• Procedures -PI status was determined by use of an antigen-capture ELISA (ACE) and confirmed by use of a second ACE, reverse transcriptase-PCR assay of sera, immunohistochemical analysis, and virus isolation from sera. (avma.org)
  • Methods We determined levels of antibodies in convalescent plasma using commercially available SARS-CoV- 2 detection tests and in-house ELISA assays and correlated those measurements with neutralization activity measured using pseudotyped virus particles, which offer the most informative assessment of antiviral activity of patient sera against viral infection. (medrxiv.org)
  • The biotinylated 4S.B3 antibody is useful as a detection antibody for a sandwich ELISA or ELISPOT assay, when used in conjunction with purified NIB42 antibody (Cat. (biolegend.com)
  • For testing human IFN-γ in serum or plasma, BioLegend's ELISA Max™ Sets (Cat. (biolegend.com)
  • Researchers have been using traditional viral neutralization assay for testing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and there are several ELISA based neutralizing antibody test kits available in the market since May 2020. (tecbodmed.com)
  • However, performing COVID-19 neutralization assays or ELISA requires complex laboratory settings, and it is time-consuming, despite a higher sensitivity and specificity. (tecbodmed.com)
  • A specific antibody titer of sera from mice immunized with mRBD was ten-fold higher than the sera from the mice that received pRBD in ELISA, and about 100-fold higher in a neutralization test. (pimac.org)
  • 38 Neutralisation tests or an epitope-blocking ELISA can help identify MVEV-specific antibodies. (mja.com.au)
  • Creative Diagnostics' new Microneutralization Test provides researchers with high-quality results in two days using the ELISA microtiter plates, covering target virus and infected cell culture and microneutralization assay. (delhi-today.com)
  • Validation of a commercially available indirect ELISA using a nucleocapside recombinant protein for detection of Schmallenberg virus antibodies. (sciensano.be)
  • A newly developed Enzym Like Immuno Sorbant Assay ( ELISA ) based on the recombinant nucleocapsid protein (N) of Schmallenberg virus ( SBV ) was evaluated and validated for the detection of SBV -specific IgG antibodies in ruminant sera by three European Reference Laboratories. (sciensano.be)
  • Although cross-reactions with other Orthobunyavirus from the Simbu serogroup viruses might occur, it is a highly sensitive, specific and robust ELISA-test validated to detect anti-SBV antibodies. (sciensano.be)
  • Serum samples have been analysed by applying serotype-specific antibody ELISA and non-structural proteins (NSP) antibody ELISA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 33 Antigen detection assays are not available for MVEV, but have been used for JEV and Dengue fever virus. (mja.com.au)
  • 29 , 37 Most reference laboratories have developed in-house MVEV serological tests that can detect total antibody by haemagglutination inhibition, IgG by immunofluorescence assays (IFA) or enzyme immunoassays (EIA), and IgM by IFA or EIA. (mja.com.au)
  • Measuring antibody titers against specific viruses is indispensable to virology and several assays have been exploited based on similar principles, i.e., serial dilutions of heat-inactivated serum are mixed with fixed virus and added to the appropriate cell line for incubation. (delhi-today.com)
  • Traditional influenza virus neutralization assays (based on inhibiting the formation of cytogenetic effects in MDCK cell culture) are time-consuming, laborious, and relatively slow. (delhi-today.com)
  • The purpose of this review is to provide a complete update of the various analytical methods for virus detection, such as molecular, immunological, sensor-based and other detection assays, along with the advantages and limitations of these strategies. (frontiersin.org)
  • Noting that clinicians' desperation to help critically ill patients drives inappropriate use of many tests, the guideline's senior author, Carol Glaser, MD, said the document can augment the role of laboratorians, who are often "the voice of reason" tasked with advising physicians about suitable assays for encephalitis patients. (aacc.org)
  • Recently, standard procedures were adopted for conducting neutralization assays. (who.int)
  • The study compared traditional cell- and virus-based detection test (cVNT) with the new surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and found that the latter (the cPass test) detected neutralizing antibodies from patients with 95%-100% sensitivity and 99.93% specificity. (bgr.com)
