• Although Africa is the continent by far the most badly affected by both HIV and HCV infections, data on coinfection in the general population are lacking. (cdc.gov)
  • HIV prevalence is high in this group, with many infections remaining undiagnosed. (bmj.com)
  • 1 Recent estimates suggest that HIV incidence among homosexual men remains at a high level of 2% 2 per annum and there is evidence of increasing levels of resistant virus in primary infections. (bmj.com)
  • 3 Reported recent increases in sexually transmitted infections, 4 HIV prevalence, 5 and high risk sexual behaviour 6 are all causes for concern, and highlight the potential for continuing spread of the virus. (bmj.com)
  • Author Manuscript resulted in pediatric HIV infections and put breast-feeding women at risk for CBWT. (cdc.gov)
  • Transmission of HIV from HIV-infected children to their uninfected mothers has been documented on several occasions during hospital-based HIV outbreaks among pediatric patients.1-7 Investigations into these outbreaks implicated the inadequate sterilization of injection equipment and the reuse of supplies for parenteral therapies as the likely sources of pediatric HIV infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite the undeniable significance of blood transfusion in saving a millions life in emergencies and medical treatment, the quality of blood faced challenges from transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) such as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), HBV (hepatitis B virus) and HCV (hepatitis C virus). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to HIV, Sexually Transmitted Infections, STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, hepatitis B and C…) are on the rise among young people. (terpan.fr)
  • In particular, American researchers found in 2015 that mobile dating apps promote the development of HIV and STIs in Rhode Island (syphilis and urinary tract infections). (terpan.fr)
  • Background: HIV-1 infections initiated by multiple founder variants are characterised by a higher viral load and a worse clinical prognosis than those initiated with single founder variants, yet little is known about the routes of exposure through which transmission of multiple founder variants is most probable. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Eligible studies must have reported original estimates of founder variant multiplicity in people with acute or early HIV-1 infections, have clearly detailed the methods used, and reported the route of exposure. (ed.ac.uk)
  • In resolution WHA53.14 the Health Assembly requested the Director-General to develop a global health-sector strategy for responding to the epidemics of HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections. (who.int)
  • It recognizes that prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections are core aspects of sexual and reproductive health, as stated in the strategy to accelerate progress towards the attainment of international development goals and targets related to reproductive health. (who.int)
  • First, their control reduces the enormous burden of morbidity and mortality due to sexually transmitted infections in both resource-constrained and developed countries, both directly, through its impact on quality of life, sexual and reproductive health and child health, and indirectly, through its impact on national and individual economies. (who.int)
  • other sexually transmitted infections enhance the sexual transmission of HIV: genital herpes specifically, and genital ulcers in general, increase the transmission of HIV 50-300-fold per episode of unprotected sexual intercourse. (who.int)
  • [3] The presence of sexually transmitted infections, use of condoms, circumcision, and history of blood transfusion are probable factors responsible for serodiscordance or seroconcordance in HIV-positive cases. (ijstd.org)
  • New HIV infections in Tanzania have been decreasing, however some populations remain at higher risk. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HIV Infections" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (rtrn.net)
  • Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (rtrn.net)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "HIV Infections" by people in this website by year, and whether "HIV Infections" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (rtrn.net)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "HIV Infections" by people in Profiles. (rtrn.net)
  • Stigma prevents the delivery of effective social and medical care (including taking antiretroviral therapy) and also enhances the number of HIV infections. (hindawi.com)
  • It is difficult to identify a more charged issue in AIDS prevention than that of nondisclosure of positive HIV status to sexual partners. (aphapublications.org)
  • In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), people are living longer with HIV/AIDS, and it has become increasingly important to understand the relation between current HIV status and risky sexual behaviour. (bmj.com)
  • With establishment of HIV screening facilities, the proportion of AIDS cases due to blood transmission has decreased. (who.int)
  • AIDS due to blood transmission will continue to occur due to the time lag between the occurrence of HIV infection and appearance of AIDS. (who.int)
  • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is essentially a sexually transmitted disease but like many other sexually transmitted diseases, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which causes AIDS can also be transmitted through blood or blood products and from infected mother to baby. (who.int)
  • After the establishment of facilities for screening of blood donations against HIV, the proportion of AIDS cases due to transmission through blood or blood products started decreasing. (who.int)
  • This is mainly due to the time lag between the occurrence of HIV infection and the appearance of AIDS. (who.int)
  • This course is designed for all behavioral health professionals, including social workers, counselors, and marriage and family therapists, who may be involved with the care of persons with HIV or AIDS. (netce.com)
  • A descriptive analysis was conducted using routine programmatic data that were collected during a 9-month implementation period (June 2018 to March 2019) for peer-assisted HIVST among FSWs, MSM, and transgender people in 6 provinces where the US Agency for International Development-and US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief-funded LINKAGES (Linkage across the Continuum of HIV Services for KP Affected by HIV) Burundi project was being implemented. (jmir.org)
  • and diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in a partner). (edu.pe)
  • He and his colleges later showed that Kaposi's sarcoma, an AIDS-defining disease, was not associated with HIV infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • At this time, it is important to remember that it is impossible to completely eradicate HIV or even cure AIDS. (terpan.fr)
