Sex differentiation. Medical search. Frequent questions

The histological process of gonadal differentiation, together with the endocrine changes of sex steroid hormones and some of their precursors, was studied in hatchery-produced greater amberjack Seriola dumerili from 101 until 408 days post-hatching (dph), with samplings conducted every 50 days. (springer.com)
From the seven hormones, the only one that exhibited differences between the sexes was 11-KT and the plasma 11-KT concentration was found to be a useful indication of greater amberjack sex. (springer.com)
Aoki R, Chuda H, Washio Y, Masuma S, Kato K (2019) Sex discrimination of cultured greater amberjack Seriola dumerili using steroid hormones. (springer.com)
The early stages of human differentiation appear to be quite similar to the same biological processes in other mammals and the interaction of genes, hormones and body structures is fairly well understood. (wikipedia.org)
Transplacental and lactogenic exposure of fetus and neonate to exogenous hormones and endocrine disrupters can cause a range of abnormalities of the reproductive system including sex differentiation and sex maturation. (diethylstilbestrol.co.uk)
Disorders of sex differentiation caused by exogenous hormones, US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, Japanese journal of clinical medicine, NCBI PubMed PMID: 14968549 , 2004 Feb. (diethylstilbestrol.co.uk)
They are the primary female sex hormones. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Examples of steroids include the dietary fat cholesterol, the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone.The core. (absoluteastronomy.com)
2009). These effects include changes in the concentration and ratios of sex steroid hormones (Landry et al. (researchgate.net)
Two biological factors are important for understanding sex differences: sex hormones and sex chromosome effects ( McCarthy and Arnold, 2011 ). (jneurosci.org)
In 1947, Carl Richard Moore, a researcher at the University of Chicago, in Chicago, Illinois, wrote Embryonic Sex Differentiation and Sex Hormones, which was published in the same year as a first-edition monograph. (asu.edu)
In the book, Moore argues that regulation of sex differentiation in mammals is not controlled by sex hormones secreted by embryonic sex organs (gonads), but is controlled by non-hormonal genetic factors. (asu.edu)
The book also examines controversy around research in this area, including assessing bias in interpretation, whether prenatal hormones affect human sexual orientation and gendered behavior, and the dangers of neglecting sex differences when planning experiments or assessing pharmacological treatments. (cshlpress.com)
During embrionary development, the gonads, through discharge of a small quantity of reproductive hormones, will guarantee the phenotype of male or female at birth, as well as actuate in specific areas sexual differentiation of the central nervous system. (unesp.br)

Sex chromosomes in vertebrates range from highly heteromorphic (as in most birds and mammals) to strictly homomorphic (as in many fishes, amphibians, and non-avian reptiles). (datadryad.org)
Y-specific Dmrt1 haplotypes cluster into two main haplogroups, Y A and Y B , with a phylogeographic signal that parallels mtDNA haplotypes: Y A populations, with mostly well-differentiated sex chromosomes, occur primarily south of the main alpine ridge that bisects Switzerland, while Y B populations, with mostly undifferentiated (proto-)sex chromosomes, occur north of this ridge. (datadryad.org)
Humans have forty-six chromosomes, including two sex chromosomes, XX in females and XY in males. (wikipedia.org)
There have been multiple transitions between environmental and genetic sex determination systems in reptiles over time, and recent studies have shown that temperature can sometimes override sex determination via chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Once recombination is halted between the X and Y chromosomes, sex chromosomes begin to differentiate and transition to heteromorphism. (kent.ac.uk)
The sex chromosomes in P. reticulata and P. wingei are largely homomorphic, with recombination in the former persisting over a substantial fraction. (kent.ac.uk)
However, the sex chromosomes in P. picta are completely nonrecombining and strikingly heteromorphic. (kent.ac.uk)
Contrary to classic theory prediction, sex-chromosome homomorphy is prevalent in the animal kingdom but it is unclear how ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes avoid chromosome-scale degeneration. (nature.com)
Molluscs constitute the second largest, Precambrian-originated animal phylum and have ancient, uncharacterized homomorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Here, we profile eight genomes of the bivalve mollusc family of Pectinidae in a phylogenetic context and show 350 million years sex-chromosome homomorphy, which is the oldest known sex-chromosome homomorphy in the animal kingdom, far exceeding the ages of well-known heteromorphic sex chromosomes such as 130-200 million years in mammals, birds and flies. (nature.com)
The long-term undifferentiation of molluscan sex chromosomes is potentially sustained by the unexpected intertwined regulation of reversible sex-biased genes, together with the lack of sexual dimorphism and occasional sex chromosome turnover. (nature.com)
The pleiotropic constraint of regulation of reversible sex-biased genes is widely present in ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes and might be resolved in heteromorphic sex chromosomes through gene duplication followed by subfunctionalization. (nature.com)
The evolutionary dynamics of sex chromosomes suggest a mechanism for 'inheritance' turnover of sex-determining genes that is mediated by translocation of a sex-determining enhancer. (nature.com)
On the basis of these findings, we propose an evolutionary model for the long-term preservation of homomorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Fig. 1: Phylogeny-scale profiling of scallop sexual systems and sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Fig. 3: Turnover and macroevolution of scallop sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Charlesworth, B. The evolution of sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Jablonka, E. & Lamb, M. J. The evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Daish, T. & Grützner, F. Evolution and meiotic organization of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Sex chromosomes also exert an important additional influence on sexual differentiation. (jneurosci.org)
Within the spectrum of DSD, there are varying degrees of discordant genitalia to sex chromosomes. (medscape.com)

