Serotyping when strains. Medical search. Frequent questions

Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains by coagglutination. (bmj.com)
The coagglutination test, which uses staphylococcal protein A, for serotyping strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, was extended to include serotyping within serogroups. (bmj.com)
Here we report the complete genome sequence of Streptococcus agalactiae strain 874391. (uea.ac.uk)
Two genetically dissimilar sequence type 1 clades domi- to penicillin and vancomycin (online Technical Appendix nate the serotype VI group B Streptococcus population of 1). (cdc.gov)
The trimer stimulates the immune system to form antibodies against the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae of serotype 8, short ST8, as researchers of the Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam demonstrated by in vivo tests. (mpg.de)
Role of serotype and virulence determinants of Streptococcus pyogenes biofilm bacteria in internalization and persistence in epithelial cells in vitro. (lu.se)
Dive into the research topics of 'Role of serotype and virulence determinants of Streptococcus pyogenes biofilm bacteria in internalization and persistence in epithelial cells in vitro. (lu.se)

Overall, the results indicate that dromedary camels in Kenya may be reservoirs of STEC, including serotypes possessing virulence markers associated to disease in humans, such as STEC O156:H25. (uzh.ch)
even strains with matching serotypes have variable virulence. (purdue.edu)
Thus, serotype-independent protection with vaccines targeting virulence genes, such as PspA, have been pursued. (jcvi.org)
AIMS: This study was conducted to investigate the presence of Shiga toxin-producing O157 and non-O157 E. coli in raw water buffalo milk, as well as to determine the virulence gene profiles, phylogroups, sequence types, and serotypes of the isolated strains. (bvsalud.org)

Isolates of this vasive isolates, resistance to clindamycin in 9 (35%), and rare serotype, recovered mainly from adult patients, were resistance to tetracycline in 8 (31%) (online Technical Ap- all susceptible to penicillin and vancomycin. (cdc.gov)
We found differences among isolates in show low frequency (1.2%-4.1%) but sustained isolation of genes encoding -like proteins (Alps): the ST297 isolate this GBS serotype in recent years. (cdc.gov)
collection of 26 invasive serotype VI GBS strains recovered ST1 isolates NGBS543 and NGBS1605 possessed gene by passive surveillance in central Canada during 2010-2014 alp3 , encoding Alp3. (cdc.gov)
Within L. monocytogenes , sequences homologous to gtcA were found in all serogroup 4 isolates but not in strains of any other serotypes. (asm.org)
The remaining isolates occurred as single serotypes or were O non-typeable. (uzh.ch)
As a result, a method is needed which can both monitor the long-term epidemiology of the pneumococcus among a large number of isolates, and analyze vaccine-candidate genes, such as pspA, for mutations and recombination events that could result in 'vaccine escape' strains. (jcvi.org)

Fifty one strains of S pneumoniae, which belonged to one of the seven serogroups included in the 14 valent vaccine formulation, were tested, and no inconsistency was found when compared with the capsule swelling reaction. (bmj.com)
The cDNAs generated were sequenced and comparisons of the genome segment 2 sequence with that of the modified 'live' vaccine strain of BTV-11 from South Africa showed 100% identity. (sciensano.be)
Influenza vaccine provides reasonable protection against immunized strains. (medscape.com)
The vaccine viral strains recommended by the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for the 2023-2024 Northern Hemisphere influenza season differ from those from the previous influenza season. (medscape.com)
Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) outbreaks* occur when transmission of Sabin strain poliovirus is prolonged in underimmunized populations, allowing viral genetic reversion to neurovirulence, resulting in cases of paralytic polio ( 1 - 3 ). (cdc.gov)
In November 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) Emergency Use Listing procedure authorized limited use of type 2 novel OPV (nOPV2), a vaccine modified to be more genetically stable than the Sabin strain, for cVDPV2 outbreak response ( 3 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Addition of the synthetic sugar molecule to the current pneumococcal vaccine Prevnar 13, expanded the protection in vaccinated animals from 13 to 14 serotypes including the dangerous ST8 pathogen. (mpg.de)
The incidence of invasive Hib diseases has greatly decreased because of widespread use of the Hib conjugate vaccine, whereas NTHi strains have become the most common cause of invasive disease in all age groups in countries with routine Hib vaccination. (medscape.com)
Monitoring the long-term molecular epidemiology of the pneumococcus and detection of potential 'vaccine escape' strains. (jcvi.org)
The new generation of whole-cell vaccines is based on an unencapsulated serotype that allows the expression of many bacterial antigens at a lower cost than a recombinant vaccine. (mdpi.com)
VAXNEUVANCE is indicated in the U.S. for active immunization of adults 18 years of age and older for the prevention of invasive disease caused by the S. pneumoniae serotypes contained in the vaccine. (merck.com)
Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) Vaccine Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine helps prevent Haemophilus infections but not infections caused by other strains of H. influenzae bacteria. (msdmanuals.com)
Interference among the three attenuated poliovirus serotypes was minimized with a 'balanced- formulation' vaccine, and serologic responses after IPV were optimized by adjusting the antigenic content of each inactivated poliovirus serotype. (who.int)
History of Sabin attenuated poliovirus oral live vaccine strains. (who.int)
The ful data concerning the history of attenuated poliovirus strains developed by one of us (Sabin, 1965) for vaccine production do not appear in a single journal. (who.int)
Over the past few years we have had frequent requests for the details such as isolation and attenuation and accordingly we felt that bringing the data together in the report below would be both helpful and informative to those involved in the production and control of poliovirus vaccine (oral) prepared from these strains. (who.int)