  • According to 2020 data from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), an estimated 18.3% of PWID were living with HIV in Kenya compared to 4.2% (3.7-4.9%) among the general adult population aged 15 to 49 years [ 1 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that HIV-positive IDUs were more likely than HIV-negative IDUs to have HIV/AIDS knowledge, to have had RuJu and an IDU partner, and to have used a condom at last sex and shared needles and rinse water at last heroin use. (ntnu.edu.tw)
  • Lee, TSH 2012, ' Penile bead implantation in relation to HIV infection in male heroin users in Taiwan ', Journal of AIDS and Clinical Research , vol. 3, no. (ntnu.edu.tw)
  • In 2003, the Health Assembly adopted resolution WHA56.30, taking note of the global health-sector strategy for HIV/AIDS,1 and the next year, in resolution WHA57.12, endorsed the strategy to accelerate progress towards the attainment of international development goals and targets related to reproductive health. (who.int)
  • The final draft has taken into account the comments received and complements the global health-sector strategy for HIV/AIDS. (who.int)
  • WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV/AIDS Diagnostic and Laboratory Support. (who.int)
  • According to the 2009 report from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Joint United Nations Program on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (UNAIDS), 2.6 million individuals are newly infected by HIV every year, 33 million patients live with HIV (PLHIV), and there are 1.8 million cases of AIDSmortality annually worldwide. (openaidsjournal.com)
  • [2] Until a cure or vaccine for HIV infection is found, the only way to prevent the spread of the disease is by changing people's behavior through AIDS education programs. (ijstd.org)
  • For example: the precautions to avoid seropositivity (HIV/AIDS) that reap many victims every year, or the many other phenomena that attack individual and social health, like viruses, in the sense of the fast spreading damage they create through our society. (carepath-project.eu)
  • Despite of that, evidence on the magnitude of HIV infection and the associated factors and HIV/AIDS services uptake among fisherfolk in Tanzania are inadequately explored. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study therefore aimed at determining prevalence of HIV infection and utilization of HIV/AIDS services among fishfolk in selected Islands of Lake Victoria for evidence-based interventions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The uptake of key HIV/AIDS curative and preventive services was generally low. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HIV pandemic is the major public health challenge of the present decade with about 36.7 million people lived with HIV/AIDS globally in the year 2015 with only 17 million on antiretroviral treatment (ART) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HIV/AIDS is responsible for social and economic growth impediment in developing countries affecting all sectors together without excluding fishing communities [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This briefing has been produced with the collaboration and financial support of the Fogarty Center - National Institutes of Health (NIH) of the U.S.A. and the Centres GHESKIO of Haiti in the scope of the project "Building Capacity of Journalists in the Caribbean and Central America to Report on HIV/AIDS: a focus on Haiti. (panoscaribbean.org)
  • The provision of care, including access to medical care, is a serious challenge for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Haiti. (panoscaribbean.org)
  • It is the fruit of the constant work of all the people and organizations which bring together people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). (panoscaribbean.org)
  • This is the lesson that the seropositive Saurel Beaujour draws of his participation (in October 2001) in a programme of international visits to the United States, where infected people benefit from a specific budget for their access to health care and medicines, and where the private firms are heavily involved in the battle against HIV/AIDS. (panoscaribbean.org)
  • 43 years old, electrician by training, Beaujour has been for several years the leader of the Association for National Solidarity with people infected and affected by HIV/AIDS (ASON), which has about fifty active members. (panoscaribbean.org)
  • Saurel Beaujour is very active in activities against HIV/AIDS at the Caribbean level. (panoscaribbean.org)
  • The traveling Caravan was a great moment in promoting less risky sexual behaviour, through the creation of a social environment which validates protected sexual intercourse,mutual fidelity and the acceptation of people living with HIV/AIDS. (panoscaribbean.org)
  • The solidarity among people living with HIV/AIDS is all the more necessary as they generally have to function in an environment which is not very favourable. (panoscaribbean.org)
  • Since the first cases of AIDS were diagnosed more than 25 years ago, the depiction of women in the scientific and political discourse of HIV/AIDS has dramatically transformed. (aphapublications.org)
  • The aim of this literature review is to elucidate what is known about HIV/AIDS and stigma in Sub-Saharan Africa. (hindawi.com)
  • Literature about HIV/AIDS and stigma in Sub-Saharan Africa was systematically searched in Pubmed, Medscape, and Psycinfo up to March 31, 2009. (hindawi.com)
  • The material was analyzed using Gilmore and Somerville's (1994) four processes of stigmatizing responses: the definition of the problem HIV/AIDS, identification of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), linking HIV/AIDS to immorality and other negative characteristics, and finally behavioural consequences of stigma (distancing, isolation, discrimination in care). (hindawi.com)
  • It was found that the cultural construction of HIV/AIDS, based on beliefs about contamination, sexuality, and religion, plays a crucial role and contributes to the strength of distancing reactions and discrimination in society. (hindawi.com)
  • More qualitative studies on HIV/AIDS stigma including stigma in health care institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa are recommended. (hindawi.com)
  • Although the current data show that the global HIV/AIDS epidemic is stabilizing, statistics still report an unacceptably high level of infection and progress is uneven in many countries [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) face not only medical problems but also social problems associated with the disease. (hindawi.com)
  • One of the barriers to reaching those who are at risk or infected with HIV/AIDS is stigma [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Although the reaction to PLWHA varies, with some PLWHA receiving support which positively affects them, HIV/AIDS stigma negatively affects seeking HIV testing, seeking care after diagnosis, quality of care given to HIV patients, and finally the negative perception and treatment of PLWHA by their communities and families, including partners [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The aim of this literature review is to elucidate what is known about HIV/AIDS stigma in Sub-Saharan Africa, the origins and contents of stigma, contributing factors and the gender dimension of stigma. (hindawi.com)
