Serum and urine protein electrophoresis and immunofixation. Medical search. Frequent questions

Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) and urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP) showed hypoalbuminemia and a faint band in the gamma region, respectively. (shmabstracts.org)
Jul 31, 2019 Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) is an easy, inexpensive method of separating The 2 major types of protein present in the serum are albumin and the globulin proteins. (web.app)
On the left a serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) of a patient with a monoclonal band in the gamma region is shown. (medscape.com)
Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) showed an increased α1 region, along with decreased albumin and γ regions. (aacc.org)
Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) is used to quantify the serum monoclonal component or M-protein, for diagnosis and monitoring of monoclonal gammopathies. (degruyter.com)
Using therapeutic monoclonal antibody-spiked sera and a pooled beta-migrating M-protein, we aimed to assess SPEP limitations and variability across 16 laboratories in three continents. (degruyter.com)
Provided with total protein (reverse biuret, Siemens), laboratories blindly analyzed samples according to their SPEP and immunofixation (IFE) or immunosubtraction (ISUB) standard operating procedures. (degruyter.com)
Gamma globulin background, migration pattern and concentration all affect the precision and accuracy of quantifying M-proteins by SPEP. (degruyter.com)
Due to the wide range of disease presentations, identification of the M-protein by serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) may be the first clue to the diagnosis of a monoclonal gammopathy followed by subsequent isotyping via immunofixation (IFE) or immunosubtraction (ISUB). (degruyter.com)
In normal serum, SPEP yields a broad gamma fraction with Gaussian distribution due to the millions of plasma cell clones that secrete immunoglobulins into the serum. (degruyter.com)
A panel of assays combining SPEP with IFE/ISUB, serum free light chains (FLC), and urine electrophoresis and IFE/ISUB has the highest degree of clinical sensitivity for the diagnosis of these disorders [ 6 ]. (degruyter.com)

Excessive amounts of IgM M-proteins (monoclonal immunoglobulin protein, which may consist of both heavy and light chains or of only one type of chain) can also accumulate in other disorders, causing manifestations similar to macroglobulinemia. (merckmanuals.com)
A band in the urine protein electropherogram may also result from an intact monoclonal immunoglobulin, especially if the patient has poor renal function. (web.app)
A polyclonal immunoglobulin pattern in the serum or urine immunofixation is considered to be nonspecific. (medscape.com)
Immunofixation can either reveal a normal pattern or identify a monoclonal protein or a polyclonal immunoglobulin pattern. (medscape.com)
To find the light chains / heavy chains of immunoglobulin in the urine. (labpedia.net)
This abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) is present in the serum, CSF, and urine. (labpedia.net)
Founded on the secretion of a monoclonal immunoglobulin (M-protein), plasma cell proliferative disorders are classified as monoclonal gammopathies and include multiple myeloma (MM), Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM), amyloidosis (AL), light chain deposition disease (LCDD), POEMS syndrome, and premalignant diseases such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM). (degruyter.com)
Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis is a proteins misfolding disease in which a monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain (LC) with a critically folded clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow and/or a monoclonal Ig LC in serum and/or urine on immunofixation electrophoresis. (kinasechem.com)
Electrophoresis and Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) are done for the interpretation of monoclonal gammopathies by the demonstration of a monoclonal immunoglobulin molecule or free light chains in serum and urine. (rcctvm.gov.in)

Rarely, patients have no M-protein in blood and urine, although the currently used serum free light chain assay now demonstrates monoclonal light chains in many of these formerly so-called nonsecretory patients. (merckmanuals.com)
Automated clinical capillary and gel electrophoresis analysers, software and extensive assay range from the original pioneers. (helena-biosciences.com)
Beta-trace protein (BTP) measurement with the N Latex BTP assay offers simpler sample retrieval and increased accuracy of RRF determination when compared to other methods. (siemens-healthineers.com)
It is the first assay to accurately, reliably and simply estimate RRF status with one serum sample. (siemens-healthineers.com)
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Clinical Practice Guidelines also recommend the use of serum free light chain assay and plasma cell fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on bone marrow: del 13, del 17p13, t(4;14), t(11;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), 1q21 amplification, 1p deletion as part of the initial diagnostic workup. (medscape.com)