Primary gonochorism, without an intersex phase, follows classical pathways of genetic sex determination, but can still be later influenced by the environment. (wikipedia.org)
Despite rapid advances in understanding sexual differentiation and increased accuracy of diagnosis, the clinical management of intersex has changed little. (bmj.com)
5 When intersex is recognised in infancy, doctors decide if the child with an intersex condition is to be raised as a boy or a girl and they recommend surgical and hormonal treatment to reinforce the sex of rearing. (bmj.com)
In the 1950s-70s, John Money gained widespread acclaim for work analysing differentiation of gender identity with intersex subjects. (bmj.com)

Disorders of sex differentiation, also known as disorders of sexual development or DSD, are conditions in which the sexual development that occurs during fetal growth does not happen as it should. (choc.org)

Rey R. Anti-Mullerian hormone in disorders of sex determination and differentiation. (medlineplus.gov)
SOX9 has a role in sex determination and differentiation of Sertoli cells. (thermofisher.com)

Bertho S et al (2018) The unusual rainbow trout sex determination gene hijacked the canonical vertebrate gonadal differentiation pathway. (springer.com)
In castrated fetuses, irrespective of genetic or gonadal sex, the reproductive tract differentiates according to the female pattern. (endotext.org)
In fish, due to the fact that modes of reproduction range from gonochorism (distinct sexes) to self-fertilizing hermaphroditism (where one organism has functioning gonadal features of multiple sexes), sexual differentiation is complex. (wikipedia.org)
Disorders/differences in sex development (DSD) are defined as congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal or anatomical sex is atypical. (eurospe.org)
Other types of X-Y translocations associated with anomalies of sex differentiation include Xp-Yq translocations, which result in a functional disomy of Xp sequences including the DSS locus and are associated with 46,XY complete or partial gonadal dysgenesis. (pasteur.fr)
Gonadal Sex Differentiation and Ovarian Organogenesis along the Cortical-Medullary Axis in Mammals. (nih.gov)
Afecciones congénitas de los organismos gonocóricos en las que el desarrollo del sexo cromosómico, gonadal, o anatómico es atípico. (bvsalud.org)
In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. (bvsalud.org)

Figure 2: Expected relationship between changing sex ratios (Δ) and the rate of climate change combined with population generation time. (nature.com)

A gene in the sex-determining region of the short arm of the Y, now referred to as SRY, has been found to direct production of a protein, testis determining factor, which binds to DNA, inducing differentiation of cells derived from the genital ridges into testes. (wikipedia.org)