  • another search with "HIV/AIDS'', "discrimination'' and "Africa'' gave an additional 192 abstracts (Medline 73, PsycInfo 15, and Pubmed 104). (hindawi.com)
  • Thirty years after the first description of AIDS, an estimated 35.0 million [33.2 million-37.2 million] people were living with HIV at the end of 2013. (benthamscience.com)
  • METHODS: Using Concerted Action on Seroconversion to AIDS and Death in Europe data from individuals with well-estimated dates of HIV seroconversion, we fitted mixed models on the square root of CD4+ cell counts measured before combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Quantitative study of a descriptive nature undertaken at Unidade de Referência em Doenças Infecciosas Preveníveis da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC designed to evaluate the prejudices that still exist in relation to HIV or AIDS patients, as well as their reasons and to investigate the difficulties in social adaptation of those patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • The sample comprised 20 HIV/AIDS patients seen from the Reference Unit and for data collection used a questionnaire. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study we could confirm the existence of prejudice related to HIV-positive patients, even after three decades of the first occurrence of HIV/AIDS. (bvsalud.org)
  • From 8,000 people interviewed, 22.5% said they would not buy vegetables or greens in places where HIV-seropositive individuals work and 13% said that a teacher with AIDS can't teach classes at any school 3 . (bvsalud.org)
  • HIV has probably originated from multiple zoonotic transmissions of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) from non-human primates to humans in West and Central Africa. (benthamscience.com)
  • The two smaller subgroups of women-high-frequency needle users and those in the multiple- risk behavior subgroup-reported the highest rate of high-risk behaviors and seropositivity but also showed the greatest change at follow-up. (arizona.edu)
  • Background: Recent reports indicate that injection risk behavior has declined among injection drug users (IDUs) but sexual risk behavior continues. (ntnu.edu.tw)
  • Multinomial logistic regression was performed to examine the association of RuJu and HIV seropositivity, with drug risk behavior and sexual risk behavior controlled for. (ntnu.edu.tw)
  • This article reviews the recent literature investigating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behavior among street youth. (nau.edu)
  • However, data from a number of samples document a high prevalence of HIV risk behavior, sexually transmitted diseases, and alcohol/drug use among homeless adolescents. (nau.edu)
  • Higher rates of infection with HIV are exhibited among injection drug users mainly because of unsafe injecting behavior. (benthamscience.com)
  • The statistics on certain types of sexual and report also contains data on condom use and HIV testing by persons who report risk drug use behavior, in order to estimate behaviors. (cdc.gov)
  • The survey engaged in either drug use or sexual behavior that placed them at increased risk for HIV. (cdc.gov)
  • The primary prevention end point was linked HIV-1 transmission in HIV-1-negative partners. (nih.gov)
  • Effective methods are available for prevention of HIV transmission through blood, but antigen and PCR tests are expensive and not recommended for screening of blood donations in developing countries. (who.int)
  • Effective technology is available for prevention of HIV transmission through blood. (who.int)
  • To be effective and provide compassionate care, adequate and up-to-date information about transmission, prevention, and care of HIV-infected individuals must be obtained by all behavioral health professionals. (netce.com)
  • National Center for HIV/STD/TB Prevention in collaboration with Henry Masur, M.D. (cdc.gov)
  • This article also explores the CBWT risk associated with HIV-infected orphans and their female caretakers, and the lack of guidance regarding CBWT prevention in infant feeding recommendations. (cdc.gov)
  • Current infant feeding guidelines and HIV prevention messages do not address CBWT, and fail to provide strategies to help women reduce their risk of acquiring HIV during breastfeeding. (cdc.gov)
  • Also encouragement of blood donation from voluntary donors and creating awareness on the general public regarding HIV, HBsAg and HCV transmission and prevention should be strengthen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The study described here presents an innovative approach to analyzing intervention outcomes among women substance abusers participating in a national HIV prevention research study funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. (arizona.edu)
  • A holistic approach that combines violence prevention and response, comprehensive harm reduction, healthcare access, and community support is crucial to address the complex issue of drug use and HIV burden among PWID in Kenya for improved health outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV : use of nevirapine among women of unknown serostatus : report of a technical consultation, Geneva, 5-6 December 2001. (who.int)
  • These findings highlight the need to offer FSW-targeted HCV interventions and ensure their access to HIV prevention and treatment. (who.int)
  • HIV prevention efforts in MENA must be prioritized for these high-risk groups. (cyberleninka.org)
  • an early stage of development and has yet to contribute to informed HIV prevention policy and programming. (cyberleninka.org)
  • Most HIV prevention literature portrays women as especially vulnerable to HIV infection because of biological susceptibility and men's sexual power and privilege. (aphapublications.org)
  • Conversely, heterosexual men are perceived as active transmitters of HIV but not active agents in prevention. (aphapublications.org)
  • 3 Meanwhile, men who have sex with women remain a forgotten group in the epidemic, 4 almost entirely unaddressed in HIV prevention programs. (aphapublications.org)
  • Antiretroviral therapy that reduces viral replication could limit the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in serodiscordant couples. (nih.gov)
  • HIV-1-infected subjects with CD4 counts between 350 and 550 cells per cubic millimeter were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive antiretroviral therapy either immediately (early therapy) or after a decline in the CD4 count or the onset of HIV-1-related symptoms (delayed therapy). (nih.gov)
  • The early initiation of antiretroviral therapy reduced rates of sexual transmission of HIV-1 and clinical events, indicating both personal and public health benefits from such therapy. (nih.gov)
  • The social constructions of masculinity, the reduced ability of the couple in negotiating safe sex practice, the use of antiretroviral therapy as an HIV protection factor added to cultural influences were found as the main situations of the individual vulnerability of the serodiscordant existence. (bvsalud.org)
