• Ras signaling can be thought of in simple terms as occuring downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases, triggered by association of adaptor proteins with the phosphorylated cytoplasmic tails of these receptors. (sdbonline.org)
  • Ras signaling is activated by cellular receptors including receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), cytokines receptors, and extracellular matrix receptors [ 12 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • There is evidence that the production of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 by members of the Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family is important for efficient recruitment of Dock7 since the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 was shown to block Dock7-dependent functions in neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1(PDK1) is a master regulator of the AGC family of kinases and an integral component of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. (rcsb.org)
  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Core protein is thought to trigger activation of multiple signaling pathways and play a significant role in the alteration of cellular gene expression responsible for HCV pathogenesis leading to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (biomedcentral.com)
  • These data suggest that the synergistic action of glucose and GLP-1 to promote insulin gene transcription is mediated through NFAT via PKA- and calcineurin-dependent pathways in pancreatic β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Ras proteins are membrane-bound small GTPases that act as molecular transducers, coupling cell surface receptors to intracellular effector pathways to regulate cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis [ 3 ] [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Through extensive biochemical and genetic analysis, we now know that pathways are not simply switched on with kinases and off with phosphatases. (rupress.org)
  • Through these interactions, PH domains play a role in recruiting proteins to different membranes, thus targeting them to appropriate cellular compartments or enabling them to interact with other components of the signal transduction pathways. (embl.de)
  • In addition, they play important roles in gene transcription (via activation of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways and, in higher eukaryotes, the transcription factor NFκB), generation of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and cell-cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, in order to avoid excessive ROS generation, they switch the utilization of metabolic pathways that require mitochondrial respiration to fermentation [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The IREM-1 (CD300f) inhibitory receptor associates with the p85alpha subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. (nih.gov)
  • Significantly, the actions of both GLP-1 and forskolin were abolished by the selective Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent phosphatase 2B (calcineurin) inhibitor, FK506, as well as by the chelation of intracellular Ca 2+ by BAPTA (bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane- N,N,N ′ ,N ′-tetraacetate). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • However, the specificity of the Dock7 DHR2 domain appears to resemble that of DOCK-A/B subfamily proteins in that it binds Rac but not Cdc42. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although dozens of proteins act downstream of these GTPases, a comparison of effector proteins from evolutionarily diverse organisms suggests that six groups of proteins serve as the core machinery for signaling from Cdc42 and Rac. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In an effort to understand the fundamental signaling elements, or 'core machinery', required for the function of these GTPases, we describe here the conservation and functional similarities of Cdc42 and Rac effectors in five different species: plant, yeast, fruit fly, roundworm and human. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The analysis of Cdc42 and Rac function in evolutionarily distant organisms is useful as a tool to uncover the basic activities of these proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By regulating filamentous actin, Cdc42 and Rac exert a profound effect on cell shape, polarity, migration, cell:cell and cell:matrix adhesion, protein traffic, and cytokinesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In mammalian cells, as many as twenty types of protein have been reported to bind to activated Cdc42 [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS. (lookformedical.com)
  • It is a member of the DOCK-C subfamily of the DOCK family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which function as activators of small G-proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • GEFs activate G proteins by promoting this nucleotide exchange. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dock7 and other DOCK family proteins differ from other GEFs in that they do not possess the canonical structure of tandem DH-PH domains known to elicit nucleotide exchange. (wikipedia.org)