Published August 14, 2013 at 1181 × 772 in Sexual Differentiation . (endotext.org)
Sexual differentiation is the process of development of the sex differences between males and females from an undifferentiated zygote. (wikipedia.org)
Sexual differentiation in humans includes development of different genitalia and the internal genital tracts, breasts, body hair, and plays a role in gender identification. (wikipedia.org)
better source needed] The development of sexual differences begins with the XY sex-determination system that is present in humans, and complex mechanisms are responsible for the development of the phenotypic differences between male and female humans from an undifferentiated zygote. (wikipedia.org)
At the Disorders of Sexual Differentiation Program, our team of specialists in pediatric endocrinology , genetics , social work , urology and psychology work with families to create the most ideal outcomes for their children. (choc.org)
Our Disorders of Sexual Differentiation Program team has been on the forefront of research in this area. (choc.org)
When a child's genitalia appears atypical at birth, the CHOC Center Urology Center Disorders of Sexual Differentiation Program team immediately becomes part of the child's care. (choc.org)
What are disorders of sexual differentiation? (choc.org)
The origin of dioecy is commonly associated with the evolution of sexual dimorphism in secondary sex characteristics (differences between the sexes in characteristics that do not involve sexual organs). (nature.com)
Despite the lack of morphological differences between ambra1a −/− and ambra1b −/− fish lines, ambra1b homozygous mutants develop exclusively as males following the achievement of sexual maturity, whereas heterozygous adult ambra1b +/− and ambra1a mutants do not display sex ratio alterations [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Considering the different effects of ambra1a and ambra1b on sexual differentiation, we decided to investigate the role of Ambra1 in this process. (biomedcentral.com)
It provides a detailed description of the sexual differentiation process and the medical conditions leading to ambiguous sexual features that affect millions of people. (ssrn.com)
partially regulates sexual differentiation and sex determination in P. falciparum . (news-medical.net)
We can now target specific lncRNAs to stop P. falciparum 's life cycle progression, including sexual differentiation. (news-medical.net)
Our findings bring new insight into the role of lncRNAs in P. falciparum 's capacity to cause malaria, gene regulation, and sexual differentiation,' said Le Roch, who directs UCR's Center for Infectious Disease and Vector Research. (news-medical.net)
This can open up new avenues for targeted approaches towards therapeutic strategies against P. falciparum that are aimed at stopping the parasite's life cycle progression and its sexual differentiation and blocking the transmission of the parasite into mosquitoes. (news-medical.net)
The so-called endocrine disruptors have been described as compounds which interfere with the estrogen action in their receptors and may exert a crucial role in the development of the reproductive tract and in the brain sexual differentiation. (unesp.br)
Several experimental models have shown an interference of drugs acting as endocrine disruptors in hypothalamic sexual differentiation. (unesp.br)
In addition, this study will also examine the status of both male and female gonads near the mid-embryonic stage (12 days of incubation) to determine whether any adverse effects on the development and sexual differentiation of the gonad can be induced following a longer term exposure to carbaryl. (cdc.gov)

The development and features of external genitalia of these fetuses as well as their sex differentiation were then examined. (ac.ir)
Results showed that considering the development of the external genitalia, external sex differentiation occurs at 31 mm CRL in male fetuses and at 33 mm CRL in female fetuses. (ac.ir)
Atypical genitalia may make determining the child's sex more difficult. (choc.org)
An Emerging Ethical and Medical Dilemma: Should Physicians Perform Sex Assignment Surgery on Infants with Ambiguous Genitalia? (ssrn.com)
Its description, characteristic features, distribution, measurements and photographs of genitalia and general habitus of both sexes are presented. (bioone.org)

Both, female and male spawners, contributed to the different sex ratios in temperature treated groups.Taking the initially obtained results as a base, further investigations were conducted concerning the heritability of thermo-sensitivity during sex differentiation in the form of a selection experiment. (uni-goettingen.de)
Sex differentiation is critically dependent on the normal action of androgens and can be disturbed by unbalanced androgen/estrogen ratios. (diethylstilbestrol.co.uk)
Data suggest that males will generally be less sensitive to increased aridity than co-occurring females and, consequently, extreme male-biased sex ratios are possible in a significant number of populations. (nature.com)
The effects of male-biased sex ratios are likely to cascade to dependent community members, especially those that are specialized on one sex. (nature.com)

Anastasiadi D, Vandeputte M, Sánchez-Baizán N, Allal F, Piferrer F (2018) Dynamic epimarks in sex-related genes predict gonad phenotype in the European sea bass, a fish with mixed genetic and environmental sex determination. (springer.com)
Genetic data is from 3 panels of microsatellites on Chr01, inside and outside the candidate sex-determining gene ( Dmrt1 ). (datadryad.org)
Beginning with determination of sex by genetic and/or environmental factors, humans and other organisms proceed down different pathways of differentiation as they grow and develop. (wikipedia.org)
Environmental sex determination refers to the determination (and then differentiation) of sex via non-genetic cues like social factors, temperature, and available nutrients. (wikipedia.org)

Our results offer important insight into the initial stages of sex chromosome evolution and dosage compensation. (kent.ac.uk)

In many species, testicular or ovarian differentiation begins with appearance of Sertoli cells in males and granulosa cells in females. (wikipedia.org)
Disruptions to sex determining genes and transcription factors, or XX chromosome complement, typically leads to failure of Sertoli cell development. (eurospe.org)

Reproduction in domestic animals, as a major source of food and other products for human, has great importance and study of related subjects including sex differentiation and gonadogenesis during fetal life can solve many questions on normal development and various disorders of urogenital system. (ac.ir)

Thus, a major gap remains in understanding the mechanisms contributing to sex differences in the human brain. (jneurosci.org)

