Sex chromosome abnormalities. Medical search. Frequent questions

These men could be diagnosed[clarification needed] with infertility as a result of oligospermia or sperm chromosomal abnormalities. (wikipedia.org)
BACKGROUND: Chromosomal abnormalities contribute substantially to reproductive problems, but the role of environmental risk factors has received little attention. (cdc.gov)
Six different chromosome activites introduce biology aces to heredity, chromosomal abnormalities, sex-linked traits, and the human genome. (lessonplanet.com)
This has been shown for intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and ICSI, and increased incidences of chromosomal abnormalities, minor and major birth defects, or early childhood cancers, particularly in the male offspring, have been linked to these procedures [ 8 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
Turner syndrome, one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities, occurs when there is a complete or partial absence of one sex chromosome in a female. (gponline.com)
It was this idea that led Sequenom , Inc. to develop a test to identify certain chromosomal abnormalities - specifically Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome and Patau syndrome, all of which involve an extra copy of a non-sex chromosome. (browndailyherald.com)
Disorders of sexual development (DSD), formerly termed 'intersex', are congenital abnormalities in the development of chromosomal (abnormalities in XX or XY sex chromosome number or structure), gonadal (testicular, ovarian and ovotesticular DSD, previously termed true hermaphrodite, or dysgenesis) or phenotypic (male or female with abnormalities of tubular and external genitalia) sex. (scielo.org.za)
Of all the chromosomal abnormalities that result in spontaneous abortion or miscarriage, Turner's syndrome is the most common, accounting for about 20 percent of all miscarriages. (encyclopedia.com)
Other intersex individuals may have genetically inherited chromosomal abnormalities such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which may result in masculinization of the genitals in people born with XX chromosomes, or androgen insensitivity syndrome, when the body doesn't respond to testosterone and a person has XY chromosomes and feminized genitalia. (mentalfloss.com)
Clinical utility of expanded NIPT for chromosomal abnormalities and etiology analysis of cytogenetic discrepancies cases. (cdc.gov)

There are 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes (called nonsex chromosomes, numbered chromosomes, or autosomal chromosomes) and one pair of sex chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
In Boston, USA 55% of 47,XYY boys (6 of 11) identified in a newborn screening program had learning difficulties and received part-time resource room help compared to 11% (1 of 9) in an above-average-IQ control group of 46,XY boys with familial balanced autosomal chromosome translocations. (wikipedia.org)
Barasc H, Mary N, Letron R, Calgaro A, Dudez AM, et al: Y-autosome translocation Interferes with meiotic sex inactivation and expression of autosomal genes: a case study in the pig. (karger.com)
It is determined by the autosomal dominant familial polyposis coli gene (APC) on chromosome 5 . (wikipedia.org)
The Y-linked sex determining gene SRY regulates this process by initiating a pathway of gene and protein expression, including the expression of critical autosomal genes such as SOX9 . (plos.org)
Our data indicate, for the first time, a requirement for MAPK signaling in the developing XY gonad in order to facilitate normal expression of SRY and the downstream testis-determining genes and also suggest that reduced dosage of MAP3K4 may be the cause of a previously described autosomal sex-reversing mutation in the mouse. (plos.org)

In contrast to the other common sex chromosome aneuploidies-47,XXX and 47,XXY (Klinefelter syndrome)-the average of the IQ scores of 47,XYY boys identified by newborn screening programs was not reduced compared to the general population. (wikipedia.org)
In 1959, these men with Klinefelter syndrome were discovered to have an extra X chromosome (genotype XXY) instead of the usual male sex complement (genotype XY). (medscape.com)
Whether the morbidity associated with Klinefelter syndrome is a result of hypogonadism and hyperestrogenism or due to abnormal function of X chromosome linked genes is unclear. (medscape.com)