  • Instead they possess a DHR2 domain which mediates G protein activation by stabilising it in its nucleotide free state. (wikipedia.org)
  • ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins recognized as critical components in intracellular vesicular transport and phospholipase D activation. (embl.de)
  • Both guanine nucleotide-exchange proteins and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) for ARFs have been cloned recently. (embl.de)
  • Regulators of small G-proteins like guanine nucleotide releasing factor GNRP (Ras-GRF) (which contains 2 PH domains), guanine nucleotide exchange proteins like vav, dbl, SoS and Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC24, GTPase activating proteins like rasGAP and BEM2/IPL2, and the human break point cluster protein bcr. (embl.de)
  • Putative zinc fingers with GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) towards the small GTPase, Arf. (embl.de)
  • A variety of approaches, including biochemical purification, gene isolation by homology, and genetic screens, have been successfully used for the identification of putative protein kinases and phosphatases. (rupress.org)
  • Mouse protein citron, a putative rho/rac effector that binds to the GTP-bound forms of rho and rac. (embl.de)
  • Pancreatic cancer is a complex, multifactorial disease involving mutations in cancer-associated genes, and has a poor prognosis because traditional radiation or chemotherapy strategies yield disappointing results [ 1 , 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Additionally, Ras proteins are recognized as major oncogenes, as mutations in all three Ras genes occur in approximately 30% of human cancers [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Mutations in Brutons tyrosine kinase (Btk) within its PH domain cause X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) in patients. (embl.de)
  • Mutations in K + channel sequences can lead to a variety of clinical disorders exemplifying their physiological importance [ 3 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Dock7 is part of a large class of proteins (GEFs) which contribute to cellular signalling events by activating small G proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mitochondrial porin , also known as the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), is a multi-functional channel protein that shuttles metabolites between the mitochondria and the cytosol and implicated in cellular life and death decisions. (sdbonline.org)
  • We examined the in vitro effects of HCV Core protein of HCV genotype 3a and 1a on the cellular genes involved in oxidative stress and angiogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HCV virion is enveloped and has a positive strand genome comprising 9.6 kb RNA which is processed by cellular and viral proteases into 10 viral proteins, Core, E1, E2, p7 (structural proteins), NS2, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5a and NS5b (nonstructural proteins). (biomedcentral.com)
  • FTS blocks Ras association with the cellular membrane and renders Ras protein susceptible to proteasomal degradation. (checkpointinhibitor.com)
  • The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport. (lookformedical.com)
  • Ras proteins are essential mediators of a multitude of cellular processes, and its deregulation is frequently associated with cancer appearance, progression, and metastasis. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Levels of cellular protein phosphorylation are modulated both by protein kinases and phosphatases. (rupress.org)
  • To fully understand this complex and essential regulatory process, the kinases and phosphatases mediating the changes in cellular phosphorylation must be identified and characterized. (rupress.org)
  • Its molecular interactions were determined through KEGG analysis, and real-time PCR-based expression analysis was performed to assess its co-expression with another oncogenic cellular pathway (miR-223, KLF9, and PKCε) proteins in ovarian cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PKCε is usually referred to as an oncogenic kinase as it is involved in the regulation of mitogenesis, cellular invasion, and survival. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the importance of kinases in this process has long been recognized, an appreciation for the complex and fundamental role of phosphatases is more recent. (rupress.org)
  • Furthermore, kinases and phosphatases may work together to modulate the strength of a signal. (rupress.org)
  • Adding further complexity to this picture is the fact that both kinases and phosphatases can function in signaling networks where multiple kinases and phosphatases contribute to the outcome of a pathway. (rupress.org)
  • Classical GAP proteins accelerate GTPase activity by supplying an arginine finger to the active site. (embl.de)
  • Molecular characterization of the GTPase-activating domain of ADP-ribosylation factor domain protein 1 (ARD1). (embl.de)