We have identified a novel gene, gtcA , involved in the decoration of cell wall teichoic acid of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b with galactose and glucose. (asm.org)
Listeria monocytogenes is divided into several subgroups (serotypes) based on how they react with serum antibodies. (usda.gov)

Some E. coli strains are potentially pathogenic, including enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), which may cause intestinal or urologic diseases [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
The treatment of pathogenic E. coli infections is becoming complicated because of the rapid emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant strains, which may consequently result in an increasing number of clinical treatment failures in bacterial-mediated diseases and further threaten public health with the possibility of transmission to humans through aerosols, environmental contact or other methods [ 2 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Some of these serotypes have more pathogenic potential than others. (usda.gov)
Pathogenic strains enter the upper respiratory tract through droplet inhalation or direct contact. (msdmanuals.com)

Number and ST distribution of pneumococcal serotype 19A strains isolated from invasive disease and carriage, Belgium. (cdc.gov)
The researchers at the Max Planck Institute in Potsdam combined a series of experiments to identify the surface molecules of the pneumococcal strain ST8 that are currently a serious threat. (mpg.de)
A molecule consisting of only three adjoined sugars was sufficient to protect against the pneumococcal strain ST8 in mice. (mpg.de)
While the pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccines reduce the incidence in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), serotype replacement remains a major concern. (jcvi.org)
Although Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs) are available and have significantly reduced the rate of invasive pneumococcal diseases, there is still a need for new vaccines with unlimited serotype coverage, long-lasting protection, and lower cost to be developed. (mdpi.com)
serotypes were 19F, 14, 23F, 6B and 19A and the theoretical coverage of the 7, 10 and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines was 60%, 78% and 91% respectively. (who.int)

REPTDK01 is a persistent strain of Salmonella Hadar bacteria that has caused illnesses and outbreaks in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Bacteria in this strain are within 26 allele differences of one another by core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) , which is more diverse than typical multistate Salmonella outbreaks where bacteria generally fall within 10 allele differences of one another. (cdc.gov)
Starting in 2020, CDC and local, state, territorial, and federal health and regulatory partners have investigated several outbreaks of Salmonella Hadar illnesses caused by the REPTDK01 strain. (cdc.gov)
The use of WGS-SNP analysis to distinguishing of strains within a sequence type has important relevance for tracing the source of outbreaks due to Cronobacter spp. (biomedcentral.com)
During this period, there were 44 cVDPV outbreaks of the three serotypes affecting 37 countries. (cdc.gov)
Another lineage of serotype O usually circulating in the Indian subcontinent was responsible for outbreaks in Northern Africa. (usda.gov)
Major outbreaks involving humans have been associated with Venezuelan equine encephalitis subtype I, varieties AB and C. The IA and IB strains are considered genetically indistinguishable and are thus classified as IAB. (medscape.com)
In particular, four of the serotypes are associated with almost all outbreaks of listeriosis in people. (usda.gov)
In this publication, we describe a newly developed DNA-based method to separate serotypes 1/2a and 1/2c, which are associated with human outbreaks, from serotypes 3a and 3c, which are not. (usda.gov)
Muenchen, which at the same time are the serotypes associated with outbreaks. (bvsalud.org)