Testing for chromosome and gene abnormalities Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a person's genes. (msdmanuals.com)
The increased gene dosage of three X/Y chromosome pseudoautosomal region (PAR1) SHOX genes has been postulated as a cause of the increased stature seen in all three sex chromosome trisomies: 47,XXX, 47,XXY, and 47,XYY. (wikipedia.org)
Lighter bands on chromosomes called euchromatin where genes are expressed. (mindmeister.com)
PWS occurs due to abnormalities affecting certain genes in the proximal long arm of chromosome 15 when deleted from the father's chromosome 15 and hence referred to as a genomic imprinting disorder which depends on the sex of the parent donating the chromosome leading to the chromosome defect in the child. (rarediseases.org)
For the first time, they were able to show that the MSL complex also controls essential developmental genes on other chromosomes. (mpg.de)
It has to be ensured that genes on these chromosomes are read equally to generate the same amount of output. (mpg.de)
While females have two X chromosomes in their somatic cells, males possess only one X and one copy of the Y chromosome, which contains only very few genes. (mpg.de)
In the early embryonic development of a female mammal, one of the two X chromosomes is inactivated so that its genes are not read twice as often as in males. (mpg.de)
Flies do the opposite: if they are male, the genes on their X chromosome are read twice as much as in females. (mpg.de)
But instead of up-regulating the transcription of one entire X chromosome with several hundred genes, here it only targets individual genes. (mpg.de)
A University of Connecticut team found that cloned cows had flaws in nine out of 10 genes studied on their X chromosome-one of the two sex chromosomes that determine a mammal's sex. (lifesitenews.com)
Overview of Chromosome and Gene Disorders Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a person's genes. (merckmanuals.com)
The X chromosome carries genes that play roles in many body systems, including testis function, brain development, and growth. (medscape.com)

Due to chromosome aneuploidy, KS children undergo a progressive testicular impairment leading to spermatogenic failure and infertility (Foresta et al. (springer.com)
If not, in phenomena such as Haploinsufficiency, aneuploidy or other forms of chromosome abnormality, these gene dosage alterations can cause severe defects ultimately resulting in developmental failures and disease. (mpg.de)
The Clinical Application and Accuracy Evaluation of Noninvasive Prenatal Testing for Common Trisomy and Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy. (cdc.gov)

Structural abnormalities occur in approximately 3% of live births, and congenital abnormalities account for 20-25% of perinatal deaths. (medscape.com)
In Down''s syndrome, which occurs more frequently in older mothers, an extra chromosome 21 is present which can give rise to congenital abnormalities and learning difficulties later on. (pregnancyquestionsandanswers.com)

In most cases, males with X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta experience more severe dental abnormalities than females with this form of this condition. (medlineplus.gov)
The formation of the sex in mammals and other species is controlled by two special chromosomes - X and Y. Females have two X chromosomes, whereas males possess one X chromosome and the much smaller Y chromosome. (mpg.de)
They studied how exactly a group of proteins and non-coding RNAs, namely the MSL complex increases the gene expression of the single X chromosome in male flies to achieve the same dosage as XX females. (mpg.de)
Normal females carry two X sex chromosomes (XX) - and can have both orange and black. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
Third place $150,000 were awarded to Isani Singh, 18, for her work on women with Turner Syndrome, a genetic abnormality that affects development in females, in which the second sex chromosome is missing. (zmescience.com)
Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome . (encyclopedia.com)
The females in such organisms are homomorphic having the XX chromosomes while the males are heteromorphic and possess the XY chromosomes. (vedantu.com)
So females form only one type of gametes (i.e. the gametes have only X chromosome) while the males form two types of gametes called angiosperms (22 + X) and gymnosperms (22 + Y). So only a mother can produce an abnormal gamete with XX chromosomes as the gamete produced by father can have only one X chromosome. (vedantu.com)
It only occurs in females and is the most common sex chromosome abnormality in females. (bvsalud.org)

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) Down syndrome is a chromosome disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21 that results in intellectual disability and physical abnormalities. (msdmanuals.com)
Down syndrome is caused by an extra chromosome 21. (msdmanuals.com)