It can also lead to the other symptoms of nephrotic syndrome such as swelling and low serum albumin. (wikipedia.org)
Laboratory assessment revealed the following: haemoglobin (Hb) 7.4 g/dL (74 g/L), creatinine 2 mg/dL (177 μM/L) and albumin 2.1 g/dL (21 g/L). Urine analysis showed 3+ albumin, granular casts, no ova and urine protein/creatinine ratio of 3.5 g/g. (who.int)
Some substances, such as phenytoin and calcium, are bound extensively to proteins such as albumin. (ashp.org)
Total serum proteins consist of albumin and globulins. (athenslab.gr)
Serum protein electrophoresis is a widely used method of measuring albumin and each of the types of globulins. (athenslab.gr)
Serum protein electrophoresis is also used to investigate other abnormal laboratory results, such as when measuring total protein, albumin, and urine protein, low calcium levels, and low white and/or red blood cells. (athenslab.gr)
21 g/L). Urine analysis showed 3+ which is endemic in the subtropics, albumin, granular casts, no ova and affecting almost 200 million people urine protein/creatinine ratio of 3.5 worldwide. (who.int)

Patients may also present with recurring bacterial infections, with about one-third of patients diagnosed following investigation of elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, total protein or immunoglobulins. (janssenmedicalcloud.com)
Urine IFE showed no monoclonal immunoglobulins. (vettem.mx)

The urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP) test is used to estimate how much of certain proteins are in the urine. (web.app)
UPEP may be recommended to help determine the cause of protein in the urine. (web.app)
Protein Electrophoresis Urine Analysis Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP) is a test your doctor can use to determine if there's protein in your urine. (web.app)
Mar 22, 2019 Electrophoresis and professional interpretation is cancelled if total urine protein is less than 20 mg/dL or if ordered within 7 days of a previous The urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP) test is used to estimate how much of certain proteins are in the urine. (web.app)
Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP) showed the presence of an unusual spike in the β region (Fig. 1A). (aacc.org)
In the meantime, our laboratory asked for serum to complete the investigation of the abnormal UPEP pattern. (aacc.org)

Techniques commonly used to aid the diagnosis of MIDD include serum protein electrophoresis, urine protein electrophroresis, serum or urine immunofixation, measurement of serum free light chains and renal biopsy. (wikipedia.org)
Other diagnostic techniques - Moffitt's physicians also utilize other advanced techniques such as cytogenetics, fluorescent in situ hybridization, flow cytometry and specialized laboratory testing, including serum-free light chains, serum and urine protein electrophoresis and immunofixation. (moffitt.org)
Of patients producing either IgG or IgA, 40% also have Bence Jones proteinuria, which is free monoclonal kappa ( κ ) or lambda ( λ ) light chains in the urine. (merckmanuals.com)
Jan 24, 2014 · The main reason for performing urine protein electrophoresis is to find a light chain myeloma producing an excess of free light chains (Bence Jones protein), an important part of a myeloma screen. (web.app)
Above both diseases give light chains excretion in the urine. (labpedia.net)
Monoclonal light chains also called κ or Bence Jones protein, are seen in the urine of Multiple myeloma cases in 75 % of the patients. (labpedia.net)
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia also shows light chains in the urine in 75 % of the patients. (labpedia.net)
With a normal concentration of β-globulins of approximately 300 mg/dL (3 g/L), we estimated the monoclonal protein concentration at approximately 1600 mg/dL (16 g/L). Serum immunofixation was performed with antibodies specific for heavy chains (G, A, M) and light chains (κ, λ). (aacc.org)
Several serum and urine-based biomarkers such as free light chains, β-microglobulin, and lactate dehydrogenase are quantified as part of the clinical assessment of haematological malignancies. (encyclopedia.pub)

Serum anD urine Protein electroPHoreSiS anD immunoelectroPHoreSiS: A tutoriAl UPDATE introDuction Protein electrophoresis is a test principle that has remained unchanged for over 70 years - only the equipment has improved. (web.app)
This can be done by a method called immunofixation or immunoelectrophoresis. (athenslab.gr)
In immunoelectrophoresis, the specific proteins of interest can be determined after first being fixed in the gel with antibodies, and by removing all other proteins by washing, prior to staining. (athenslab.gr)

It is used to detect diseases such as multiple myeloma and other disorders in serum proteins, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, infections, and protein loss conditions. (athenslab.gr)

Subsequent immunofixation with electrophoresis identified the monoclonal protein as an IgG antibody (paraprotein) with a lambda light chain (arrow). (medscape.com)