Epizootic viral strains IAB and IC are virulent in humans and equines. (medscape.com)
The quadrivalent influenza vaccines contain an additional B strain, B/Brisbane/60/2008-like (B/Victoria lineage), in addition to the 3 viral strains listed above. (medscape.com)

The fifteen enrofloxacin resistant strains were selected for the PCR to detect the genes gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE, and genetic sequencing to identify mutations in these genes. (scielo.br)
None of the 15 strains had mutations in the gyrB and parE genes, and none had more than one mutation in the gyrA gene or the other genes. (scielo.br)
In all the samples, 50 E. coli strains were isolated and then assigned to serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility test, detection of antimicrobial resistance genes and the Class 1 integrons, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). (hindawi.com)
In the current study, we conducted genome comparisons and evaluated serotype-associated genes for their utility as a multiplex PCR-based method for distinguishing high-risk serotypes 1/2a and 1/2c in lineage I from low-risk serotypes 3a and 3c. (usda.gov)

This study re-analyzed, using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and whole genome sequence with single nucleotide polymorphism analysis (WGS-SNP), 52 strains which had been identified as Enterobacter sakazakii as according to the convention at the time of isolation. (biomedcentral.com)

Some H influenzae strains have no capsule and are termed nonencapsulated H influenzae or nontypeable H influenzae (NTHi). (medscape.com)

CDC uses "persistent" to describe some strains of bacteria that have caused illness for years. (cdc.gov)
Interestingly, internalization and persistence of planktonic bacteria varied significantly between strains, whereas biofilm bacteria were internalized in similar and higher numbers, and all strains persisted beyond 44 hours, showing a more homogenous phenotype. (lu.se)

This serotype III isolate is a member of the hypervirulent sequence type 17 (ST-17) lineage that causes a disproportionate number of cases of invasive disease in humans and mammals. (uea.ac.uk)

Emergence of bluetongue serotypes in Europe, part 2: the occurrence of a BTV-11 strain in Belgium. (sciensano.be)
In-house serotype-specific RT -qPCR assays for bluetongue virus serotype 1 ( BTV -1), -6 and -8 all gave negative results. (sciensano.be)
All Bluetongue serotypes share a common antigenic determinant called antigen protein P7, while the antigen protein Ps is variable and is used to determine the specific serotype of a virus (1-25). (purdue.edu)

serotyping and genotyping of Salmonella spp. (fu-berlin.de)
Salmonella serotyping for the Master Studies had been done for years by the FU VPH Panel only, now having been taken over by the VPHCAP. (fu-berlin.de)
was represented by a total of 558 strains with 248 PUN, of which 22.6% (126 strains) correspond to Salmonella enterica ser. (bvsalud.org)
Typhimurium, 20.6% (115 strains) to Salmonella enterica ser. (bvsalud.org)
Enteritidis, 9.1% (51 strains) to Salmonella enterica ser. (bvsalud.org)
Newport, 1.6% (9 strains) to Salmonella enterica ser. (bvsalud.org)

In this study, the prevalence, phenotypes, and clonal relationships of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) strains isolated from minks were investigated. (hindawi.com)
Phylogroups and sequence types of E. coli strains were determined by Clermont phylotyping and MLST. (bvsalud.org)

All lincosamide- and macrolide-resistant strains observed resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin. (cdc.gov)
Among them, 55.17% (16/29) of resistant strains had the gyrA point mutations (Ser83→Leu) and parC point mutation (Ser83→Leu). (researchsquare.com)

In contrast to gtcA , the latter gene appears conserved among all screened serotypes of L. monocytogenes . (asm.org)
Although several serotypes of L. monocytogenes are present in the environment and in foods, the majority of infections are caused by strains of serogroup 1/2 (mostly serotypes 1/2a and 1/2b) and 4 (almost always serotype 4b) ( 6 , 35 ). (asm.org)
Diagrammatic representation of TA composition in different L. monocytogenes serotypes. (asm.org)
These primers were then tested in a multiplex format with primers specific for serotype 1/2a (flaA) to separate serotypes 1/2a, 1/2c, 3a, and 3c using 25 strains of lineage I L. monocytogenes. (usda.gov)
Conclusions: Here for the first time we report primers specific for L. monocytogenes serotype 1/2c and serotype 3a, and we demonstrate a multiplex PCR method for separating the four serotypes of lineage I L. monocytogenes. (usda.gov)
PCR is routinely performed in many diagnostic and epidemiologic investigations for L. monocytogenes, and these primers should increase the feasibility and accessibility of L. monocytogenes serotyping. (usda.gov)