  • Over the last 20 years, the so-called post-highly active antiretroviral therapy (post-HAART) era, we assisted to an increase in the mean age of People Living With HIV (PLWH) and comorbidities related to ageing, immune suppression and persistent inflammation [ 1 - 65 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Same-day testing with initiation of antiretroviral therapy or tuberculosis treatment versus standard care for persons presenting with tuberculosis symptoms at HIV diagnosis: A randomized open-label trial from Haiti. (rtrn.net)
  • BACKGROUND: Recent updates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment guidelines have raised the CD4+ cell count thresholds for antiretroviral therapy initiation from 350 to 500 cells/mm(3) in the United States and from 200 to 350 cells/mm³ in mid- and low-income countries. (ox.ac.uk)
  • HIV-1 superinfection in the antiretroviral therapy era: are seroconcordant sexual partners at risk? (cancer.gov)
  • We have also reported a high seroprevalence of HIV in a general population of southern Cameroon (7.4%), and especially in young women (22.5%) ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The study methods, the baseline characteristics of the participants, and the HIV seroprevalence have been described in detail elsewhere ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The overall seroprevalence rates were 21.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 17.4%-24.9%) for HCV and 7.4% (95% CI 5.2%-10.1%) for HIV. (cdc.gov)
  • Seroprevalence rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV infection by sex and age in the general population of southern Cameroon, 2001. (cdc.gov)
  • The Figure shows the seroprevalence rates of HCV and HIV according to sex and age. (cdc.gov)
  • This study from Japan looked at seroprevalence of HAV-IgG antibody in 468 persons with HIV (PWH) in 2017. (aahivm.org)
  • HIV seroprevalence among recipients of multiple blood transfusions decreased from 270 per 10 000 in 1987-89 to 7 per 10 000 in 1995. (who.int)
  • Objectives: To determine age-specific seroprevalence, risk factors, and risk markers for heterosexually-acquired HIV infection among pregnant women. (edu.pe)
  • This cross-sectional study was undertaken with the aim of determining the seroprevalence and risk factors of HIV, HBV, and HCV among blood donors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In another paper based on field work in Zambia he showed that HIV infection was prevalent in that part of Africa (overall 17.5% seropositivity, being 37.5% among patients repeatedly seen in the STD clinic) and that HIV was transmitted heterosexually. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sub-Saharan Africa inhabited with 38 million HIV infected peoples, remains one of the highest regions as 68% of globally HIV infected people are residing in this region consequently resulting about 15% of HIV transmission through blood transfusion [ 11 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BACKGROUND: It is known from previous studies that university students in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) engage in sexual risk-taking behaviour (SRTB). (bvsalud.org)
  • Introduction: Globally, 1.7 million children are living with HIV, with the majority of them residing in sub-Saharan Africa. (bvsalud.org)
  • The desire to procreate in patients living with HIV (PLHIV) has been seldom investigated in Africa, particularly in Gabon. (openaidsjournal.com)
  • Since 1981, the majority of the HIV-infected population lives in countries with limited resources in Africa. (openaidsjournal.com)
  • This study is a systematic review of all available evidence on HIV-1 molecular epidemiology and subtype distribution in the Middle East and North Africa. (cyberleninka.org)
  • Subtype B is predominant in western and central Europe, the Americas, Australia, and is commonly found in several countries of Southeast Asia.2 Subtype C is the main genetic form in southern Africa and India, the two countries where more than 80% of the global HIV cases occur. (cyberleninka.org)
  • Worldwide, it is estimated that 70% of the HIV-infected individuals are living in Sub-Saharan Africa [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Currently, there is an increasing number of research on HIV-related stigma in Sub-Saharan Africa. (hindawi.com)
  • In Africa, where most of HIV-1 infected children reside, a whole generation of infected children is reaching sexual maturity thanks to HAART, and thus will be highly exposed to HPV-infection and related diseases. (fredhutch.org)
  • The work of Nelly Mugo (University of Washington), Dr. Anna Wald (Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division) and Dr. Denise Galloway (Human Biology Division), in collaboration with Dr. Dalton Wamalwa (University of Nairobi, Kenya), shows the efficacy of quadrivalent HPV vaccine, in HIV-1 infected girls and boys in Africa. (fredhutch.org)
  • This is the first report demonstrating that qHPV vaccine is as efficient in HIV-1 infected adolescents in Africa compared to infected adolescents from developed countries (with higher standards of care) or HIV-1 uninfected adolescents (not immunosuppressed). (fredhutch.org)
  • Quantifying how the routes of HIV infection affect the transmission of multiple variants allows us to better understand how the evolution and epidemiology of HIV-1 determine clinical outcomes. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Susie Hoffman was with the HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies and the Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY. (aphapublications.org)
  • We estimated the proportion of HIV-positive adults who have any sexual contact without disclosure and the proportion of their sexual partnerships that involve unprotected sex without disclosure. (aphapublications.org)
  • Interviews assessed disclosure and sexual activities with up to 5 recent partners. (aphapublications.org)
  • Risky sex without disclosure of serostatus is not uncommon among people with HIV. (aphapublications.org)
  • 1 As of 1999, 31 states had statutes making sexual contact without disclosure a criminal offense. (aphapublications.org)
  • 2 Public health researchers, responding to data reporting sexual contact without disclosure by HIV-positive persons, have called for interventions to promote increased sexual responsibility and to increase rates of consistent safer sex among HIV-positive persons. (aphapublications.org)
  • Previous studies show that not disclosing positive HIV serostatus to at least some sexual partners is common, 5- 7 that HIV-positive persons are more likely to disclose their status to steady partners than to nonsteady partners, 8- 10 and that unprotected sex without disclosure occurs within both types of partnerships. (aphapublications.org)
  • Disclosure rates of HIV -positive status remain low and are considered to be related to stigmatisation. (bvsalud.org)
  • There was a statistically significant association between fear of blame or discrimination and disclosure to the sexual partner . (bvsalud.org)
  • The findings of this study indicate that numerous factors influence HIV disclosure . (bvsalud.org)
  • Stigma of individuals who are HIV -positive remains a barrier to disclosure as well as fear of blame and discrimination. (bvsalud.org)
