Serotypes of botulinum neurotoxins. Medical search. Frequent questions

4 usually cause human botulism (A, B, E, and F). We developed a rapid, mass spectrometry-based method (Endopep-MS) to detect and differentiate active BoNTs A, B, E, and F. This method uses the highly specific protease activity of the toxins with target peptides specific for each toxin serotype. (cdc.gov)
Intoxication with 1 of the 7 distinct serotypes of BoNT (A-G) causes botulism. (cdc.gov)
One of 4 serotypes of BoNT (A, B, E, and F) is usually the cause of botulism in humans. (cdc.gov)
Mice receiving the appropriate anti-BoNT serotype antibody are asymptomatic and survive, while mice treated with the other serotype antibodies show symptoms of botulism ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
NBL also uses next-generation sequencing methods to characterize and subtype Clostridium botulinum and related organisms, including a national molecular surveillance database for comparing genetic relatedness among strains across the United States and identifying trends among botulism cases. (cdc.gov)
280 AB - Human exposure to botulinum toxin typically occurs in two settings: 1) as an etiologic agent in the disease botulism and 2) as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of dystonia. (aspetjournals.org)
Epidemiologic studies on botulism suggest that the human nervous system is susceptible to five toxin serotypes (A, B, E, F and G) and resistant to two (C and D). In the past, these epidemiologic findings have been used as the basis for selecting serotypes that should be tested as therapeutic agents for dystonia. (aspetjournals.org)
These data have important implications bearing on: 1) the development and administration of vaccines against botulism and 2) the testing of toxin serotypes for the treatment of dystonia. (aspetjournals.org)
Group III Clostridium botulinum is responsible for avian or nonhuman botulism outbreaks in wild and domestic animals, especially herbivores like cattle, horses, and sheep. (biologydictionary.net)
Botulism is a life-threatening food-borne disease that causes neuroparalysis from the consumption of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). (microbenotes.com)
Botulinum toxins Type A, B and E are associated with food-borne botulism in humans. (microbenotes.com)
C. botulinum spores contaminating honey and syrup which are the major source of infant botulism. (microbenotes.com)
It's unbelievable to us that people continue to use botulinum A injections when the warning of toxin spread, leading to human botulism is listed right on the prescription label. (never-tox.com)
If you are injecting yourself with botulinum A and think that you are safe from contracting Iatrogenic Botulism Disease, then you are ignoring the warning label, and choosing to be misled. (never-tox.com)
There is evidence to consider that Iatrogenic Botulism Disease happens at some level to every person that injects their body with botulinum A. The side effects of the disease may be subtle for some, which causes underreporting to doctors and the FDA. (never-tox.com)
Botulism is an acute severe neuroparalytic disease caused by bacterial exotoxins produced by distinct strains of Clostridium , mainly Clostridium botulinum . (biomedcentral.com)
BAT is indicated for the treatment of symptomatic botulism following documented or suspected exposure to botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A, B, C, D, E, F, or G in adults and pediatric patients. (globalbiodefense.com)
Botulism is an acute neurologic disorder that causes potentially life-threatening neuroparalysis due to a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum . (medscape.com)
On March 22, 2013, the FDA approved the first botulism antitoxin that can neutralize all 7 known botulinum nerve toxin serotypes. (medscape.com)
A mouse neutralization bioassay confirms botulism by isolating the botulinum toxin. (medscape.com)
Wound cultures that grow C botulinum suggest the presence of wound botulism. (medscape.com)
The botulinum toxin that causes botulism occurs in seven different serotypes-A through G. A and B are culprits in most of the foodborne botulism cases in this country, according to Stanker. (marlerclark.com)
Botulism is a life-threatening paralytic illness caused by neurotoxins produced by an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium-Clostridium botulinum. (marlerclark.com)
Botulism is an extremely uncommon but potentially fatal disorder caused by toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which is found in the soil. (ncertpoint.com)