  • The team conducted their investigation using an improved version of the surrogate virus neutralisation test (sVNT) developed by Duke-NUS in early 2020. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This surrogate neutralizing antibody rapid test cassette provides an easy way for the preliminary screening of NAb to estimate patients' immunity to novel coronavirus infection. (tecbodmed.com)
  • Defining surrogate serologic tests with respect to predicting protective vaccine efficacy: Poliovirus vaccination. (who.int)
  • Neutralization against B.1.1.7 was detectable in all kidney transplant recipients with seroconversion, with a median serum dilution that reduces infection of cells by 50% of 80 (interquartile range, 80-320). (lww.com)
  • In contrast, only 23 of 36 (64%) and 24 of 36 (67%) kidney transplant recipients showed neutralization against B.1.351 and B.1.617.2, respectively, with median serum dilutions that reduce infection of cells by 50% of 20 (interquartile range, 0-40) and 20 (interquartile range, 0-40), respectively. (lww.com)
  • Prof Wang and his team invented the sVNT assay, trade named cPass TM , which has been granted Emergency Use Authorisation by the US FDA to determine SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralising antibodies in human sera following infection or vaccination. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Detection of specific IgM antibodies in a serum specimens collected within the first few days of rash onset can provide presumptive evidence of a current or recent measles virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Neutralization Antibody Detection Kit is intended for use as an aid in identifying individuals with an adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2, indicating recent or prior infection. (tecbodmed.com)
  • The SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Antibody Detection Kit should not be used to diagnose or exclude acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. (tecbodmed.com)
  • In 1917, a 12-year-old with features suggestive of MVEV infection recovered after receiving immune serum. (mja.com.au)
  • Meanwhile, it is critical to keep the virus concentration low so as to detect infection and not saturate antibodies in the serum. (delhi-today.com)
  • Creative Diagnostics combines its infection and analytical expertise to provide global clients with the strongest portfolio of antiviral and antibacterial in vitro testing services. (delhi-today.com)
  • This situation has created an alarming public health emergency of international concern requiring the detection of this life-threatening viral candidate due to increased cases of newborn microcephaly associated with ZIKV infection. (frontiersin.org)
  • Considering the calamity of ZIKV infection, there is an urgent need to develop rapid detection methods for ZIKV along with DENV, which shares common clinical symptoms with ZIKV. (frontiersin.org)
  • Molecular tools for measles detection and differential diagnosis, and collection of appropriate specimens for molecular and serologic testing are essential to correctly diagnose suspected measles infection. (cdc.gov)
  • This method can be more effective than antigen-detection tests in diagnosing the disease in its acute (early) stage, because patients often die from Ebola before their bodies are able to produce the appropriate antigens. (thirdage.com)
  • In patients with pleurodynia, the striated intercostal muscles necrose, which explains the frequent elevations in serum creatine kinase levels. (medscape.com)
  • Discrepant results were observed for samples tested with all five commercial kits and ranged from 13.8 to 28.8% of the specimens tested. (cdc.gov)
  • Analysis of the serum samples showed high levels of antibodies for serotypes O, A, Asia 1 and C. The median endpoint-titre for all tested serotypes, except serotype C, in VNT titration is at a serum dilution of equal or above 1/100. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, proper laboratory testing is still needed to eliminate doubts for a definitive diagnosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • This was collected for laboratory testing for the presence of Clostridium botulinum toxin as was an unopened jar of pesto that Katy had. (marlerblog.com)
  • Laboratory evidence of immunity is based on testing to detect measles IgG. (cdc.gov)
  • During outbreaks of measles, the CDC measles laboratory can assist with testing. (cdc.gov)
  • To expedite confirmation of measles from highly suspicious cases (recent travel, classic measles signs and symptoms), particularly in a setting with many potential exposures, an aliquot of serum, and either a nasopharyngeal or throat swab can be sent to CDC while testing is underway at the SPHL or local clinical laboratory. (cdc.gov)
  • The most direct and effective way to confirm the clinical diagnosis of botulism in the laboratory is to demonstrate the presence of toxin in the serum or feces of the patient or in the food the patient consumed. (botulismblog.com)