Diagnosis requires bone marrow examination and demonstration of M-protein. (merckmanuals.com)
In the context of significant weight loss, serum creatinine levels may overestimate eGFR, leading to a delayed diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and late referral to a specialist. (medscape.com)
however, the diagnosis can be confirmed only by the identification of the parent protein on biopsy. (medscape.com)
Diagnosis typically requires demonstration of M-protein (sometimes present in urine and not serum but rarely absent entirely) and/or light-chain proteinuria, and excessive plasma cells in the bone marrow. (merckmanuals.com)
The International Myeloma Working Group recommends that, after diagnosis of a plasma cell disorder is made, patients should be monitored by urine protein electrophoresis (UPE) and immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE). (web.app)
The presence of oligoclonal bands in CSF but not in the serum, given their intrathecal production, is helpful in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. (medscape.com)
Serum protein electrophoresis is mainly used for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with monoclonal gammopathies. (athenslab.gr)
Detecting and quantifying these protein markers in patient samples can contribute to an earlier diagnosis, a more accurate prognosis, and/or identifying therapeutic regimens that are more likely to benefit individual patients. (encyclopedia.pub)

Finally, when several bands with sharp borders are seen after immunofixation in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) but not in serum, the result is reported as positive for oligoclonal bands. (medscape.com)
Bachmann-Harildstad G. Diagnostic values of beta-2 transferrin and beta-trace protein as markers for cerebrospinal fluid fistula. (siemens-healthineers.com)
The proteomes of biofluids, including serum, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine, are highly dynamic with protein abundance fluctuating depending on the physiological and/or pathophysiological context. (encyclopedia.pub)

As the background increases, imprecision increases and accuracy decreases leading to overestimation of M-protein quantitation especially evident in hypergamma samples, and more prominent with PD. (degruyter.com)
Furthermore, the use of quantitative proteomic protocols, such as mass spectrometry-based techniques for discovery and targeted analyses, facilitates the quantitation of these proteins to identify candidate biomarkers with altered abundances for potential clinical applications [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

For capillary electrophoresis all separation occurs in a narrow bore capillary filled with buffer. (helena-biosciences.com)
Gel and capillary electrophoresis give comparable results, despite being different methods. (helena-biosciences.com)

Clinical Significance of Abnormal Serum Free Light Chain Ratio: Diagnostic Confusion or Underlying Monoclonality? (clin-lab-publications.com)
Serum protein electrophoresis only showed hypoalbuminaemia, and bone marrow and splenic aspirates showed no abnormal cell clones. (who.int)

The spectrum of laboratory tests used to detect monoclonal components (M-components) include serum and urine protein electrophoresis (PEP), immunofixa-tion electrophoresis, and immunonephelometric methods such as free light chain as-say (sFLC). (clin-lab-publications.com)

IFE (Immunofixation electrophoresis) can be done on the patient's serum. (labpedia.net)
The patient's serum M-protein was undetectable 2 months after treatment, with serum and urine immunofixation electrophoresis tests negative after 2 months. (healthtree.org)
Further, the patient's serum lambda free light chain decreased from 95.9 mg/dL prior to treatment to 0.15 mg/dL 4 weeks after treatments. (healthtree.org)

PC2 is a calcium-permeable six-transmembrane protein that structurally belongs to the transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel family. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The PC1/2 protein complex serves as a mechanosensor or chemical sensor and regulates calcium and G-protein signaling. (basicmedicalkey.com)
For example, the reference range is 10-20 mcg/mL for total phenytoin, 1-2 mcg/mL for free phenytoin, 9.2-11 mg/dL for total serum calcium, and 4-4.8 mg/dL for free (also called ionized ) calcium. (ashp.org)

In fact, patients are often unaware of the condition until they visit a physician for a routine blood or urine test, since these tests are able to identify the harmful proteins that are produced by multiple myeloma cells. (moffitt.org)
Among them, serum electrophoresis was requested for 16 patients where 5 were diagnosed as either normal or polyclonal gammopathy, 5 as plasma cell myeloma, 5 as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and 1 as amyloidosis. (clin-lab-publications.com)
Myeloma.org - Understanding Protein Electrophoresis pdf → Test Code LAB2111445 Protein Electrophoresis, Random Urine, do IFE if Indicated Test Name Alias. (web.app)
In addition, immunofixation can be used to monitor therapy in plasma cell dyscrasias (ie, multiple myeloma and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia). (medscape.com)
Immunofixation electrophoresis studies will differentiate protein antigens and their split products and the evaluation of myeloma. (labpedia.net)
So, in the past, we have looked at either the protein that the myeloma cells secrete, or the myeloma cells themselves in the bone marrow as ways of measuring the disease burden. (researchtopractice.com)
When a monoclonal gammopathy is found by electrophoresis of serum proteins, multiple myeloma must be excluded from other causes. (athenslab.gr)
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy in which monoclonal plasma cells proliferate in bone marrow, resulting in an overabundance of monoclonal paraprotein (M protein), destruction of bone, and displacement of other hematopoietic cell lines. (medscape.com)