Banh QQ, Domingos JA, Zenger KR, Jerry DR (2017) Morphological changes and regulation of the genes dmrt1 and cyp11b during the sex differentiation of barramundi ( Lates calcarifer Bloch). (springer.com)
The first genes involved in the cascade of differentiation can differ between taxa and even between closely related species. (wikipedia.org)

Methods Pathways governing airway mucus cell differentiation include SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2), Notch, forkhead box A3(FOXA3)/SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the EGF-related neuregulins NRG1α and NRG1β. (bmj.com)
In this work, pathways governing mucus cell differentiation were investigated in lung tissues from patients with IPF and other chronic pulmonary disorders. (bmj.com)
Neuregulin1α, which drives mucus cell differentiation in vitro, was expressed in normal airway submucosal glands and in lungs from patients with IPF. (bmj.com)

In externally indifferentiated fetuses, the cranial half of the body was cut away at the diaphragmatic level and serial sections, 6-micron thick, were prepared and the ovarian and testicular differentiation was studied. (ac.ir)

In view of these rather inconsistent findings, it appeared necessary, not to immediately further examine the effect of carbaryl on the reproductive system of the adult organism, but rather to ascertain the role of this agent on critical stages in the embryological development of this system during the period of primordial germ cell (PGC) migration and mid-way in embryonic development following sex differentiation. (cdc.gov)

The differentiation of other parts of the body than the sex organ creates the secondary sex characteristics. (wikipedia.org)

sex determination is the designation for the development stage towards either male or female, while sex differentiation is the pathway towards the development of the phenotype. (wikipedia.org)

Abnormalities of sex differentiation. (bvsalud.org)

In nonhuman species, testosterone is known to have permanent organizing effects early in life that predict later expression of sex differences in brain and behavior. (jneurosci.org)

The pursued approach to influence the sex differentiation in rainbow trout is based on the modification of the rearing temperature post hatching, during the early alevin stage. (uni-goettingen.de)
The results indicated that the rearing temperature during the early alevin stage in rainbow trout can influence the sex ratio. (uni-goettingen.de)

3-Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3BHSD) deficiency is a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia that results in decreased production of all three groups of adrenal steroids: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids. (medscape.com)

For example: in zebrafish the first known gene to induce male differentiation is the amh gene, in tilapia it is tDmrt1, and in southern catfish it is foxl2. (wikipedia.org)

Humans, many mammals, insects and other animals have an XY sex-determination system. (wikipedia.org)

The Y-haplotype effect might result from differences in the penetrance of alleles at the sex-determining locus (such that sex reversal and ensuing X-Y recombination are more frequent in Y B populations), and/or fixation of an inversion on Y A (as supported by the empirical observation that Y A haplotypes might not recombine in XY A females). (datadryad.org)

By investigating 92 common-frog populations from a wide range of elevations throughout Switzerland, we show that sex-chromosome differentiation strongly correlates with alleles at the candidate sex-determining gene Dmrt1 . (datadryad.org)

While there is a remarkable variation across clades in the degree of sex chromosome divergence, far less is known about the variation in sex chromosome differentiation within clades. (kent.ac.uk)
Fig. 5: Divergence of sex chromosome and rSBG duplication across animal groups. (nature.com)
We assessed the extent of differentiation in mitochondrial control region sequences and morphometrics among colonies of each species to test mechanisms of divergence. (marineornithology.org)

Tissue-specific developmental regulation and isoform usage underlie the role of in sex differentiation and mimicry in swallowtails. (ncbs.res.in)

No size dimorphism was observed between the sexes, and the sex ratio was 1:1, suggesting that there was no influence of early rearing in captivity on sex differentiation. (springer.com)
They were subjected to sexing after a rearing time of approximately 8 months in order to determine macroscopically or microscopically the sex ratio of the group. (uni-goettingen.de)

Dioecious species may be especially vulnerable to climate change given that they often exhibit spatial segregation of the sexes, reinforced by physiological and morphological specialization of each sex to different microhabitats. (nature.com)
Due to the distinctive habit of forming a cocoon within the shrunken larval body of the host, cocoons of both sexes of the icheneumonid wasp, Hyposoter ebeninus , displayed morphological similarities. (bioone.org)

The authors sought to identify mechanisms driving the differentiation of mucus cells during the bronchiolisation process. (bmj.com)
It includes contributions covering epigenetic mechanisms in the brain, neuroendocrine responses to stress, and the evolution of "reversed" sex differences in the behavior of spotted hyenas, as well as studies of how sex differences may affect circadian rhythms, immune disorders, and depression. (cshlpress.com)
A test of mechanisms of population differentiation in gannets ( Morus spp. (marineornithology.org)