  • Actual reporting of test results depends on the full battery of tests requested, day of the week/time of day samples arrive at the testing laboratory, and the quantity/quality of samples submitted. (tamu.edu)
  • The algorithm in question lists routine studies and tests that should be performed on all suspected encephalitis patients, as well as conditional studies based on host and geographic factors, season and exposure, specific signs and symptoms, and both laboratory and neuroimaging features (See chart, p. 4). (aacc.org)
  • A clinically compatible case that is laboratory confirmed by testing at a state or federal public health laboratory. (cdc.gov)
  • Laboratory testing with a rapid conducted at that time showed that 6.1% of the residents assay suggested that a dengue virus (DENV) was the caus- in nearby regions of Uganda had specifi c antibodies to ative agent. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • tory testing to the Arbovirus Diagnostic Laboratory at the Over the next 20 years, several ZIKV isolates were Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, Fort obtained from Aedes spp. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • In a hospitalized setting, the presence of heparin in the serum must be excluded prior to mixing and is usually done by performing a thrombin time (TT). (medscape.com)
  • We used an RT-PCR, with primers targeted to the 3' terminal portion of the nucleoprotein gene (N), to test neck-skin samples of nine patients who had rabies in order to validate a diagnostic method that could serve as an additional tool for rabies diagnosis, particularly in antemortem samples. (scielo.br)
  • Early diagnosis can eliminate the expense of unnecessary diagnostic tests and inappropriate medical treatment [9]. (scielo.br)
  • In addition to the presence of Ebola symptoms and recent travel to or from an Ebola-affected region, doctors can use several tests to confirm an Ebola diagnosis. (thirdage.com)
  • Diagnosis involves serologic testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (msdmanuals.com)
  • WHO does not recommend isolation of male or female convalescent patients whose blood has tested negative for Marburg virus. (who.int)
  • Objective -To detect bovine adenovirus serotype 7 (BAV-7) infections in calves by use of viral isolation and serologic testing. (avma.org)
  • Tests included viral isolation in cell culture from peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and detection of serum BAV-7 antibodies by use of microtitration viral neutralization. (avma.org)
  • Data are CHIKV neutralization titers of serum. (cdc.gov)
  • Serum and stool collected from Arielle and Katy did not test positive for C. botulinum . (marlerblog.com)
  • Currently, the most sensitive and widely used method for detecting toxin is the mouse neutralization test, which involves injecting serum or stool into mice and looking for signs of botulism. (botulismblog.com)
  • Detection of fecal occult blood by the stool Guaiac test. (tamu.edu)
  • Findings Our data show that a large proportion of convalescent plasma samples have modest antibody levels and that commercially available tests have varying degrees of accuracy in predicting neutralizing activity. (medrxiv.org)
  • Here, we tested the ability of three commercially available cell-free protein expression systems to produce venom components from small arthropods, using U2-sicaritoxin-Sdo1a from the six-eyed sand spider Hexophtalma dolichocephala as a case study. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • Serum specimens were tested by a commercially available indirect-format and by an in-house capture-format measles IgM enzyme immunoassays. (cdc.gov)
  • Some of the commercial, manually-processed EIAs are slightly more sensitive than high-throughput automated IgG test platforms that are typically used by large commercial laboratories. (cdc.gov)
  • Blood for serologic testing of measles at CDC is collected as described in the Infectious Disease Laboratories Test Directory entry for each test, listed below. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinical laboratories should have 50 or 100 µL capillary tubes that are typically used for a variety of tests such as hematocrits or total lipids on newborns. (cdc.gov)
  • Requests for measles serologic testing that are strictly for rule-out purposes (low index of suspicion, does not meet clinical case definition, no travel or contact with cases), should be directed to either SPHLs or clinical laboratories. (cdc.gov)
  • Human IgG antibody Laboratories manufactures the promega neutralization solution reagents distributed by Genprice. (sebov-detection.com)
  • Our results show that the designed method is a reliable method for replacing the virus neutralization test in diagnostic laboratories. (ac.ir)