Serum immunofixation revealed an IgA lambda monoclonal band despite normal findings on serum and urine protein electrophoresis. (medscape.com)

and urine specimens may be used after proper concentration with a concentrator. (web.app)
No. Super Z Applicator 4084 Super Z Sample Well Plate (2) 4085 Urine Protein Concentration with Vivaproducts Concentrators as Bence Jones protein (1). (web.app)
reference interval, 4.0-10.0 × 103/μL (4.0-10.0 × 109/L)]. The plasma creatinine value was 1.1 mg/dL (97μmol/L) [reference interval, 0.71-1.20 mg/dL (62-106 μmol/L)], and the urea nitrogen concentration was 35.0 mg/dL (12.5 mmol/L) [reference interval, 7.8-19.6 mg/dL (2.8-7.0 mmol/L)]. The urine protein value was 540 mg/24 h (reference interval, 0-150 mg/24 h). (aacc.org)
reference interval, 0-0.2 mg/dL (0-2 mg/L)], along with a normal concentration of urine β2- microglobulin. (aacc.org)
Moreover, we found an increased β region (19.1 g/L, quantified from the electrophoresis trace and the total protein concentration), along with a loss of separation between the β1 and β2 regions because of a narrow spike (Fig. 1B). (aacc.org)

Immunofixation electrophoresis is replacing electrophoresis because of its rapidity and ease of interpretation. (labpedia.net)

Molecular diagnostics - In some cases, a physician will run additional laboratory tests on any tumors found in a patient's bone marrow in order to identify specific genes or proteins that can help guide physicians in creating an individualized treatment plan. (moffitt.org)
Studies of electrophoresis testing (serum protein electrophoresis (SPE), urine protein electrophoresis (UPE), immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE)) in a South African (SA) pathology laboratory setting are limited. (sun.ac.za)
To evaluate the prevalence, testing pattern and yield of electrophoresis tests performed over a 5-year period in a tertiary academic laboratory and to relate these findings to bone marrow biopsy findings in a few selected cases. (sun.ac.za)
This audit provides baseline data on the prevalence of test requests, their source and the yield of electrophoresis testing in our laboratory. (sun.ac.za)
The Laboratory provides 24x7 operational support by offering comprehensive clinical laboratory services in high volume chemistry, haematology and coagulation, serology for infectious diseases, therapeutic drug monitoring, blood gas analysis, automated serum and urine electrophoresis and immunofixation electrophoresis. (rcctvm.gov.in)
The investigations that the laboratory carries out include blood (mostly on serum/plasma) and other body fluids (CSF, serous effusions, drains, etc.) for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. (rcctvm.gov.in)

By electrophoresis, there is a spike of monoclonal Ig (Antibody). (labpedia.net)

Based on the presence of at least 10% clonal bone marrow plasma cells and monoclonal protein in serum or urine. (sunzek.com)

It is a so-called monoclonal gammopathy spike like M-protein and paraprotein. (labpedia.net)
Which of the following is the most sensitive type of electrophoresis for detecting paraprotein? (myeloma.org.uk)

The patient's sample is placed in six separate wells on the agarose gel, and their major protein group is separated by electrophoresis. (labpedia.net)

The Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA) Free:Total Ratio Blood Test compares Total PSA (the amount that is bound to blood proteins) to Free PSA (floats unbound in the blood). (walkinlab.com)

A renal biopsy confirmed amyloidosis, with amyloid protein deposits in the tubules and blood vessels. (medscape.com)
Amyloidosis is caused by the deposition and aggregation of insoluble, misfolded B-pleated protein fibrils in tissue, causing progressive organ dysfunction. (medscape.com)
AA amyloidosis is another form of acquired systemic disease that results from high levels of serum AA protein, an acute phase reactant associated with chronic inflammation. (medscape.com)
Amyloidosis can see in the light chain or heavy chain in the urine. (labpedia.net)