  • HIV disclosure and subsequent sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men who meet online. (uw.edu)
  • High-risk sexual behaviors such as nonuse or incorrect use of barrier methods and multiple partner selection are common in adolescents. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • 2-5 High-risk sexual behaviors also place adolescents at risk of acquiring syphilis and HIV infection. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • Conclusions: HIV infection was related both to women's own risk behaviors and to the perceived risk behaviors of their sexual partners. (edu.pe)
  • Educational status and multiple sexual behaviors are significantly associated with HIV acquisition whilst marital status was significantly associated with HBsAg seropositivity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We used cluster analysis to divide the women in our sample (N = 557) into four distinct subgroups predominantly characterized by differences in drug use, injecting risk, sexual behaviors, and drug and sexual risk combined. (arizona.edu)
  • Most of the crack-using women reported that they were not currently injecting drugs and never shared needles, but 10% were seropositive for HIV, suggesting that their risk comes primarily from sexual behaviors. (arizona.edu)
  • The results demonstrate a promising alternative approach to analyzing substance abuse and HIV risk behaviors, and they suggest the need for further research on alternative interventions for women with different patterns of risk behaviors. (arizona.edu)
  • In Kenya, violence is common among people who inject drugs (PWID) living with HIV and their sexual and injecting partners and may lead to decreased uptake of HIV services, increased HIV risk behaviors, and increased HIV transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Objective-- This report presents national estimates of the percentage and number of This report is intended to provide persons in the U.S. population aged 15-44 who report behaviors that place them at reliable national estimates of some basic increased risk for acquiring or transmitting human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV. (cdc.gov)
  • 2002, the sixth in a series of national behaviors in the past year that put them at increased risk of HIV, and 1.5 percent had reproductive health surveys that have engaged in drug use behaviors that put them at risk. (cdc.gov)
  • To examine the proportion of undiagnosed HIV infection in a community sample of homosexual men. (bmj.com)
  • Among homosexual men, receptive anal intercourse and contact with a large number of different sexual partners are the most important risk factors. (health.am)
  • Insertive rectal intercourse, fellatio, and ingestion of semen are associated with HIV transmission to a lesser degree. (health.am)
  • Condom use is the most effective means of preventing HIV infection among individuals who engage in oral, vaginal, or anal intercourse. (health.am)
  • Adolescents should be screened confidentially about the initiation of sexual intercourse at each clinic visit. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • In 1984, he showed that in Danish gay men, HIV infection occurred via sexual contact with gay men in the US and that the primary route was anal receptive intercourse. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many of the more than 30 bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens that are transmissible sexually, including HIV, are transmitted predominantly through sexual intercourse. (who.int)
  • PEP following non-occupational exposure to HIV was cost-effective for all male-male intercourse (unprotected receptive and insertive anal intercourse, unprotected receptive oral sex, and 'other') and was possibly cost-effective for intravenous drug users and high-risk women. (port.ac.uk)
  • Generally, the risk of HIV transmission for receptive anal intercourse, receptive vaginal intercourse and receptive oral intercourse is 0.5%, 0.1% and 0.01% per act, respectively. (benthamscience.com)
  • HIV transmission occurs through sexual intercourse and exposure to secretions containing infected cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Coinfection with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is now a major public health concern worldwide, owing both to its high prevalence (4-5 million persons of 40 million infected by HIV) and to interactions between the 2 diseases in terms of their diagnosis, natural course, and treatment ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • To explore the relation between HIV status, diagnosis, and sexual behaviour. (bmj.com)
  • Cases were new HIV diagnosis and controls were HIV -negative participants detected along the study period. (jokindeirala.es)
  • Until now, serological [27,28], including immune-suppression due to HIV infec- studies have had little to offer in diagnosis of HPV infec- tion [25,29]. (sagepub.com)
  • Delayed HIV diagnosis among men who have sex with men. (uw.edu)
  • HIV antibody positivity was associated with increasing numbers of UAI partners, and having a sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the past year (OR 2.15). (bmj.com)
  • Endocarditis with negative culture findings and seropositivity (culture positivity and seropositivity or culture negativity and seronegativity are relatively uncommon) is the main clinical presentation of chronic Q fever, usually occurring in patients with preexisting cardiac disease including valve defects, rheumatic heart disease, and prosthetic valves. (medscape.com)
  • The high level of risky behaviour in HIV positive men, regardless of whether they are diagnosed, is of public health concern, in an era when HIV prevalence, antiretroviral resistance, and STI incidence are increasing. (bmj.com)
  • Despite their increasing incidence in HIV-positive people, mechanisms that lead to their development and progression are only partially understood. (oncotarget.com)
  • The incidence of CMV seropositivity rises with age and in a US-based study was reported to increase from 36% in children aged 6-11 years to 91% in individuals older than 80 years. (medscape.com)
  • The development and spread of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) reduces the risk for HPV-associated malignancies, but the incidence is still greater in HIV-1 infected populations. (fredhutch.org)
  • In 2000, participants in community venues provided anonymous saliva samples for testing for anti-HIV antibody. (bmj.com)
  • In 2000, 132 of 1206 (10.9%) saliva samples were HIV antibody positive. (bmj.com)
  • Of the HIV saliva antibody positive samples, 43/132 (32.5%) were undiagnosed. (bmj.com)
  • After the HIV antibody test became available in 1985, the risk of getting HIV infection from blood transfusion was virtually eliminated in developed countries with the establishment of universal screening of blood donations. (who.int)
  • HIV-positive women showed significantly less (66.7%) antibody response as compared with HIV-negative women (89.3%), with particularly impaired response to L antigens. (sagepub.com)
  • Seven months after the first dose of vaccine was administered, HPV antibody titer was correlated to CD4 cell count (the fewer CD4 T cells the fewer HPV antibodies in circulation) and inversely correlated to plasma HIV-1 RNA. (fredhutch.org)