  • A voluntary network of laboratories that submit test data to the CDC will provide valuable information as another early indicator of spread, along with other respiratory diseases (eg, influenza, RSV). (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] At present, most laboratories have adopted increasing the sensitivities of their standard aPTT tests such that the two have become, in general, interchangeable. (medscape.com)
  • Diluted sera (1:100, and 1:200 dilutions) used in Western blotting and two-fold dilutions of the sera applied in virus neutralization test.Five of twenty seven samples were negative in Western blotting and the same results obtained in virus neutralization test. (ac.ir)
  • Taking influenza viruses as an example, it detects antibodies targeting HA proteins of influenza viruses, thereby identifying functional strain-specific antibodies in human and animal sera. (delhi-today.com)
  • The recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that are less sensitive to neutralization by convalescent sera or vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody responses has raised concerns. (biorxiv.org)
  • Omicron mutations enhance infectivity and reduce antibody neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles ' by Syed, A., et al. (asm.org)
  • The cPass test looks for neutralizing antibodies, which are the proteins that can bind to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and render it useless. (bgr.com)
  • To test their hypothesis, researchers recruited eight people who recovered from SARS-CoV-1, which was responsible for the 2003 SARS epidemic, as well as ten healthy people and ten COVID-19 survivors. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This rapid antibody test kit is for the qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody currently present in the human by the reliable, rapid colloidial gold method. (tecbodmed.com)
  • Therefore, by synthesizing the N gene sequence of SARS-CoV-2, constructing the pET-28a (+)-N recombinant plasmid, we expressed the N protein in E.coli and obtained 15 mAbs against SARS-CoV-2-N protein by the hybridomas and ascites, then an immunochromatographic test strip method detecting N antigen was established. (pimac.org)
  • In this study, we obtained 14 high-titer and high-specificity monoclonal antibodies, and the test strips exclusively react with the SARS-CoV-2-N protein and no cross-reactivity with other coronavirus and also recognize the recombinant N protein of Delta (B.1.617.2) variant. (pimac.org)
  • The Role of Antibody Testing for SARS-CoV-2: Is There One? (ooir.org)
  • Se incluyeron 823 episodios de bacteriemia en 467 pacientes pediátricos, entre julio-2016 y junio-2022, dividido en tres períodos (período-1: años 2016- 2018, período-2: años 2018-2020, período-3: años 2020-2022). (bvsalud.org)
  • All 180 serum samples collected have been tested for antibodies against the non-structural proteins and all but four have been found positive. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hence, this review reports possible methods and strategies for the fast and reliable detection of ZIKV with particular emphasis on current updates, knowledge, and new hypotheses that might be helpful for medical professionals in poor and developing countries that urgently need to address this problem. (frontiersin.org)
  • This review summarizes the currently available methods employed for the rapid detection of ZIKV and suggests an innovative approach involving the application of a liposome-based hypothesis for the development of new strategies for ZIKV detection and their use as effective biomedicinal tools. (frontiersin.org)
  • Produced from sera of goats pre-immunized with highly pure (>98%) recombinant Rat IL-6. (prosci-inc.com)
  • This antigen affinity purified antibody, in conjunction with compatible secondary reagents, allows the detection of 0.2 - 0.4 ng/well of recombinant Rat IL-6. (prosci-inc.com)
  • This antigen affinity purified antibody, in conjunction with our Biotinylated Anti-Rat IL-6 (XP-5196Bt) as a detection antibody, allows the detection of at least 0.2 - 0.4 ng/well of recombinant Rat IL-6. (prosci-inc.com)
  • Used in conjunction with compatible secondary reagents the detection limit for recombinant Rat IL-6 is 1.5 - 3.0 ng/lane, under either reducing or non-reducing conditions. (prosci-inc.com)
  • A novel coronavirus antibody test kit can provide faster results than existing ones, and it can measure the strength of the immune response to COVID-19 or coronavirus vaccination. (bgr.com)
  • In some cases, vaccination is not possible, and testing with a second line diagnostic assay may be necessary to determine the patient's immune status. (cdc.gov)
