneri O-antigens, (ii) recognition by suitable α-transglucosylases, and (iii) programmed oligomerization following enzymatic α-d-glucosylation. (pasteur.fr)
- This work aimed to develop vaccine candidates against the Shigella flexneri ( S. flexneri ) 2b serotype using the BGCs approach. (biomedcentral.com)
- For the first time, ( S. flexneri ) 2b serotype BGCs vaccine was prepared by incubation with Triton X-100 (TX100) for only 12 h. (biomedcentral.com)
Susceptibility1
- This raises concern that reduced Shigella susceptibility to azithromycin is developing rapidly ( 1 ). (blogspot.com)
Castellani2
- To download a certificate of analysis for Shigella flexneri Castellani and Chalmers ( 49071 ), enter the lot number exactly as it appears on your product label or packing slip. (atcc.org)
- The certificate of analysis for that lot of Shigella flexneri Castellani and Chalmers ( 49071 ) is not currently available online. (atcc.org)
Strains4
- S. flexneri belongs to group B. S. flexneri infections can usually be treated with antibiotics, although some strains have become resistant. (wikipedia.org)
- production by Shigella strains. (thisisbeep.com)
- In 2022, about 5% of Shigella infections reported to CDC were caused by XDR strains, compared with 0% in 2015. (cdc.gov)
- In the United States, the percentage of Shigella infections caused by XDR strains reported to CDC increased from zero in 2015 to 5% in 2022 (Figure). (cdc.gov)
Intracellular1
- Shigella flexneri is an intracellular bacterium that infects the epithelial lining of the mammalian intestinal tract. (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial1
- Skp is required for the presentation of the mature amino terminus (alpha-domain) of IcsA on the bacterial surface and contributes to cell-to-cell spread of S. flexneri in cell culture. (tamu.edu)
Resistant4
- What should I know about antimicrobial resistance and resistant Shigella ? (cdc.gov)
- In recent years, ciprofloxacin-resistant and/or azithromycin-nonsusceptible Shigella spp. (blogspot.com)
- and review what CDC is doing to learn more about extensively drug-resistant Shigella in the United States and how clinicians and public health officials can help through testing and reporting. (cdc.gov)
- Necrotizing haemorrhagic colitis caused by resistant shigella flexneri. (bvsalud.org)
ATCC1
- When comparing the BGVs prepared using TX100 and TW80 methods, the use of TX100 as a new chemical treating agent for BGC production attained robust results in terms of shorter incubation time with the targeted cells and a strong immune response against S. flexneri 2b serotype ATCC 12022 in the IP challenge test. (biomedcentral.com)
Dysentery1
- the genus Shigella is named after Japanese physician Kiyoshi Shiga, who researched the cause of dysentery. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins1
- To facilitate this process, S. flexneri uses a type III secretion system (TTSS) to form a pore in host cell membranes and deliver translocator and effector proteins to the targeted host cells. (ku.edu)
Antimicrobial resistance1
IpaC1
- When S. flexneri makes contact with the basolateral side of an epithelial cell, IpaC and IpaB are fused together to make a pore in the epithelial cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Penetrate1
- S. flexneri uses these three methods to reach the sub-mucosa to penetrate the epilithelial cells from the basolateral side. (wikipedia.org)
Diarrhoeal1
- The concept is exemplified in the context of Shigella flexneri, a major cause of diarrhoeal disease. (pasteur.fr)
Gene1
- In a previous study, the mph (A) gene was acquired by 4 of 7 locally acquired Shigella pulse types infecting MSM. (blogspot.com)
Gram2
- Is Shigella flexneri Gram positive or negative? (thisisbeep.com)
- The genus Shigella comprises Gram-negative, nonspore forming, nonmotile prokaryotic rods. (thisisbeep.com)
Eukaryotic1
- Is Shigella prokaryotic or eukaryotic? (thisisbeep.com)
Pathogen1
- Is Shigella a primary pathogen? (thisisbeep.com)
Counted from stool1
- Viable colony forming units (CFUs) of S. flexneri were counted from stool samples as well as homogenized colon tissues of the non-immunized challenged group. (biomedcentral.com)
Genus1
- Shigella were discovered over 100 years ago by a Japanese microbiologist named Shiga, for whom the genus is named. (thisisbeep.com)
Stool1
- Shigella can pass from stool or soiled fingers of one person to the mouth of another person, including during sexual activity. (cdc.gov)
Identification1
- Phenotypic identification of the S. flexneri was confirmed at Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec ( 1 ). (blogspot.com)
National surveillance systems1
Laboratoire1
- Sur 259 enfants admis dans le service de pédiatrie pour des raisons autres que la diarrhée et hospitalisés pendant plus de 3 jours, 84 (32,4 %) présentaient une diarrhée nosocomiale, comme l'ont montré l'analyse clinique et l'analyse en laboratoire des échantillons de selles. (who.int)
Pattern1
- The successful proof of concept is achieved for a pentasaccharide featuring the glucosylation pattern from the S. flexneri type IV O-antigen. (pasteur.fr)
Oxidase2
- Is Shigella flexneri oxidase positive? (thisisbeep.com)
- Is Shigella urease negative or oxidase negative? (thisisbeep.com)
Traverse1
- S. flexneri still in the lumen of the colon traverse the epithelial lining as the PMNs cross into the infected area. (wikipedia.org)
Prevalent1
Severe1
- About 1 in 10 children (under age 15) with severe Shigella enteritis develop nervous system problems. (medlineplus.gov)
Populations1
IcsA1
- Contribution of the periplasmic chaperone Skp to efficient presentation of the autotransporter IcsA on the surface of Shigella flexneri. (tamu.edu)