Sex chromosome abnormalities may be caused by full or partial deletions or duplications of sex chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
We have used comparative genomic hybridisation to analyse 19 constitutional chromosome abnormalities detected by G band analysis, including seven deletions, five supernumerary marker chromosomes, two interstitial duplications, and five chromosomes presenting with abnormal terminal banding patterns. (bmj.com)
CGH appears to be a useful adjunct tool for either confirming deletions or defining their breakpoints and for determining the origin of extra chromosomal material, even in cases where abnormalities are judged to be subtle. (bmj.com)
TRPS2 is due to the absence of genetic material (chromosomal deletions) on chromosome 8, which often includes the TRPS1 gene and EXT1 gene. (nih.gov)

occur when a person is missing a whole sex chromosome (called monosomy) or has an extra sex chromosome (one extra is trisomy). (msdmanuals.com)
For example, girls who have an extra sex chromosome (an extra X) often appear normal physically and mentally and are fertile. (msdmanuals.com)
The major consequences of the extra sex chromosome, usually acquired through an error of nondisjunction during parental gametogenesis, include hypogonadism, gynecomastia, and psychosocial problems. (medscape.com)

It is a condition characterized by monosomy of the X chromosome and complete or partial absence of the second sex chromosome 1 . (bvsalud.org)

Turner Syndrome Turner syndrome is a sex chromosome abnormality in which girls are born with one of their two X chromosomes partially or completely missing. (msdmanuals.com)
XYY syndrome, also known as Jacobs syndrome, is an aneuploid genetic condition in which a male has an extra Y chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
The only significantly raised risks of cancer incidence or mortality in the cohort were for lung cancer and breast cancer in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome with a 47,XXY constitution, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in men with more than three sex chromosomes. (ox.ac.uk)
Trisomy 21 → gain of an extra chromosome 21, results in Down's syndrome. (mindmeister.com)
DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Turner syndrome (TS) is the most common genetic problem effecting women, with an incidence of 1 in 1,500 to 2,000 live female births and occurs when an entire, or portions of an X-chromosome is deleted. (sbir.gov)
Approximately 3 to 10 percent of the cell-free DNA in a mother's blood belongs to her baby, and these fetal blueprints are enough to determine if the baby has the wrong number of certain chromosomes-the cause of some inherited diseases, including Down syndrome. (the-scientist.com)
After a wave of impressive clinical trial data, the company launched MaterniT21 in October 2011, which tests for trisomy 21, trisomy 18 (Edward's syndrome), trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome), and determines the sex of the fetus. (the-scientist.com)
A fourth company, Natera, also in Redwood City, is preparing to unveil its test, Panorama, which uses a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based sequencing method to detect the same trisomies, with the addition of sex aneuploidies, which cause diseases such as Turners syndrome (X0). (the-scientist.com)
What Chromosome Is Turner Syndrome Found On? (medicinenet.com)
In girls with Turner syndrome, one of the X chromosomes is missing, partially missing, or modified. (medicinenet.com)
Gardner syndrome is caused by mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC gene), located in chromosome 5q21 (band q21 on chromosome 5). (wikipedia.org)
The incidence of the syndrome is 1:14,025 with an equal sex distribution. (wikipedia.org)
It is analysed for chromosome abnormalities (trisomies - Down's syndrome, Edwards' syndrome, Patau syndrome and triploidy), microdeletions (e.g. cat scream syndrome, Angelman syndrome) and sex chromosome abnormalities (e.g. (cbdmp.org)
Thus, most people with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46. (merckmanuals.com)
About 3% of people with Down syndrome have 46 chromosomes, but the extra chromosome 21 is incorrectly joined with another chromosome (called translocation), creating an abnormal, but not extra, chromosome. (merckmanuals.com)
Adapting a lab protocol, Singh was able to provide evidence that Turner Syndrome sufferers do have some cells with two X chromosomes. (zmescience.com)
The defect occurs in the 47th chromosome so it is also called 47, triple X syndrome. (vedantu.com)

The most common trisomy in a newborn is trisomy 21 (three copies of chromosome 21, which is the smallest human chromosome). (merckmanuals.com)