  • The animals were challenged when the levels of MDAs detected by seroneutralization test (SNT) in the non-vaccinated control group became undetectable (10 weeks after vaccination). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The 'gold standard' method to assess humoral antibody responses fol owing vaccination is the neutralization assay. (who.int)
  • This is where a breakthrough coronavirus test comes into play, as it's been specifically designed to return quick results on a certain type of antibody that actually measures the strength of your immune response to COVID-19. (bgr.com)
  • RDT, immunochromatography test for rapid detection. (cdc.gov)
  • To help fight this disease, it is necessary to establish an effective and rapid detection method. (pimac.org)
  • Several vaccines are being tested, but none are available for clinical use. (aarogya.com)
  • New combination vaccines should induce similar or superior levels of neutralizing antibody in serum for individual protection against paralytic disease and mucosal immunity that effectively decreases viral replication in the intestine and pharynx for population protection against transmission of poliovirus. (who.int)
  • However, these tests have substantially variable sensitivity and specificity, and their ability to quantitatively predict levels of NAbs is unknown. (medrxiv.org)
  • The specificity was evaluated with 1364 sera from sheep, goat and bovine collected in France and Belgium before 2009. (sciensano.be)
  • This suggests that protective immunity by the mRNA vaccines tested here are likely retained against the B.1.617.1 variant. (biorxiv.org)
  • But if tests can't detect antibodies after three months, officials looking to track the disease and measure herd immunity will not get accurate results from current tests. (bgr.com)
  • 20 , 29 - 32 The use of PCR in conjunction with serological tests can increase the sensitivity of WNV diagnostic tests to 94% compared with 45% for serological tests alone. (mja.com.au)
  • We found that the B.1.617.1 variant is 6.8-fold more resistant to neutralization by sera from COVID-19 convalescent and Moderna and Pfizer vaccinated individuals. (biorxiv.org)
  • Despite this, a majority of the sera from convalescent individuals and all sera from vaccinated individuals were still able to neutralize the B.1.617.1 variant. (biorxiv.org)
  • A large number of serologic tests, platforms and methodologies are being employed to determine seroprevalence in populations to select convalescent plasmas for therapeutic trials, and to guide policies about reopening. (medrxiv.org)
  • 0.001), with all patients showing neutralization against all tested variants. (lww.com)
  • These variants contain mutations arising within the spike protein that are known to increase resistance to antibody neutralization 3 . (biorxiv.org)
  • An analysis of the sera from mice immunized with both variants of the protein revealed that the mRBD expressed in CHO cells provides a significantly stronger humoral immune response compared with the RBD expressed in E.coli cells. (pimac.org)
  • Monitoring continues for new variants to enable testing of vaccines and therapies for efficacy. (medscape.com)
  • Serologic tests can also result in false-negative results when serum specimens are collected too early with respect to rash onset. (cdc.gov)
  • The virus has a close similarity to the Hendra virus (HeV) with only minor ultrastructural differences and also shows significant cross-reactivity on various serological tests. (microbenotes.com)
  • Serological tests remain the mainstay of confirmatory diagnostic testing. (mja.com.au)
  • Se incluyeron pacientes con enfermedades hematooncológicas y neutropenia febril, internados en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad entre julio de 2018 y mayo de 2019. (bvsalud.org)
  • Results of the tensile test research have been analysed and discussed and conclusions have been presented in the following article. (researchgate.net)
  • However, because no assay is 100% specific, serologic testing of non-measles cases using any assay will occasionally produce false positive IgM results. (cdc.gov)
  • Fees charged to animal owners by veterinarians may exceed test prices shown herein, reflecting the time, expertise, and expense necessary to collect the sample, ship it in an appropriate manner, interpret results, and provide treatment advice. (tamu.edu)
  • RESULTS: Testing of 89 samples discarded for measles determined the etiologies for 10 (11.2%), including 1 rubella, 3 human herpes virus 6, and 6 measles infections. (cdc.gov)
  • False-positive results occurred in 2.0 to 13.1% of sera, while negative results were observed in 16.7 to 50% of sera that were positive by the CDC measles IgM capture assay. (cdc.gov)
  • This is based on evidence showing that no single test is sensitive for detecting all LA. However, the risk of false-positive results increases to an unacceptable level if more than 2 screening tests are performed. (medscape.com)