Experimental studies have proven that botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) causes flaccid paralysis with a multi-step mechanism. (exposed-skin-care.net)
This homologous category of protein are grouped into seven immunologically distinctive serotypes (BoNT/A-G) [3,14]. (exposed-skin-care.net)
SNAP-25 is normally cleaved by BoNT serotypes A, E and C1, syntaxin is normally cleaved by BoNT/C1, and VAMP is normally cleaved by the rest of the BoNT serotypes [14]. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Today's study was made to expand a data-driven minimal model produced by Simpson [15] that referred to the kinetics of botulinum neurotoxin Rabbit Polyclonal to DIL-2 serotype A (BoNT/A) in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in creating paralysis in vitro. (exposed-skin-care.net)
The mouse bioassay can also be used to differentiate BoNT serotypes ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
The Novel Clostridial Neurotoxin Produced by Strain IBCA10-7060 Is Immunologically Equivalent to BoNT/HA. (ucsf.edu)
Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is released as a progenitor complex, in association with a non-toxic-non-hemagglutinin protein (NTNH) and other associated proteins. (nature.com)
We have determined the crystal structure of M type Progenitor complex of botulinum neurotoxin E [PTC-E(M)], a heterodimer of BoNT and NTNH. (nature.com)
Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the most toxic substance known to mankind and no therapeutic intervention is currently available for post-exposure treatment. (nature.com)
Botulinum neurotoxin has been identified in seven different isoforms (BoNT-A, BoNT-B, BoNT-C, BoNT-D, BoNT-E, BoNT-F, and BoNT-G). Neurotoxigenic Clostridia can produce more than 40 different BoNT subtypes and, recently, a new BoNT serotype (BoNT-X) has been reported in some studies. (researchgate.net)
BoNT-X has not been shown to actually be an active neurotoxin despite its catalytically active LC, so it should be described as a putative eighth serotype. (researchgate.net)
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is the most studied serotype for therapeutic purposes. (researchgate.net)
Clostridium botulinum, a polyphyletic Gram-positive taxon of bacteria, is classified purely by their ability to produce botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). (bvsalud.org)
Non-cosmetic uses of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) have been FDA-approved for a growing number of spastic neuromuscular conditions, headaches, and secretory conditions (see Fast Fact #299). (mypcnow.org)
We report the construction of a novel graphene oxide (GO)-peptide based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of the BoNT serotype A light chain (BoNT-LcA) protease activity. (edu.hk)
Following completion of the acquisition, Allergan will obtain global rights to Bonti's pipeline consisting of two botulinum neurotoxin serotype E (BoNT/E) programs currently in Phase 2 development, EB-001A (aesthetic) and EB-001T (therapeutic). (chemicalsknowledgehub.com)
The active ingredient in both programs, EB-001, is a novel botulinum neurotoxin serotype E (BoNT/E) with a unique clinical profile, characterized by a rapid onset of action within 24 hours and a 2 to 4-week duration of effect. (chemicalsknowledgehub.com)

In infection oligoclonal treatment may be used to directly target the pathogen (e.g. surface marker on viruses or bacterias) or to neutralize toxins (e.g. botulinum neurotoxins, Clostridium difficile toxins). (wikipedia.org)
Botulinum toxins are among the most potent toxins known to science. (wikipedia.org)
[55] Botulinum toxins have been used off-label for several pediatric conditions, including infantile esotropia . (wikipedia.org)
A Four-Monoclonal Antibody Combination Potently Neutralizes Multiple Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotypes C and D. Toxins (Basel). (ucsf.edu)
Botulinum toxins (BoNTs) are produced by several anaerobic species of the genus Clostridium and, although they were originally considered lethal toxins, today they find their usefulness in the treatment of a wide range of pathologies in various medical specialties. (researchgate.net)
This review summarizes the major families of bacterial toxins and also describes the specific structure-function properties of the botulinum neurotoxins. (springer.com)
There are seven distinct botulinum toxins (Type A to G) that cause disease in humans and animals. (microbenotes.com)
C. botulinum is strict anaerobes and can resist high temperatures where they form spores and when consumed produce toxins in the intestine and cause intoxication. (microbenotes.com)
Seven different botulinum toxins, named from A to G serotypes, have been described according to their antigenic properties. (biomedcentral.com)

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are proteases that cleave specific cellular proteins essential for neurotransmitter release. (cdc.gov)
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most toxic substances known ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
BoNTs are secreted as progenitor complexes (PTC) with a non-toxic-non-hemagglutinin protein (NTNH) and a few neurotoxin associated proteins (NAPs) with or without hemagglutinin activity (HA). (nature.com)
Clostridium botulinum secretes botulinum neurotoxins or BoNTs of varying serotypes. (biologydictionary.net)
Pharmacology BoNTs are a metabolic waste product of the bacteria Clostridium botulinum. (mypcnow.org)
Clostridium botulinum causes intoxication i.e, disease occurs either from ingesting preformed BoNTs in foods or production of BoNTs in the intestine. (microbenotes.com)
The BoNTs are extracellular proteins produced by C. botulinum that weighs around 150kDa. (microbenotes.com)
Based on the physiology and phylogenetic of bacteria, BoNTs have seven distinct serotypes from Type A to H. (microbenotes.com)
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are among the most potent toxic bacterial proteins for humans, which make them potential agents for bioterrorism. (edu.hk)