  • Even though HIV-1 related immunosuppression reduces the titer of HPV antibody, the seroconversion rate is so high that the authors do not expect that to be a limitation to the vaccine efficacy. (fredhutch.org)
  • BV is associated with having multiple male sex partners, female partners, sexual relationships with more than one person ( 973 ), a new sex partner, lack of condom use ( 974 ), douching ( 975 , 976 ), and HSV-2 seropositivity ( 977 ). (cdc.gov)
  • 21% reported condom use at last sex and 34% reported multiple sexual partners during the last 6 months. (ntnu.edu.tw)
  • In the Democratic Republic of Congo no previous studies have assessed the factors associated with different patterns of condom use and with multiple sexual partners , and the association between condom use simultaneously taking into account multiple sexual partnerships, and HIV infection. (jokindeirala.es)
  • The association found between having two or more concurrent sexual partners and HIV was slightly higher (OR = 3.58, 95%CI:2.31-5.56) than the association found between never condom use and HIV (OR = 3.38, 95%CI:1.15-9.93). (jokindeirala.es)
  • We found a high prevalence of multiple lifetime sexual partners and an extremely high prevalence of inconsistent condom use, both strongly associated with HIV seropositivity. (jokindeirala.es)
  • Methods: Standardized interviews, serologic tests for HIV and syphilis, bivariate and multivariate analysis. (edu.pe)
  • Women and their infants may benefit from therapeutic interventions when hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or syphilis are detected during the prenatal period. (usuhs.edu)
  • Significant identified risks for anti-HBc seropositivity from univariate analyses included being of the Garifuna ethnic group, residence or birth in the Stann Creek or Toledo districts, a reactive syphilis serology, a household size of eight or greater, and five or more lifetime sexual partners. (usuhs.edu)
  • This study examined the possible association of RuJu with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among IDUs in Taiwan. (ntnu.edu.tw)
  • Cross-sectional study determining status of HIV infection among fisherfolk ( n = 456) and retrospective review of voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) registry ( n = 1744) were done in Buchosa and Muleba districts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The magnitude of HIV infection among fisherfolk was up to 3 times higher than that of the general populations in Muleba and Buchosa districts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In his thesis work, entitled "The natural history of HTLV-III infection", from 1986, he described the natural history of HIV (first named HTLV-III) based on studies of homosexual men, hemophiliacs, and African populations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Kenya's Ministry of Health has identified key populations that the HIV epidemic disproportionately impacts, including people who inject drugs (PWID), sex workers, and men who have sex with men (MSM). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infected populations are at particular risk for HPV-related cancers. (fredhutch.org)
  • In addition, estimates of self-reported risk for HIV from the Cycle 6 National the size and characteristics of Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) are compared with data from other recent national populations at elevated risk for surveys. (cdc.gov)
  • This study examined the neurocognitive outcomes of children who are HIV-exposed infected (CHEI), HIV-exposed uninfected (CHEU) and HIV-unexposed uninfected (CHUU) and explored the relationship between child neurocognitive outcomes and child's biomedical and caregivers' psychosocial factors. (bvsalud.org)
  • Linear regression models were used to investigate the association between child neurocognitive outcomes and biomedical factors (nutritional status, HIV disease staging) and caregivers' psychosocial factors [symptoms of common mental disorders (CMDs) and parenting behaviour]. (bvsalud.org)
  • CONCLUSIONS: It is not possible to draw conclusions on the clinical effectiveness of non-occupational PEP for HIV because of the limited evidence available. (port.ac.uk)
  • CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest substantial increases in the number of individuals who require treatment and call for early HIV testing. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Methods-- We searched online databases including PubMed and Science-Direct for English language articles published from January 1975 to January 2011 using the search terms "HIV," "perinatal," "child-to-mother" and "breastfeeding. (cdc.gov)
  • Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that estimated founder variant multiplicity in HIV-1 infection, searching MEDLINE, Embase, and Global Health databases for papers published between Jan 1, 1990, and Sept 14, 2020. (ed.ac.uk)
  • These first observations in Gabon highlight the importance of the desire to have children in PLHIV and sero-discordant couples, and they show the level of interest in developing assistance methods for procreation and family planning programs to help this population, as well as to reduce the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission. (openaidsjournal.com)
  • Methods-- Data from the NSFG Cycle 6, conducted by the Centers for Disease immunodeficiency virus or HIV, the Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), are based virus that causes acquired on interviews with a national sample of the household population of the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • HIV risk-reduction interventions must take into consideration the cause of homelessness, access to and participation in shelter services, and individual factors (such as the effects of sexual orientation and ethnicity) that frequently have not been systematically included in previous research. (nau.edu)
  • In France, more than 150,000 people are living with HIV. (terpan.fr)
  • To follow the changes in the epidemy profile, it is necessary to re-read the assistance provided to integral y attend people living with HIV (PHIV) and their loving partnerships(2-3). (bvsalud.org)
  • Despite the psychological and social impact experienced by patients living with HIV documented in the scientific literature, the impact of the infection and questions from serodiscordance stil is little discussed(3). (bvsalud.org)
  • Studies were excluded if they reported data concerning people living with HIV-1 who had known or suspected superinfection, who were documented as having received pre-exposure prophylaxis, or if the transmitting partner was known to be receiving antiretroviral treatment. (ed.ac.uk)
  • 3,302 sexual and/or injecting partners of PWID living with HIV were recruited through assisted partner services and participated in the study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Over the last 20 years we assisted to an increase in the mean age of People Living with HIV and their comorbidities. (oncotarget.com)