Red font indicates promising protein biomarkers in haematological malignancies identified in the corresponding biofluid. (encyclopedia.pub)

Some of these proteins are antibodies directed toward autologous IgG (rheumatoid factors) or I antigens (cold agglutinins). (merckmanuals.com)

Increased cAMP promotes protein kinase A activity, among other effectors, and, in turn, leads to cyst growth by promoting proliferation and fluid secretion of cyst-lining cells through chloride and aquaporin channels in ADPKD kidneys. (basicmedicalkey.com)

Serum or urine immunofixation negative for a monoclonal protein or a polyclonal pattern is considered to be normal. (medscape.com)
The cryoglobulins were tested by immunofixation, which detected monoclonal IgM and polyclonal IgG with only traces of IgA (i.e. type II mixed cryoglobulinaemia) ( Figure 1 ). (who.int)

Complete urine biochemical analysis including 24 hours urine protein and Bence-Jones protein are also performed in this division. (rcctvm.gov.in)

FIGURE 339-1 Scheme of the primary cilium and cystic kidney disease proteins. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Topology of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) proteins polycystin-1, polycystin-2, and fibrocystin/polyductin (FPC) are shown. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The Beta 2 Microglobulin Serum Test helps evaluate the severity and prognosis of certain cancers and screens for kidney disorders. (walkinlab.com)

Immunofixation consists of an electrophoresis phase and a fixation phase. (medscape.com)
One of these tracks is treated with a chemical fixation solution to fix all the proteins in agarose and create an electrophoresis reference pattern for the specimen. (labpedia.net)

Investigation of M protein can serve as a valuable diagnostic clue in the evaluation of cases of acquired angioedema without an obvious etiology. (shmabstracts.org)

Additionally, initial screening for AL should be done with urine samples as well as serum (2). (web.app)

An abnormally high amount of protein in the urine can be a sign of many different disorders. (web.app)

Less commonly, patients develop hyperviscosity due to the large amounts of high molecular weight monoclonal IgM proteins circulating in plasma, but most patients do not develop problems related to high IgM levels. (merckmanuals.com)
In 15 to 20% of patients, plasma cells secrete only Bence Jones protein. (merckmanuals.com)
A subgroup analysis of all patients with negative serum (SIFE) and/or urine immunofixation (UIFE) tests who had concurrent bone marrow biopsies close to the time of IFE testing was also performed. (sun.ac.za)
Renal impairment occurs in 20 - 40% of patients with newly diagnosed disease, mainly as a result of direct tubular damage from excess protein load, dehydration, hypercalcemia and the use of nephrotoxic medications. (sunzek.com)
Multiple myelomas show in 99 % of the patients in serum and urine. (labpedia.net)
Patients with increased monoclonal (M) protein can experience headaches, nose bleeds, confusion and blurred vision. (janssenmedicalcloud.com)
Not all patients with MM have M-protein in their serum or urine. (janssenmedicalcloud.com)
The monoclonal gammopathy is usually of the IgM subtype, and it is often found in the serum and/or urine of patients with Schnitzler syndrome. (ineedmedic.com)

The specimen can be serum, urine, or CSF. (medscape.com)

If the monoclonal protein level decreases or is undetectable after chemotherapy, it might indicate a response to treatment. (medscape.com)

Anatomy4

Diseases18

Chemicals and Drugs26

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment35

Phenomena and Processes6

Information Science1

Health Care6

SPEP11

Immunoglobulin9

Assay5

Albumin7

Immunoglobulins2

UPEP6

Chains9

ImmunoelectroPHoreSiS3

Multiple myeloma and other disorders1

Identified the monoclonal protein1

Diagnosis8

Cerebrospinal fluid3

Quantitation2

Capillary Electrophoresis2

Abnormal2

Include serum1

Patient's serum3

Calcium3

Myeloma8

Lambda1

Concentration5

Interpretation1

Laboratory6

Antibody1

Bone marrow plasma1

Paraprotein2

Agarose gel1

Ratio1

Amyloidosis4

Biomarkers1

Antibodies1

Chloride1

Polyclonal2

Hours urine1

Kidney3

Fixation2

Investigation1

Additionally1

Disorders1

Patients8

Specimen1

Undetectable1