  • Inducing an interferon response enables IFN-γ-inducible immunity-related GTPase (IRG protein) to accumulate on the PV and to restrict parasite growth. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • We have previously identified NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) as a key regulator of insulin gene transcription in pancreatic β-cells that is activated by the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin) in response to increased [Ca 2+ ] i ( 10 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • And whether these targets are comprised of amino or nucleic acids, their fundamental similarity is one of unique structural complexity. (selvita.com)
  • Changes in the redox state of cells affect proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in different ways. (hindawi.com)
  • A family of serine-threonine kinases that are specific for G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
  • STP, serine/threonine protein phosphatase. (rupress.org)
  • The reversible phosphorylation of proteins on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues represents a fundamental strategy used by eukaryotic organisms to regulate a host of biological functions, including DNA replication, cell cycle progression, energy metabolism, and cell growth and differentiation. (rupress.org)
  • All NSP proteins contain an NH 2 -terminal SH2 (Src homology domain 2) domain, a central proline/serine-rich domain, and a COOH-terminal domain with modest homology to Ras subfamily GDP-exchange factors (GEFs). (molvis.org)
  • Ras proteins are the founding members of the Ras superfamily of GTPases, which in humans is composed of more than 150 members [ 1 ] [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Rho GTPases are small (20-30 kDa) GTP-binding proteins of the Ras superfamily. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It was subsequently suggested that Dock7 may function as a GEF for Rheb, a small G protein that functions downstream of the TSC1-TSC2 complex. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dock7 activates isoforms of the small G protein Rac. (wikipedia.org)
  • Interestingly, rbf1 -induced apoptosis leads to a debcl - and drp1 -dependent Reactive Oxygen Species production, which in turn activates the Jun Kinase pathway to trigger cell death. (sdbonline.org)
  • Glucose metabolism activates this pathway by means of increasing [Ca 2+ ] i via L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) by affecting the electrical activity of the cell. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Ferroptosis is a novel type of regulated cell death caused by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation [ 26 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We focus on six 'core' effectors that operate in almost all these species - members of the Pak, WASP/WAVE, formin, lipid-kinase, IQGAP and NADPH oxidase families. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HGF was cloned as a growth factor for hepatocytes ( 1 , 2 ), is identical to scatter factor (SF) and was originally discovered as a fibroblast-derived cell motility factor for epithelial cells ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Western blot analysis and in situ hybridization confirmed the presence of AND-34 RNA and protein in lens epithelial cells, particularly at the lens equator. (molvis.org)
  • The GAP function of the amino-terminal extension of ARD1 required two arginines, an intact zinc finger motif, and a group of residues which resembles a sequence present in Rho/Rac GAPs. (embl.de)
  • Now, the genomic sequencing of organisms promises to be a major contributor to this field. (rupress.org)
  • The forecasted mRNA series and genomic framework were utilized to create primers for DNA and cDNA amplification to verify the series (all primer sequences are proven in Table ?Desk2).2). (mindunwindart.com)
  • Pleckstrin, the protein where this domain was first detected, is the major substrate of protein kinase C in platelets. (embl.de)
  • Dock7 shares the highest level of sequence similarity with Dock6 and Dock8, the other members of the DOCK-C subfamily. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tyrosine protein kinases belonging to the Btk/Itk/Tec subfamily. (embl.de)
  • The response to GLP-1 was mimicked by forskolin and largely inhibited by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors, H89 and myristoylated PKI(14-22) amide, indicating partial mediation via a cAMP/PKA pathway. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins. (lookformedical.com)
  • Cytoskeletal proteins such as dynamin (see IPR001401 ), Caenorhabditis elegans kinesin-like protein unc-104 (see IPR001752 ), spectrin beta-chain, syntrophin (2 PH domains) and S. cerevisiae nuclear migration protein NUM1. (embl.de)
  • The GTP-bound form of ARF is essential for the maintenance of normal Golgi morphology, it participates in recruitment of coat proteins which are required for budding and fission of membranes. (embl.de)
  • A ubiquitously expressed G-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtype that has specificity for the agonist-occupied form of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and a variety of other G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