A condition is considered X-linked if the mutated gene that causes the disorder is located on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)
In flies, the MSL complex has emerged as a molecular balancing mechanism to ensure the same amount of gene output in both sexes. (mpg.de)
We always wondered how dosage compensation as a process to equalize gene expression of one entire chromosome could arise in the evolution of these insects," explains Asifa Akhtar the main motivation of the study. (mpg.de)
For a genetically normal cat to have both red and black coat colors, it must have two X sex chromosomes: one to carry an orange gene, and one to carry a non-orange gene. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
In XY males, the activation of the sex-determining region Y chromosome gene (SRY) initiates testis development. (scielo.org.za)
Sex determination in mammals is controlled by the presence or absence of the Y-linked gene SRY . (plos.org)
In the developing male (XY) gonad, sex-determining region of the Y (SRY) protein acts to up-regulate expression of the related gene, SOX9 , a transcriptional regulator that in turn initiates a downstream pathway of testis development, whilst also suppressing ovary development. (plos.org)
Analysis of embryonic XY gonads suggests that sex reversal is caused by delayed and reduced expression of the sex-determining gene SRY . (plos.org)

A significant proportion of males with oligospermia or azospermia have numerical or structural chromosome abnormality. (ivfminnesota.com)
Partners of males with such chromosome abnormalities are at an increased risk for miscarriage and for having offspring with mental impairment or birth defects due to an unbalanced chromosome abnormality. (ivfminnesota.com)
In mammals, whether an individual develops as a male or female depends on its sex chromosome constitution: those with a Y chromosome become males because of the development of the embryonic gonad into a testis. (plos.org)
Gonadal development is particularly susceptible to each additional X chromosome, resulting in seminiferous tubule dysgenesis and infertility, as well as hypoplastic and malformed genitalia in polysomy X males. (medscape.com)

which commonly results from a person having an extra chromosome 21. (msdmanuals.com)

And in May, Ariosa Diagnostics of San Jose, California, introduced Harmony, which detects the same three trisomies using a different method called chromosome-specific sequencing. (the-scientist.com)
Under the terms of the agreement, MedGenome will have a license to develop the capacity of and to perform the test, which screens for trisomies, 21, 18, and 13, and certain sex chromosome abnormalities, such as monosomy X. (genomeweb.com)
Ariosa has been offering the Harmony test, which gauges the risk of trisomies 21, 18, and 13 as well as sex chromosome abnormalities from circulating fetal and maternal cell-free DNA in the mother's blood, starting at 10 weeks of pregnancy, since 2012. (genomeweb.com)

This chromosomal alteration only affects female individuals, who have monosomy of the X chromosome. (bvsalud.org)

Other dental abnormalities are also possible. (medlineplus.gov)
These types are distinguished by their specific dental abnormalities and by their pattern of inheritance. (medlineplus.gov)

If abnormal or missing pieces of one of the X chromosomes occurs, all cells have one complete and one altered copy of the X chromosome. (medicinenet.com)
An abnormal human baby with 'sex chromosomes XXX' was born due to:A. Fusion of two ova and one spermB. (vedantu.com)
An abnormal baby with chromosomes- XXX is called a super female. (vedantu.com)
The mother produces gametes with XX chromosome instead of X chromosome which when fuses with the sperm of the father with X chromosome produces an abnormal baby with chromosomes- XXX. (vedantu.com)
Only one X chromosome is functional, while the other sexual chromosome is either absent or abnormal. (bvsalud.org)

On the C57BL/6J background, embryos homozygous for byg exhibit consistent XY gonadal sex reversal. (plos.org)
We identified a mouse mutant that causes embryonic gonadal sex reversal: the development of ovaries in an XY embryo. (plos.org)

So, the theory is that if a pregnant woman has a fetus with, for example, trisomy 21, then the relative amount of chromosome 21 will be elevated. (the-scientist.com)

Chromosomal identification of marker chromosomes and extra bands on chromosomes through molecular techniques is always of clinical interest. (bmj.com)

As you can see, only the PlumCare DNA Advisor genetic test is performed from the baby's umbilical cord blood or saliva after birth (i.e. it is completely non-invasive) and allows early detection of predisposition to around 300 serious genetic diseases (the whole genome is analysed, not individual chromosomes). (cbdmp.org)

Clinical application of expanded noninvasive prenatal testing for fetal chromosome abnormalities in a cohort of 39,580 pregnancies. (cdc.gov)