There are two serotypes, with type 1 being predominant and type 2 accounting for 5 to 20 percent of cases. (avma.org)
cutoffs used for interpretation were predominant serotypes. (who.int)

Here, we characterize a and most ST1 strains had gene bca encoding -C protein. (cdc.gov)
The glycoprotein VP7 defines the G serotypes and the protease-sensitive protein VP4 defines P serotypes. (wikipedia.org)
In serotype 4b, gtcA appears to be the first member of a bicistronic operon which includes a gene with homology to Bacillus subtilis rpmE , encoding ribosomal protein L31. (asm.org)
[2] M protein is the major surface protein presents on S. pyogenes cell wall, and GAS strains are further divided into different serotypes based on the antigenic characteristics of the M protein. (nih.gov)
More than 80 different serotypes have been identified on the basis of M protein. (nih.gov)

containing Sabin strain types 1 and 3) subsequent to the certified eradication of wild type poliovirus (WPV) type 2 in 2015 ( 1 - 3 ). (cdc.gov)

Trachoma is a blinding disease caused by particular strains of the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis . (who.int)
Trachoma is caused by certain serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis, a bacterium that infects the conjunctiva of the eye. (who.int)

We confirmed the close relationship of their structural proteins but showed apparent additional recombination events in the 2A gene and 3′UTR of the HRV-Ca strain. (plos.org)

This strain is relatively diverse genetically. (cdc.gov)

Meanwhile, mink-derived strain ST206 formed a new clonal complex, CC206, which was different from human ST strains. (hindawi.com)

Therefore, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST)-defined clones could conceivably include strains from multiple PspA clades. (jcvi.org)

For the prevention and control of polyserositis caused by Haemophilus parasuis serotype 4 and serotype 5 Efficacy in swine. (huizhongbio.com)

P multocida can be subgrouped by capsule serogroup antigens into five capsular types (A, B, C, D, and F) and into 16 somatic serotypes. (merckvetmanual.com)

Five strains (33.3%) had point mutations in the gyrA gene, and one (6.7%) presented a point mutation in the parC gene. (scielo.br)
The presence of point mutations in the strains studied corroborates with the phenotypic resistance observed to nalidixic acid. (scielo.br)

Another serotype O lineage was found infecting wild boars in Bulgaria. (usda.gov)

Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) strains isolated from soil of citrus orchards were tested for insecticidal activity against the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), a key citrus pest in Mexico. (bioone.org)

Given the increased interest for novel HRV strain identification and their worldwide distribution, we have carried out clinical and molecular diagnosis of HRV strains in a 2-year study of children with acute respiratory infection visiting one district hospital in Shanghai. (plos.org)
Diagnosis is by culture and serotyping. (msdmanuals.com)

Methods and Results: Primer sets were developed that are specific for serotype 1/2c (LMOSLCC2372_0308) and serotype 3a (LMLG_0742). (usda.gov)

The two known serotypes of exfoliative toxin namely A and B are responsible for this disease entity. (amrita.edu)
A genetic relationship of 100% was established between strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor serotype Ogawa toxin producer ctxA and tcpA isolated from the index case of the cholera outbreak. (bvsalud.org)

The similarity of the general architecture between the PTC-E(M) and the previously determined PTC-A(M) strongly suggests that the progenitor M complexes of all botulinum serotypes may have similar molecular arrangement, although the neurotoxins apparently can take very different conformation when they are released from the M complex. (nature.com)

FusA allele sequencing revealed that 49/52 strains were Cronobacter sakazakii, while the remaining 3 strains were Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and Franconibacter helveticus . (biomedcentral.com)

The WGS-SNP analysis demonstrated that indistinguishable Cronobacter strains within a sequence type can be unrelated, and may originate from multiple sources. (biomedcentral.com)

The most virulent strain is H influenzae type b (Hib). (medscape.com)
While these epizootic strains are virulent in equines and humans, the enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus serotypes ID, IE, and IIIA can cause illness in humans but not in equines. (medscape.com)

Illness caused by this strain was first reported to PulseNet in 2019, and the first outbreak was detected in 2020. (cdc.gov)
Evidence collected during outbreak investigations indicate that this strain is widespread in both industries. (cdc.gov)
In South America, one outbreak of FMDV serotype O, was reported in Paraguay in 2011, which up to that point, was recognized as FMD-free with vaccination. (usda.gov)
Global dengue incidence has increased in autochthonous outbreak in over 70 years 4,5 and DENV- recent decades, though the actual numbers of serotype 3 was found to be circulating in the Pacific after dengue cases are masked by underreporting. (who.int)