  • Considerable progress has been made to prevent transmission of HIV through blood in the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. (who.int)
  • Due to reduced rates of vertical transmission of HIV, there is an increasing population of children born to HIV-infected mothers who remain uninfected. (bvsalud.org)
  • The epidemic has ample scope for further growth if efforts are taken to prevent onward transmission of HIV from drug injectors and the clients of sex workers to their other sex partners. (ijstd.org)
  • STDs increase the risk of transmission of HIV infection causing an immense need to understand the patterns of STDs prevailing in the regions of a country for proper planning and implementation of STD control strategies. (ijstd.org)
  • Plasma viral load is considered as the strongest determinant of sexual transmission of HIV. (benthamscience.com)
  • Blood is a very efficient means of transmitting HIV infection. (who.int)
  • Behavioral health professionals will continue to play a major and significant role in preventing the spread of HIV infection and in caring for those who are infected or affected by HIV. (netce.com)
  • In a later paper he and his group substantiated their findings reporting a highly significant association between number of sexual partners and risk of anal cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Standard testing included HIV testing by clinical staff either at mobile clinics in the community or in facilities. (jmir.org)
  • Clinical characteristics (HIV, hepatitis C, and RuJu) were retrieved from their medical files. (ntnu.edu.tw)
  • Objectives: The objective was to assess the clinical and epidemiological correlates of HPV- seroreactivity in a cohort of HIV-negative and HIV-positive women. (sagepub.com)
  • OBJECTIVES: To review the evidence on the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of non-occupational postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV. (port.ac.uk)
  • RESULTS: One clinical effectiveness study meeting the inclusion criteria was identified, a cohort study of PEP in a high-risk HIV-negative homosexual male cohort in Brazil. (port.ac.uk)
  • and 3) initiate studies examining the characteristics, pathogenesis and clinical consequences of anal HIV variants: by cross sectional analysis of first visit samples. (cancer.gov)
  • Serologic screening for HIV infection was based on an enzyme immunoassay (Murex HIV-1.2.O, Abbott, Rungis, France). (cdc.gov)
  • In men with a median age of 50 years or greater, there was also significantly higher rates of HBV, HCV, and Treponema pallidum consistent with sexual acquisition of HAV in these older persons. (aahivm.org)
  • Prevalence rates of both adolescent homelessness and HIV seropositivity are unknown. (nau.edu)
  • At month 12, the seropositivity rates were still superior to 90% for type 6, 11 ,16, and 72.5% for type 18, meaning that the qHPV vaccine is highly immunogenic. (fredhutch.org)
  • HIV infection is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). (health.am)
  • 5 Testing for HIV is recommended for sexually active and at-risk youth, and should be repeated annually for those at high risk of infection. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) synergize to aggravate the associated morbidity of each other in the human body. (ijstd.org)
  • Including those who were treated for a sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the past year, conducted between March 2002 and 11.9 percent of persons 15-44 years of age--13.0 percent males and 10.8 percent of March 2003 in the homes of 12,571 females--were at risk of HIV in 2002. (cdc.gov)
  • Abstinence is the only absolute way of preventing sexual acquisition of HIV infection. (health.am)
  • BV also increases HIV infection acquisition ( 992 ) because specific BV-associated bacteria can increase susceptibility to HIV ( 993 , 994 ) and the risk for HIV transmission to male sex partners ( 187 ). (cdc.gov)
  • However, the proportion may be 10% or higher in developing countries and also in those countries which import blood and blood products from countries with high HIV prevalence. (who.int)
  • The frequency of seroconversion after transfusion of HIV-infected blood is very high, over 90% [2]. (who.int)
  • Although the rate of HIV seropositivity is not as high for this crack-using subgroup as for the two smaller needle-using subgroups, a greater number of 'women who are HIV positive' are in this primary crack- using subgroup than in all the other subgroups. (arizona.edu)
  • As fisheries become more unified into the National economy and employment of many stakeholders, the chances that mobile fisherfolk become a bridge population linking areas with high HIV transmission and those with low magnifies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • High-risk sexual activities declined over time for both PEP and non-PEP users. (port.ac.uk)
  • We are in the fourth and final year of a study of the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and types of human papillomavirus (HPV), immunosuppression, and risk of development of high grade anal squamous intraepithelial lesions (HGASIL), the anal cancer precursor lesion most closely related to invasive anal cancer (R01CA55488, Nancy Kiviat PI). (cancer.gov)
  • and d) HIV seronegative were much more likely to regress from HGASIL to normal than were HIV seropositive men. (cancer.gov)
  • Of the 476 available samples, respectively 19 (4.0%) had indeterminate HCV serologic results, and 5 (1.1%) had indeterminate HIV serologic results. (cdc.gov)
  • When a couple, heterosexual or homosexual, is establishing a long-term relationship, it may be recommended that they undergo serologic testing to determine their HIV status. (health.am)
  • 0.97), despite the seroconversion to HIV being 1/68 in the PEP group and 10/132 in the group not receiving PEP. (port.ac.uk)
  • Robust data of time from HIV seroconversion to CD4+ cell counts of 200, 350, and 500 cells/mm³ are lacking but are needed to inform health care planners of the likely impact and cost effectiveness of these and possible future changes in CD4+ cell count initiation threshold. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Most importantly, at 7 months, the seroconversion rate (in this case the proportion of vaccinated patients who developed antibodies against a specific type of the virus) was superior to 93% for all four HPV types targeted by the vaccine, similarly to what was observed for HIV-1 infected US girls, or for HIV-1 negative adolescents from Kenya and Ghana. (fredhutch.org)
  • Researchers and practitioners have described strategies 7- 9 used by homosexual men to reduce the risk of HIV transmission during UAI, for example "negotiated safety," 10 which relies on men testing for HIV and engaging in UAI only with partners of the same HIV status as themselves. (bmj.com)
  • Practitioners who seek to prevent HIV in male IDUs should be aware of the RuJu culture. (ntnu.edu.tw)
  • Seropositive individuals who do not disclose their status to sexual partners are often portrayed as dangerous pariahs. (aphapublications.org)
  • Public discourse on this topic is heavily influenced by a few well-publicized cases in which individuals who knew they were HIV positive reportedly infected a series of unsuspecting partners. (aphapublications.org)