  • Overseas experience with WNV and JEV encephalitis suggests that IgM in serum usually appears 4-9 days after disease onset and can persist for months. (mja.com.au)
  • As a consequence, the process of diagnosing encephalitis is highly variable among clinicians and institutions, and fraught with inappropriate testing. (aacc.org)
  • We anticipate that this algorithm can lead to rational, as opposed to shotgun, testing in cases of suspected encephalitis," said the guideline's first author, Arun Venkatesan, MD, PhD, assistant professor of neurology and director of the Encephalitis Center at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. (aacc.org)
  • This stratified approach of performing a clutch of routine tests plus conditional studies-based on patient-specific circumstances-is a pragmatic approach to the diagnostic work-up of encephalitis, given that many of the recommended tests use precious cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), said James Sejvar, MD, a neuroepidemiologist in the Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology at CDC's National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Atlanta. (aacc.org)
  • Depending on the patient's recent travel history, these samples were tested for various other viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Although these biosensors are currently among the less popular tools for human disease detection, they have become useful tools for the screening and detection of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses because of their versatile advantageous features compared to other sensing devices. (frontiersin.org)
  • Considering the difficulties of this method, we tried to run a new one for HSV antibody detection by propagating the viruses and then purify them by sucrose density gradient centrifugation method. (ac.ir)
  • The Promega Neutralization Solution reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples. (sebov-detection.com)
  • When such a technique is used, the test is referred to as the LA-sensitive aPTT or aPTT-LA. Other authors argue that a single aPTT using a reagent that is not optimally sensitive may suffice to diagnose LA, provided that its positivity is documented on 2 separate occasions. (medscape.com)
  • Regardless of the aPTT reagent used, interpretation of a prolonged aPTT in evaluation of LA activity must involve further tests to fulfill the aforementioned mentioned criteria to confirm the presence of LA. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 ] Other phospholipid-dependent coagulation tests include the Kaolin clotting test (KCT) and the dilute prothrombin time, both of which are not recommended by the ISTH due to poor reproducibility and reagent variability. (medscape.com)
  • In this study, two H7N9 split virion vaccines with or without AS03 adjuvant were tested in the naive ferret model. (nature.com)
  • Qualitative detection of total neutralizing antibodies to SARSCoV-2 in human serum and K2-EDTA plasma. (druganddevicedigest.com)
  • Creative Diagnostics recently introduced the Microneutralization Assay Service to support research labs in detecting virus-specific neutralizing antibodies from human and animal sera. (delhi-today.com)
  • New York, USA - February 27, 2023 - As an expert in virology and microbiology, Creative Diagnostics recently introduced the Microneutralization Assay Service to support research labs in detecting virus-specific neutralizing antibodies from human and animal sera. (delhi-today.com)
  • Called cPass, the test was used in two cohorts of patients in Singapore and China measuring 375 and 250 subjects, respectively. (bgr.com)
  • The researchers also proved that even if patients had a low level of IgG and IgM antibodies, the cPass test still detected a significant level of neutralizing activity. (bgr.com)
  • The use of sentinel birds (non-vaccinated susceptible birds) in the flocks is also useful for early detection and tested for haemagglutination. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most reliable method for HSV detection is virus neutralization test but it needs cell culture preparation, high expertise, as well as the high amounts of serum samples. (ac.ir)
  • The serum samples were obtained from IRBA (Marseille, France). (cdc.gov)
  • Blood samples are tested on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays with a turnaround time of 5 days. (tamu.edu)
  • Serum samples were tested in triplicate using each commercial kit as recommended by the manufacturer. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, we analysed a total of 180 serum samples randomly collecting 30 samples each month at the local slaughterhouse, from October 2006 to March 2007. (biomedcentral.com)