Interaction between Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin and gangliosides. (expasy.org)

Clostridium botulinum is a species of the Clostridium genus that produces and secretes the powerful neurotoxin called botulinum toxin. (biologydictionary.net)

They are produced under anaerobic conditions by strains of Clostridium botulinum , C. butyricum , and C. baratii ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
C. botulinum bacteria are anaerobic, gram-positive bacilli found primarily in food items, freshwater sources, and the soil. (biologydictionary.net)
C. botulinum is anaerobic, spore former, gram-positive bacterium and its spores are widely distributed in the environment from the soil to sewage, mud, lakes, sediments of sea and oceans and are also found in the intestine of land and aquatic animals. (microbenotes.com)

Outside of these temperatures, Group I C. botulinum forms spores. (biologydictionary.net)
Group II is a psychrotroph - a cold-tolerant bacteria that can grow at low temperatures, although the best growth conditions are around 20°C. Group II Clostridium botulinum will grow at 3°C and continue to multiply at temperatures of up to 30°C. Group II spores are not as heat resistant as Group I. Group II secretes serotypes B, E, and F of the botulinum neurotoxin. (biologydictionary.net)
Iraq admitted to producing 19,000 liters of concentrated botulinum neurotoxin in the 1990s, and even small terrorism groups have been able to grow botulinum from spores found in the soil. (biologydictionary.net)
C. botulinum bacteria and spores are widely distributed in nature because they are indigenous to soils and waters. (marlerclark.com)
botulinum bacteria will be killed by normal thorough cooking (pasteurisation at 70°C for 2 minutes or similar) but not the spores. (ncertpoint.com)

Botulinum toxin , or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox ), is a highly potent neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, differences in species sensitivities to different botulinum neurotoxin serotypes precludes extrapolation of animal-dose activity relationships to human dose estimates. (never-tox.com)

Clostridium botulinum bacteria thrive in low-oxygen environments. (biologydictionary.net)
This science has led us to divide Clostridium bacteria into two human groups - proteolytic C. botulinum (Group I) and non-proteolytic C. botulinum (Group II). (biologydictionary.net)
Strains of Group I bacteria can form three types of neurotoxin (A, B, or F). (biologydictionary.net)
These bacteria produce different botulinum toxin serotypes (C or D) and are non-proteolytic. (biologydictionary.net)
While it had formerly not been identified in humans or animals but as a soil-based bacteria, a famous report listing five unexpected sudden deaths due to the presence of type G toxin shows that this group may eventually be categorized as a human serotype. (biologydictionary.net)
Clostridium botulinum is a bacteria that may be found in soil and untreated water all over the globe. (ncertpoint.com)

The dangerous fragment is normally Apixaban a zinc-dependent protease that cleaves at distinctive sites and in a serotype-specific manner a number of from the SNARE protein (SNAP-25, syntaxin and VAMP) mixed up in synaptic vesicle-mediated discharge of acetylcholine. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Association of Botulinum neurotoxins with synaptic vesicle protein complexes. (medscape.com)
serotype C high-affinity site: K d = 1.96 nM,B max = 8.9 pmol/mg protein). (aspetjournals.org)
In addition, the human nervous system was found to encode polypeptides that are substrates for botulinum neurotoxin types A (synaptosomal-associated protein of Mr 25,000) and C (syntaxin 1A). (aspetjournals.org)
The specific activity of BOTOX ® is approximately 20 Units/nanogram of neurotoxin protein complex. (never-tox.com)
Herein, we used immunochemical methods to predict the quality of horse F(ab') 2 anti-botulinum AB, anti-diphtheric, antitetanic and anti-rabies immunoglobulins, in terms of amount of proteins and protein aggregates. (biomedcentral.com)
Botulinum Neurotoxin Protein Structure. (globalbiodefense.com)

NBL develops and validates new detection and identification methods to prepare for potential bioterrorism events involving botulinum neurotoxin. (cdc.gov)