In humans, Y-autosome chromosome abnormalities may occur at a rate of 1/2,000 live births, whereas in the domestic pig only 2 Y-autosome reciprocal translocations have been previously described. (karger.com)

Trisomy of sex chromosomes is compatible with life, but will cause phenotypic abnormalities. (mindmeister.com)
In general, the extent of phenotypic abnormalities, including mental retardation, is directly related to the number of supernumerary X chromosomes. (medscape.com)

Bryndorf et al 2 applied CGH to the study of unbalanced karyotypes in prenatal cases, including seven cases of unbalanced structural abnormalities and four cases of simple aneuploidies. (bmj.com)
Chorionic Villus Sampling Prenatal diagnostic testing involves testing the fetus before birth (prenatally) to determine whether the fetus has certain abnormalities, including certain hereditary or spontaneous genetic. (merckmanuals.com)
Positive predictive value of noninvasive prenatal testing for sex chromosome abnormalities. (cdc.gov)
Clinical Application of Noninvasive Prenatal Testing for Sex Chromosome Aneuploidies in Central China. (cdc.gov)

Except for certain cells (for example, sperm and egg cells or red blood cells), every human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
An incident in chromosome separation during anaphase II (of meiosis II) called nondisjunction can result in sperm cells with an extra copy of the Y-chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
Environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and p,p'-DDE and sperm sex-chromosome disomy. (cdc.gov)
OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the association of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) exposures with sperm sex-chromosome disomy. (cdc.gov)
We used multiprobe fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for chromosomes X, Y, and 18 to determine XX, YY, XY, and total sex-chromosome disomy in sperm nuclei. (cdc.gov)
These abnormalities usually result from random (sporadic) errors in egg or sperm development but are sometimes inherited. (rarediseases.org)
Absence of the X chromosome that occurs due to a defect in the father's sperm or in the mother's egg. (medicinenet.com)
Hypogonadism is the condition in which the production of sex hormones and germ cells (sperm and eggs) is inadequate. (encyclopedia.com)
Along with producing eggs and sperm, they produce sex hormones that generate all the differences between men and women. (encyclopedia.com)
if the sperm with the Y chromosome fertilizes an egg, the baby will be male. (encyclopedia.com)

Quantified testicular histology in boys with sex chromosome abnormalities. (springer.com)

Sex chromosome abnormalities are common and cause syndromes that are associated with a range of physical and developmental problems. (msdmanuals.com)
The extent of the association between ICSI, chromosome abnormalities, and other birth defects/developmental problems are expected to become clearer as more children conceived through ICSI are evaluated. (ivfminnesota.com)

Syndromes that are caused by a sex chromosome abnormality are less severe than those caused by a nonsex chromosome abnormality. (msdmanuals.com)
Rossa Chiu , a pathologist at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, said this test means "that technology has the potential to look for abnormalities on other chromosomes" in addition to the three implicated in the chromosomal syndromes the researchers studied. (browndailyherald.com)
trisomy means three chromosomes instead of two) and rarer, usually lethal syndromes. (pregnancyquestionsandanswers.com)

Although the structural chromosome abnormalities in these cases were too small to identify the origin of the extra genomic material based on banding pattern, none of the abnormalities described by these authors can be considered to be subtle or cryptic. (bmj.com)

A microdeletion in specific regions of the long arm of the Y chromosome is a common cause of severe oligospermia or azospermia. (ivfminnesota.com)
Skeletal and cardiovascular abnormalities can become increasingly severe. (medscape.com)

Mortality and cancer incidence in persons with numerical sex chromosome abnormalities: a cohort study. (ox.ac.uk)
Mortality and cancer incidence were assessed in a cohort of 1373 patients with numerical sex chromosome abnormalities diagnosed at three cytogenetics centres in Britain during 1959-90, and were compared with expectations from national rates. (ox.ac.uk)
Recent studies reveal an increased incidence of sex chromosome abnormalities in offspring conceived through ICSI. (ivfminnesota.com)

Knowledge on the prevalence of sex chromosome abnormalities (SCAs) is limited, and delayed diagnosis or non-diagnosis of SCAs are a continuous concern. (biomedcentral.com)