  • It encodes the inactive pre-pro-HGF, a single chain of 728 amino acids (83 kDa), which includes a signal sequence ( 1 - 31 ), a heavy α chain (69 kDa), and a light β chain (34 kDa). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Based on the amino acid sequence homology and biological activity in macrophages, Shimamoto et al ( 15 ) identified that HLP was identical to MSP ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The microbiome associated with healthy individuals of the red seaweed Laurencia dendroidea can fix nitrogen and provide relevant amino acids and vitamins to the seaweed ( 3 ). (asm.org)
  • We had reported that the ARF domain of ARD1 binds specifically GDP and GTP and that the amino-terminal extension acts as a GAP for the ARF domain of ARD1 but not for ARF proteins. (embl.de)
  • A cDNA of -amylase was obtained by RT-PCR, and the deduced amino acid sequence has a high similarity (60% identity) to those of rice and maize. (globalsciencebooks.info)
  • A c-jun amino-terminal kinase that is found predominantly within NEURONS of the BRAIN, suggesting a role in stress-induced neuronal APOPTOSIS. (lookformedical.com)
  • A mechanistic study indicated that HIF-2α might regulate the binding of twist1 to vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) to promote VM formation in pancreatic cancer cells, and that the P1 (-421bp) and P4 (-2110bp) regions of the Twist1 binding sequences are positive regulatory elements for VE-cadherin. (oncotarget.com)
  • Regulatory proteins that down-regulate phosphorylated G-protein membrane receptors, including rod and cone photoreceptors and adrenergic receptors. (lookformedical.com)
  • They are regulatory proteins that play a role in G-protein-coupled receptor densensitization. (lookformedical.com)
  • Many DOCK family proteins contain important structural features at their N- and C-termini, however, these regions in Dock7 are poorly characterised thus far and no such features have been identified. (wikipedia.org)
  • This observation is consistent with the role of the DHR1 domain in other DOCK family proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although DOCK family proteins are generally considered as GEFs specific for Rho family G proteins Dock4 has been shown to bind and activate Rap1, which is not a member of the Rho family. (wikipedia.org)
  • These results provide a mechanism by which Drosophila Bcl-2 family proteins can control apoptosis and shed light on a link between Rbf1 and mitochondrial dynamics, in vivo. (sdbonline.org)
  • Transcriptomic analysis of the two recombinant strains in comparison with the control strain showed that the correct folding of proteins assisted by molecular chaperones played a key role in the improvement of FumDM expression and its enzyme activity. (inra.fr)
  • Several isoforms of the protein with molecular sizes of 47 kDa and 52 kDa exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. (lookformedical.com)
  • Ras proteins act as molecular switches that cycle between two conformational states: an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP-bound state. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The Drosophila retinoblastoma protein, Rbf1, induces a debcl and drp1 -dependent mitochondrial apoptosis. (sdbonline.org)
  • The main structural coat protein of COATED VESICLES which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. (lookformedical.com)
  • The protein HMGB1 behaves as a redox sensor and its structural changes, which are conditioned by the oxidative environment, are associated with different functions of the protein. (hindawi.com)
  • With the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 and the International HapMap Project in 2005, researchers now have a powerful set of research tools, including the high-speed DNA sequencing technology that make it possible to identify the genetic contributions to specific diseases, even if they are rare. (nature.com)
  • Methods In-silico identification of a homologue of melanophilin in the chicken The protein sequence of the murine melanophilin gene (NM053015) was used to search for a homologous gene in the chicken genome (The Sequencing Centre, Washington University, St Louis) using TBLASTN [31]. (mindunwindart.com)
  • Dedicator of cytokinesis protein (Dock7) is a large (~240 kDa) protein encoded in the human by the DOCK7 gene, involved in intracellular signalling networks. (wikipedia.org)
  • The seaweed RNA was sequenced, providing an unprecedentedly high coverage of the transcriptome of Laurencia , and the gene expression levels were compared between control and inoculated samples after 24, 48, and 72 h. (asm.org)
  • This gene encodes a member of the CD300 protein family. (nih.gov)