  • The likelihood of heterosexual acquired disease increases with a higher number of sexual partners, contact with intravenous drug users (IVDUs), prostitution, sexual practices that damage vaginal or rectal mucosa, and a previous history of other STDs. (health.am)
  • Only 22.6% were married, and only 12% of HIV infected women reported ≥2 sex partners ever. (edu.pe)
  • Both having two or more multiple concurrent sexual partners or not using condoms were variables similarly and highly associated to HIV risk. (jokindeirala.es)
  • Pre-adolescent (age 9-14) girls and boys, infected with HIV-1, were enrolled in the study. (fredhutch.org)
  • We drew participants from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (n = 1421). (aphapublications.org)
  • From December 2010 until June 2012, 1630 participants aged 15-49 getting HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing in a hospital in Kinshasa were selected. (jokindeirala.es)
  • Here we used individual patient data to calculate the probability of multiple founders stratified by route of HIV exposure and study methodology. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Four additional studies were identified giving further information about adverse events associated with PEP after non-occupational exposure to HIV. (port.ac.uk)
  • This study investigated the sexual and occupational exposure of dentists to hepatitis B virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • The risk of HIV transmission varies widely by the type of exposure. (benthamscience.com)
  • Our understanding of HIV prevalence in homosexual men in the United Kingdom relies almost entirely on clinic population samples. (bmj.com)
  • Results: 206 respondents (36%) were HIV positive, 428 (75%) were HCV positive, and 232 (40%) had RuJu beads. (ntnu.edu.tw)
  • The results show that RuJu is highly associated with HIV seropositivity. (ntnu.edu.tw)
  • Delivering HIV test results and messages for re-testing and counselling in adults. (who.int)
  • The results show that the study sample is at sexual and occupational risk of hepatitis B infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • In fact, when new combinations between different HIV-1 subtypes occurs, it results in different Unique Recombinant Forms (URFs), some developed into Circulating Recombinant Forms (CRFs) as propagated in three or more epidemiologically unlinked individuals. (benthamscience.com)
  • HIV simple/rapid essays : operational characteristics (Phase 1). (who.int)
  • HIV simple/rapid assays : operational characteristics (Phase I). Report 12: Simple rapid tests, whole blood specimens. (who.int)
  • HIV assays : operational characteristics (Phase 1). (who.int)
  • HIV assays : operational characteristics. (who.int)
  • The distribution of HIV-1 subtypes in a population tracks the spread and evolution of the epidemic. (cyberleninka.org)
  • How, why, and for whom did women become the primary vulnerable victims of the HIV epidemic? (aphapublications.org)
  • However, the decision to be tested should be of mutual consent and viewed in the context that exposures outside the relationship may lead to seropositivity in the future. (health.am)
  • In several countries, a diverse distribution of HIV-1 subtypes was observed principally reflecting travel-related exogenous exposures. (cyberleninka.org)
  • Antibodies to HIV-I were detected in one woman. (usuhs.edu)
  • All donors underwent the routine Blood Bank screening that includes HBsAg testing, antibodies against HIV 1/2, HCV and HTLV1/2, VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) test, along with Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) for HBV, HCV, and HIV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There was only one additional sample which tested positive for anti-HHV-8 antibodies from one Greek male donor, who tested positive for HIV (both with Elisa and NAT) and thus was excluded from the study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therapeutic alternatives, especially antiretroviral drugs, have been tested and approved and are providing benefit to many who are HIV-infected. (netce.com)
  • serum separated and screened with ELISA tests for detection of anti-HIV, hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In France, between 30,000 and 40,000 people infected with HIV are unaware of their seropositivity. (terpan.fr)
  • Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and the possibility of rebuilding personal projects, including affectionate relationships with negative serology people, cal ed serodiscordant couples(1). (bvsalud.org)
  • Decrypting biological hallmarks of aging in people with HIV. (rtrn.net)
  • In 2007, approximately 33 million people worldwide were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • It isolates people from the community and affects the overall quality of life of HIV patients [ 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • HIV can be transmitted through semen, blood, vaginal secretions and even breast milk. (terpan.fr)
  • Multivariate analyses identified ethnicity and a reactive rapid plasma reagin as the best predictors of anti-HBc seropositivity. (usuhs.edu)
  • To be serodiscordant means a possibility of the human being to exist as being-in-the-world as a sexual- affective partner of another person with a serology distinct than yours. (bvsalud.org)
  • [1] Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a major cause of illness, long-term disability, and death, with severe medical and psychological consequences for millions of men and women. (ijstd.org)
  • The human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 and HIV-2 are members of the family Retrovidae, subfamily Lentiviruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • HIV-1 originated from the human-Chimp contact and the HIV-2 contact with the mangabeyfugilento¹. (bvsalud.org)
  • EDR participated in discussion of the findings, contributed subject matter expertise regarding global pediatric and perinatal HIV, and assisted in manuscript editing. (cdc.gov)
  • The proportion of blood donors having at least one viral-TTI was 12.6% while the magnitudes of HIV, HBV, and HCV were 2.6, 5.8 and 4.2%, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To comprehend the serodiscordance and individual HIV vulnerability in being-with-another serodiscordant relationships. (bvsalud.org)
  • Therefore, the objective was to comprehend the serodiscordance and individual HIV vulnerability in the relationships being-with-another serodiscordant in the light of the Hermeneutic Phenomenology of Heidegger. (bvsalud.org)
  • According to this paradigm, women are susceptible to HIV because of biological differences in susceptibility, reduced sexual autonomy, and men's sexual power and privilege. (aphapublications.org)
  • Approximately three quarters (76%) of respondents had ever tested for HIV infection within past 1 year. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most (11, 55%) of respondents reported an impact on their lives after the discovery of HIV seropositivity, usually in social life (friends, family and health services). (bvsalud.org)