The active ingredient of XEOMIN is botulinum toxin type A produced from fermentation of Hall strain Clostridium botulinum serotype A. The botulinum toxin complex is purified from the culture supernatant and then the active ingredient is separated from the proteins (hemagglutinins and non-hemagglutinins) through a series of steps yielding the active neurotoxin with molecular weight of 150 kDa, without accessory proteins. (rxreasoner.com)

In this assay, mice receiving an intraperitoneal injection containing a sample with more than a minimum lethal dose show symptoms of botulinum intoxication and die ( 2 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)

Neutralizing Concentrations of Anti-Botulinum Toxin Antibodies Positively Correlate with Mouse Neutralization Assay Results in a Guinea Pig Model. (ucsf.edu)
Safeguard Biosystems, Inc., of San Diego, CA., is packaging two of the serotype A antibodies into a dipstick-style test kit that looks and operates much like a home pregnancy test. (marlerclark.com)

The toxin, not the bacterium, is detected by the test, and the ability to discriminate between them is useful since particular serotypes (such as A and B) are more often connected with the sickness in people than others. (ncertpoint.com)

The onset situations and durations of paralysis rely over the serotype included, the exposure path as well as the intoxicating dosage. (exposed-skin-care.net)
It is known that progenitor toxin complex protects the neurotoxin during exposure to harsh conditions found in the stomach and small intestines where it is exposed to acidic pH (2.0) and peptidases like pepsin. (nature.com)

The mechanism of action of the serotypes is similar: they inhibit the release of acetylcholine from the nerve endings but their therapeutically potency varies. (researchgate.net)
In the present study, electrophysiologic techniques were used to monitor toxin effects on neuromuscular transmission in surgically excised human pyramidalis muscles, ligand binding studies were done to detect and characterize toxin receptors in human nerve membrane preparations, and molecular biologic techniques were used to isolate and sequence a human gene that encodes a substrate for botulinum neurotoxin. (aspetjournals.org)
Botulinum toxin specifically attacks glycoproteins in cholinergic nerve endings. (biologydictionary.net)

Botulinum toxin injections are the treatment of choice when needed. (medscape.com)
As state above, negative side effects to Botulinum toxin injections are often underreported. (never-tox.com)
We truly hope that these facts cause people take a pause, and question if botulinum injections are actually safe? (never-tox.com)

There, the neurotoxins cause flaccid. (marlerclark.com)

Due to specific details of this assay such as the vehicle, dilution scheme and laboratory protocols for the various mouse LD50 assays, Units of biological activity of BOTOX ® cannot be compared to nor converted into Units of any other botulinum toxin or any toxin assessed with any other specific assay method. (never-tox.com)
Glogau RG Botulinum A neurotoxin for axillary hyperhidrosis: no sweat Botox. (jamanetwork.com)

Glycosylated SV2 and gangliosides as dual receptors for botulinum neurotoxin serotype F. (expasy.org)

The similarity of the general architecture between the PTC-E(M) and the previously determined PTC-A(M) strongly suggests that the progenitor M complexes of all botulinum serotypes may have similar molecular arrangement, although the neurotoxins apparently can take very different conformation when they are released from the M complex. (nature.com)

The mechanism by which the neurotoxin is protected by the NAPs or the precise mechanism of transcytosis is not yet known. (nature.com)
Structural and mutational analyses of the receptor binding domain of botulinum D/C mosaic neurotoxin: insight into the ganglioside binding mechanism. (expasy.org)

In keeping with epidemiologic findings, botulinum toxin type A (10−8 M) paralyzed transmission in human preparations (ca. 90 min). (aspetjournals.org)
Anti-botulinum AB (bivalent), anti-diphtheric, antitetanic and anti-rabies horse F(ab') 2 immunoglobulins probably contain acceptable levels of aggregates, although other improvements on the preparations must be carried out. (biomedcentral.com)

After their ingestion, botulinum neurotoxins are absorbed primarily in the duodenum and jejunum, pass into the bloodstream, and travel to synapses in the nervous system. (marlerclark.com)

Clostridium botulinum toxin is listed as a Category A bioterrorism agent on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. (biologydictionary.net)

What aspects of the clinical application of botulinum toxin in your practice do you most hope will be improved by this conference? (neurotoxins.org)
Allergan , a leading global pharmaceutical company, today announced it has agreed to acquire Bonti , a privately held clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the development and commercialization of novel, fast-acting neurotoxin programs for aesthetic and therapeutic applications. (chemicalsknowledgehub.com)
The botulinum kit is intended for testing liquids, such as beverages, or clinical specimens, such as blood or urine. (marlerclark.com)