  • Over expression of Core gene of HCV 3a genotype showed stronger effect in regulating RNA and protein levels of Cox-2, iNOS, VEGF, p-Akt as compared to HCV-1a Core in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Huh-7 accompanied by enhanced PGE2 release and cell proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Besides nucleocaspid formation, HCV Core protein, in particular, also modulates gene transcription, cell proliferation, cell death and interferes with metabolism leading to oxidative stress, liver steatosis and eventually HCC. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mutants in the gene encoding the InsP 3 R ( itpr ) in Drosophila exhibit a range of defects including altered wing posture, increased spontaneous firing, and loss of rhythmic flight patterns in response to an air puff stimulus. (jneurosci.org)
  • these proteins are also important in regulating gene transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because the gene page contains a lot of information, it takes on average 3-5 seconds to load. (uth.edu)
  • Exon 4, which is comparable to exon 5 in your dog gene, is also absent in the human, mouse and cat sequences. (mindunwindart.com)
  • The contigs were analysed in silico in order to predict the chicken MLPH gene sequence using homology and gene prediction programs, gENSCAN [32] primarily, to produce a sequence formulated with the full-length coding area from the poultry melanophilin. (mindunwindart.com)
  • A G-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtype that is primarily expressed in the MYOCARDIUM and may play a role in the regulation of cardiac functions. (lookformedical.com)
  • A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that was originally identified by its ability to bind N-formyl peptides such as N-FORMYLMETHIONINE LEUCYL-PHENYLALANINE. (lookformedical.com)
  • In humans, three Ras genes ( H-ras , N-ras, and K-ras ) encode four distinct Ras proteins: H-Ras, N-Ras, K-Ras4A, and K-RasS4B, the latter 2 resulting from alternative RNA splicing of the K-ras gen. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • From experimentally validated target genes of these 86 miRNAs, pan-sensitive and pan-resistant genes with concordant mRNA and protein expression associated with in-vitro drug response to 19 NCCN-recommended breast cancer drugs were selected. (cdc.gov)
  • The mRNA and protein expression of the 26 genes was associated with sensitivity or resistance to 18 NCCN-recommended drugs for treating breast cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • In cancer cells, ROS production is mainly due to overexpression of the NADPH oxidase [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • therefore, the PPP is important as a source of NADPH reducing power [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, FTS treatment resulted in decreased Ras protein ranges, indicating that Ras signaling is important for NO to improve Ets 1 phosphorylation. (checkpointinhibitor.com)
  • Protein phosphorylation can regulate enzyme function, mediate protein-protein interactions, alter subcellular localization, and control protein stability. (rupress.org)
  • Cell , 135 (3): 561-71. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • DeMarini, and Chapter 20, by Rice and cell death determine the size protein in several signal ing path- and Herceg). (who.int)
  • Although specific mechanisms by which HCV disease progresses remains unknown, direct interaction of specific viral proteins with host cell system has shown to be accounted for some of its pathophysiological profile of HCV patients [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • H-bond donors and acceptors may theoretically form strong interactions with the protein of interest but that will mean nothing if they also interact so readily with water molecules that the drug cannot penetrate the cell membranes necessary to access the bloodstream and reach the protein in the first place. (selvita.com)
  • Several S. cerevisiae proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and bud formation like BEM2, BEM3, BUD4 and the BEM1-binding proteins BOI2 (BEB1) and BOI1 (BOB1). (embl.de)
  • HMGB1 is an abundant protein, 10 6 molecules per cell [ 7 ], which has been postulated as a redox sensor [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We characterized the role of IRG protein Irgb6 in the cell-autonomous response against T. gondii , which involves vacuole ubiquitination and breakdown. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • One of the IFN-γ-induced cell-autonomous programs is associated with IFN-inducible GTPases, such as p47 immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) and p65 guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) ( Kim et al, 2012 ). (life-science-alliance.org)
  • In accordance with its tumor suppressor role, the Retinoblastoma protein pRb can ensure pro-apoptotic functions. (sdbonline.org)
  • Although medical and surgical developments have extended the overall survival of patients, CRC still has a poor long-term prognosis, high recurrence rate, low five-year postoperative survival, and high tumor metastasis rate, which reduce therapeutic efficacy [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The ultimate mRNA sequences had been verified and posted to EMBL (European union007437-40). (mindunwindart.com)
  • These four Ras isoforms are ubiquitously expressed and are highly similar in primary sequence, structure, and biochemical properties [ 5 ] [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)