Constitutional chromosome studies involving conventional GTG band cytogenetic analysis, however, often show unbalanced karyotypes which cannot be fully defined because the extra material is too small to have a recognisable banding pattern. (bmj.com)

These data demonstrate that MAP3K4-dependent signalling events are required for normal expression of Sry during testis development, and create a novel entry point into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying sex determination in mice and disorders of sexual development in humans. (plos.org)

Abnormalities can also occur when a person is missing part of a sex chromosome (called a deletion). (msdmanuals.com)
Female is the default sex of the embryo, so most of the sex organ deficits at birth occur in boys. (encyclopedia.com)

The abnormalities are often hard to recognize at birth and may not be diagnosed until puberty. (msdmanuals.com)
Hypogonadism most often shows up as an abnormality in boys during puberty. (encyclopedia.com)

This causes a few cells in the body to have two complete X chromosomes, and the other cells to have just one copy. (medicinenet.com)
In some cases, a few cells have one copy of the X chromosome while other cells have a copy of the X chromosome as well as some Y chromosome material. (medicinenet.com)

There are 47 chromosomes, instead of the usual 46, giving a 47,XYY karyotype. (wikipedia.org)
It is defined classically by a 47,XXY karyotype with variants that demonstrate additional X and Y chromosomes. (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] The addition of more than one extra X or Y chromosome to a male karyotype results in variable physical and cognitive abnormalities. (medscape.com)

It is not known whether the sex chromosome abnormalities are due to the ICSI procedure itself or are related to the underlying cause for male infertility. (ivfminnesota.com)

As the number of X chromosomes increases, somatic and cognitive development are more likely to be affected. (medscape.com)

In mammals including human beings XY method of sex determination is followed. (vedantu.com)

Humans have two sets of each chromosome, which are inherited from father and mother, respectively. (mpg.de)
To buffer the copy number differences between the sexes, humans, fruit flies as well as many other organisms rely on an epigenetic mechanism called dosage compensation. (mpg.de)

A pair of X and Y chromosomes (XY) results in a male, and a pair of X and X chromosomes (XX) results in a female. (msdmanuals.com)
Though a microdeletion in the Y chromosome is not thought to be associated with other health problems, little data exists regarding the phenotype of male offspring of men with such microdeletions. (ivfminnesota.com)
The organs affected principally by sex hormones are the male and female genitals, both internal and external, and the female breasts. (encyclopedia.com)
Detection and characterization of male sex chromosome abnormalities in the UK Biobank study. (bvsalud.org)

An extra chromosome 1 can be fatal to a fetus. (msdmanuals.com)

Phenotypic features include primary hypogonadism, renal abnormalities, and profound short stature. (sbir.gov)
Once the diagnosis is made, other investigations are usually performed, including an echocardiogram to exclude cardiac abnormalities, and renal ultrasound. (gponline.com)

CGH has been widely applied to detect gains and losses of DNA sequences on specific chromosomes in the study of solid tumours, 1 but has not been extensively used to study unbalanced constitutional karyotypes. (bmj.com)

Anatomy46

Organisms3

Diseases22

Chemicals and Drugs2

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes80

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science2

Health Care3

Chromosomal abnormalities10

Autosomal6

Klinefelter3

Genes13

Aneuploidy3

Congenital abnormalities2

Females9

Caused by an extra chromosome 212

Deletions4

Extra sex chromosome3

Second sex chromosome1

Syndrome17

Copies of chromosome 211

Gene8

Males4

Having an extra chromosome 211

Trisomies3

Monosomy1

Dental abnormalities2

Abnormal5

Gonadal sex2

Trisomy 211

Bands on chromosomes1

Individual chromosomes1

Fetal1

Translocations1

Phenotypic abnormalities2

Prenatal4

Sperm10

Testicular1

Developmental2

Syndromes3

Structural1

Severe2

Incidence3

Prevalence1

Cytogenetic1

Disorders1

Occur2

Puberty2

Cells2

Karyotype3

ICSI1

Somatic1

Mammals1

Humans2

Male4

Fetus1

Renal2

Karyotypes1