2 strains of influenza A and 2 of influenza B are included for the quadrivalent flu vaccines. (medscape.com)
Vaccines against seasonal influenza are reformulated annually to contain the most recently circulating strains. (medscape.com)
Inactivated and trivalent oral poliovirus vaccines contain either formalin- inactivated or live, attenuated poliovirus, respectively, of the three serotypes. (who.int)

TA of strains of serogroup 1/2 and 3 consists of polyribitol phosphate, with N -acetylglucosamine (Glc-NAc) and rhamnose (in the case of serogroup 1/2) substituents on ribitol (Fig. 1 ). (asm.org)

Within rotavirus A there are different strains, called serotypes. (wikipedia.org)

Bioinformatic analysis was then used to analyze the relatedness and global dissemination of these strains. (biomedcentral.com)

Subsequent assays were carried out using conventional (gel-based) RT - PCR primers for all 25 BTV serotypes and only two primer sets, both specific for BTV -11, gave bands of the expected size. (sciensano.be)

Occasionally, nonencapsulated strains cause invasive infections in children, but they may cause up to half of serious H. influenzae infections in adults. (msdmanuals.com)

Some serotypes, known as paratypical, may not cause clinical disease in birds. (scielo.br)
None of the HRV-C strains appeared to have a higher clinical impact than HRV-A or HRV-B on respiratory compromise. (plos.org)

Our study showed a high diversity of HRV strains that cause bronchitis and pneumonia in children. (plos.org)

When analyzing a fragment of the 5′ UTR, we characterized at least two subspecies of HRV-C: HRV-Cc, which clustered differently from HRV-A and HRV-B, and HRV-Ca, which resulted from previous recombination in this region with sequences related to HRV-A. The full-length sequence of one strain of each HRV-Ca and HRV-Cc subspecies was obtained for comparative analysis. (plos.org)
A predominance of HRV-C over HRV-A and HRV-B was observed, and two subspecies of HRV-C were identified, the diversity of which seemed to be related to recombination with former HRV-A strains. (plos.org)

strains, from which 20 were isolated from broilers (cloacal swabs) and 57 from chickens from slaughterhouses under federal inspection. (scielo.br)

The growth characteristics of the dltX mutant and those of the wild type strain were similar under standard in vitro conditions. (frontiersin.org)

Resistance to erythromycin was found in 10 (38%) in- strains causing invasive disease in Canada. (cdc.gov)
60 years, a distribution similar to that reported for adult additional serotype VI strains were included (French strain patients with serotype V or serotype IV invasive disease in CCH330, SRA accession no. (cdc.gov)
The disease is caused by a highly contagious virus (FMDV) with great genetic diversity, resulting in 7 types (called serotypes A, O, Asia and SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3) and hundreds of virus strains (also called lineages). (usda.gov)
Another two strains increased the risk of disease by nearly four-fold and three-fold. (the-scientist.com)

WGS-SNP analysis of the 32 C. sakazakii ST13 strains revealed 5 clusters and 5 unique strains which did not correlate with the country of product origin. (biomedcentral.com)
Shigella sonnei with 113 strains studied, 57 unique patterns and 19 clusters detected were confirmed. (bvsalud.org)
Vibrio cholerae with 18 strains studied, 9 unique patterns and 4 clusters were detected. (bvsalud.org)

The C. sakazakii strains comprised of 8 sequence types (STs) which included the neonatal pathovars ST1, ST4 and ST12. (biomedcentral.com)

However, it did not explain the resistance to fluoroquinolones found in the 15 strains. (scielo.br)
Serotyping of H. influenzae and N. with marked geographic variations [2], of patient care according to standard- meningitidis were performed by latex it is important to have current, local ized operating procedures, and were agglutination (Slidex meningitis kit, data on the pattern of drug resistance in processed in the microbiology labora- bioMérieux). (who.int)

Two samples were co-infected with HRV-A and HRV-B or HRV-C. By comparative analysis of the VP4/VP2 sequences of the 66 HRVs, we showed a high diversity of strains in HRV-A and HRV-B species, and a prevalence of 51.5% of strains that belonged to the recently identified HRV-C species. (plos.org)

Significance and Impact of the Study: The described multiplex PCR assay consistently showed successful separation of 1/2a and 1/2c strains from 3a and 3c strains. (usda.gov)

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