Baroiller J-F, Guiguen Y, Fostier A (1999) Endocrine and environmental aspects of sex differentiation in fish. (springer.com)
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the environment are known to affect sex differentiation of amphibians during development. (amphibiaweb.org)

Histological processing showed that sex differentiation began at 101 dph with the formation of the ovarian cavity in females, while the presumptive males did not yet contain any germ cells in their gonad. (springer.com)
Ovarian tissue differentiation occurs at 38 mm CRL with establishment of cortical and medullary regions. (ac.ir)

Various processes are involved in the development of sex differences in humans. (wikipedia.org)

In the first weeks of gestation, a fetus has no anatomic or hormonal sex, and only a karyotype distinguishes male from female. (wikipedia.org)

2020 ) 10,000 social brains: Sex differentiation in human brain anatomy. (neurotree.org)

Despite the shared ancestry, we uncovered an extreme heterogeneity across these species in the proportion of the sex chromosome with suppressed recombination, and the degree of Y chromosome decay. (kent.ac.uk)

Finally, it uses the lens of therapeutic jurisprudence to critique the cases that have established a person's legal sex based upon inappropriate criteria. (ssrn.com)
It is thus a vital reference both for biologists in the field and for translational researchers developing therapeutic approaches that may be affected by underlying sex differences. (cshlpress.com)

Plasma concentrations of adrenosterone (Ad), androstenedione (Δ4), 11-ketotestosterone (11ΚΤ), testosterone (Τ), estradiol (Ε 2 ), progesterone (P4) and 17,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20βP) were measured in males and females with the use of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to examine their role in the sex differentiation process. (springer.com)

In transgenic XX mice (and some human XX males), SRY alone is sufficient to induce male differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
Synthesis:Androstenedione is the common precursor of male and female sex. (absoluteastronomy.com)
The AMH gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in male sex differentiation. (medlineplus.gov)
This article explores how the law has defined and should define the terms male, female, and sex. (ssrn.com)
The Interviewer Observations data files also contain quarter of interview and a variable for sex of the respondent, allowing differentiation by data release and by male/female, within each four-year file. (cdc.gov)

In some species, such as the hermaphroditic clownfish, sex differentiation can occur more than once as a response to different environmental cues, offering an example of how sex differentiation does not always follow a typical linear path. (wikipedia.org)

Reasons for these contrasted evolutionary trajectories remain unclear, but species such as common frogs with polymorphism in the extent of sex-chromosome differentiation may potentially deliver important clues. (datadryad.org)

Microscopic studies suggested that testicular tissue differentiation occurs at 23 mm CRL with formation of tunica albuginea and medullary cords. (ac.ir)

Understanding disorders/differences of sex development (DSD) can be difficult for families partly due to their complexity and relatively low prevalence. (eurospe.org)
Background: Disorders of sex development (DSD) may be associated with adverse psychosocial and psychosexual outcomes in adults. (eurospe.org)
Courtesy of Cureus [De Jesus Escano MR, Mejia Sang ME, Reyes-Mugica M, Colaco M, Fox J. Ovotesticular Disorder of Sex Development: Approach and Management of an Index Case in the Dominican Republic. (medscape.com)
Online at https://www.cureus.com/articles/70052-ovotesticular-disorder-of-sex-development-approach-and-management-of-an-index-case-in-the-dominican-republic]. (medscape.com)

The differentiation of sex is complex with multiple opportunities for variation. (freethoughtblogs.com)

Elevation has only a marginal effect, opposing previous suggestions of a major role for climate on sex-chromosome differentiation. (datadryad.org)

It proposes that legal institutions adopt a more flexible approach to determining a person's legal sex that emphasizes the importance of gender self-identification. (ssrn.com)

Anatomy24

Organisms8

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs20

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes26

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Hormones14

Chromosomes21

Intersex4

Disorders of sexual d1

Determination and differentiation2

Gonadal8

Changing sex ratios1

Testes1

Sexual19

Genitalia5

Ratios4

Genetic4

Chromosome evolution1

Sertoli2

Fetal1

Differences in the human1

Genes2

Cell differentiation3

Fetuses1

Embryonic1

Secondary sex characteris1

Phenotype1

Abnormalities1

Nonhuman1

Rainbow trout2

Steroids1

Zebrafish1

Mammals1

Reversal1

Dmrt11

Divergence3

Regulation1

Ratio2

Morphological2

Mechanisms3

Endocrine2

Ovarian2

Processes1

Hormonal1

20201

Recombination1

Therapeutic2

Females1

Male5

Occur1

Potentially1

Occurs1

Development4

Variation1

Role1

Approach1