Sugar-binding sites of the HA1 subcomponent of Clostridium botulinum type C progenitor toxin. (expasy.org)
Clostridium botulinum type A haemagglutinin-positive progenitor toxin (HA(+)-PTX) binds to oligosaccharides containing Gal beta1-4GlcNAc through one subcomponent of haemagglutinin (HA1). (expasy.org)

Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A inhibitors: small-molecule mercaptoacetamide analogs. (medscape.com)
Investigations into small molecule non-peptidic inhibitors of the botulinum neurotoxins. (medscape.com)
M complex, the minimally functional complex, consists of a neurotoxin and NTNH and has no associated NAPs, L contains at least three NAPs in addition to M complex and LL is suggested to be a dimer of the L complex through an additional molecule of Hn-33 5 . (nature.com)
Botulinum neurotoxin, the most dangerous molecule known to science, has been shown to be highly inhibited by a substance discovered by researchers. (ncertpoint.com)

At least one of the seven antigenically different serotypes (A) may have direct analgesic effects (1). (mypcnow.org)

The most deadly of these is botulinum toxin type E. This is the most deadly toxin known to man. (biologydictionary.net)
It produces type G botulinum toxin that is proteolytic. (biologydictionary.net)
Crystal structure of botulinum neurotoxin type A in complex with the cell surface co-receptor GT1b-insight into the toxin-neuron interaction. (expasy.org)
We wanted to bring this to your attention because, the type of botulinum, 'type A' that has killed these sea gulls is the SAME type of botulinum that is responsible for the billion dollar worldwide injection industry. (never-tox.com)
Naumann MKHamm HLowe NJ Effect of botulinum toxin type A on quality-of-life measures in patients with excessive axillary sweating: a randomized controlled trial. (jamanetwork.com)
Naumann MLowe NJ Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of bilateral primary axillary hyperhidrosis: randomised, parallel group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (jamanetwork.com)
Naver HSwartling CAquilonius SM Treatment of focal hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A: brief overview of methodology and 2 year's experience. (jamanetwork.com)
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study trial of botulinum toxin type A for severe axillary hyperhidrosis. (jamanetwork.com)
Treatment of focal hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A: long-term follow-up in 61 patients. (jamanetwork.com)
Wollina UKararofilov TXonrad H High-dose botulinum toxin type A therapy for axillary hyperhidrosis markedly prolongs the relapse-free interval. (jamanetwork.com)

MYOBLOC ® is the first FDA-approved neurotoxin for the treatment of cervical dystonia (abnormal head position/neck pain) and a proven botulinum toxin B. Explore the evidence behind its strong legacy that extends back to 2000. (myoblochcp.com)

Emergent is pleased that Health Canada has approved this critical countermeasure against botulinum toxin, which has been identified by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Public Health Agency of Canada as one of the more likely biological threat agents," said Adam Havey, executive vice president and president, biodefense division at Emergent BioSolutions. (globalbiodefense.com)

Botulinum toxin is the most acutely lethal toxin known. (never-tox.com)

We will conclude this post with Injecting any amount of botulinum into your body, medically- or to temporarily smooth away a few beautifully earned (and totally normal) facial lines, is hands down the most foolish thing a person can do. (never-tox.com)

Epidemiologic data have been utilized because there are no studies of botulinum neurotoxin action on isolated human nerves. (aspetjournals.org)
In contrast to epidemiologic findings, serotype C (10−8 M) also paralyzed human tissues (ca. 65 min). (aspetjournals.org)

Botulinum neurotoxins are metalloproteases that block peripheral motor and autonomic nerves, leading to death when respiratory muscles are affected. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy5

Organisms14

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs36

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Phenomena and Processes9

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science2

Health Care2

Geographicals1

Botulism24

BoNT17

Toxins9

BoNTs9

Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin1

Called botulinum toxin1

Anaerobic3

Spores5

Species2

Bacteria6

Protein7

Detection1

Proteins1

Intoxication1

Antibodies2

Bacterium1

Exposure2

Nerve3

Injections3

Flaccid1

Botox2

Receptors1

Molecular1

Mechanism2

Preparations2

Ingestion1

Bioterrorism1

Clinical3

Progenitor2

Molecule4

Antigenically1

Type10

Proven1

Disease1

Toxin known1

Medically1

Human2

Nerves1