AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and Occupations
Septal NucleiSeptum PellucidumSeptum of BrainCholine O-AcetyltransferaseCell NucleusNeuronsBrainProsencephalonRats, Inbred StrainsNeural PathwaysBrain ChemistryRats, WistarHippocampusRats, Sprague-DawleyImmunohistochemistryNucleus AccumbensThalamic NucleiSolitary NucleusCochlear NucleusRaphe NucleiCerebellar NucleiActive Transport, Cell NucleusArcuate NucleusCaudate NucleusParaventricular Hypothalamic NucleusSuprachiasmatic NucleusRed Nucleus
AccumbensDorsalAmygdalaNeuronsHypothalamusThalamusHippocampusRapheThalamicFibersArcuate NucleusCholinergicStriatumMedullaStriaProjectionsBasolateralSubcorticalFrontalSeptumBasal gangliaPreoptic nucleusHypoglossal nucleusHippocampal formationDiagonal BandGlialAcetylcholineHypothalamicNeuralParvicellularCerebellarCingulate gyrus
Accumbens11
  • It is highly interconnected with the nucleus accumbens , which plays a role in sexual arousal and the "high" derived from certain recreational drugs . (wikipedia.org)
  • Microdialysis was used to assess extracellular dopamine in striatum, nucleus accumbens, and medial frontal cortex of unanesthetized rats both under resting conditions and in response to intermittent tail-shock stress. (nih.gov)
  • The resting extracellular concentration of dopamine was estimated to be approximately 10 nM in striatum, 11 nM in nucleus accumbens, and 3 nM in medial frontal cortex. (nih.gov)
  • Intermittent tail-shock stress increased extracellular dopamine relative to baseline by 25% in striatum, 39% in nucleus accumbens, and 95% in medial frontal cortex. (nih.gov)
  • We reveal that DA release in mouse dorsolateral striatum, but not nucleus accumbens core, is governed by GAT-1 and GAT-3. (nature.com)
  • Here we reveal firstly that GAT-1 and GAT-3 strongly regulate striatal DA release in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) but not in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC), by limiting tonic inhibition arising from striatal ambient GABA. (nature.com)
  • The anterior fibers (called precommissural fibers) end in the septal region and nucleus accumbens 1,2 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The expression of IRR mRNA in the brain was highly restricted to the forebrain including the nucleus of the diagonal band, medial septal nucleus, ventral pallidum, accumbens nucleus and caudate putamen, and the brainstem including the prepositus hypoglossal nucleus, medial vestibular nucleus, gigantocell reticular nucleus, paragigantocellular nucleus and ventral cochlear nucleus. (nii.ac.jp)
  • We found that a high dose of caffeine (100 mg/kg) significantly increased CART-IR 2 h after administration in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh), dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (dBNST), central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), arcuate hypothalamic nucleus (Arc), and locus coeruleus (LC), and returned to control levels after 8 h. (korea.ac.kr)
  • In primates the striatum comprises the caudate nucleus and the putamen, and in all mammals, the ventral striatum or nucleus accumbens (Gerfen and Wilson 1996, Voorn et al. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Amalric M, Koob G. Depletion of dopamine in the caudate nucleus but not in nucleus accumbens impairs reaction-time performance in rats. (jneurophilosophy.com)
Dorsal9
  • The limbic system is involved in lower order emotional processing of input from sensory systems and consists of the amygdala , mammillary bodies , stria medullaris , central gray and dorsal and ventral nuclei of Gudden. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1. dorsal medulla nuclei, 2. (cdc.gov)
  • The ascending reticular activation system (ARAS) reaches the cortex through a ventral pathway (hypothalamus, basal forebrain), through the aminergic nuclei (containing catecholamines, acetylcholine, and serotonin) and a dorsal pathway, the thalamic relay. (springer.com)
  • In addition, PHA-L-labelled fibers and varicosities suggestive of terminal fields were observed in the anterior, tuberal, and posterior lateral hypothalamic regions, the ventral pallidum in the region of the nucleus basalis of Meynert, the dorsal and intermediate lateral septal nuclei, and in the central and medial nuclei of the amygdala. (nih.gov)
  • Following placement of WGA-HRP into dorsal and intermediate lateral septal regions, the vast majority (greater than 90%) of retrogradely labelled neurons were cholinergic neurons of the PPT and LDT, with few noncholinergic retrogradely labelled neurons in the adjacent tegmentum. (nih.gov)
  • An aggregation of cells in the middle hypothalamus dorsal to the ventromedial nucleus and bordering the third ventricle. (nih.gov)
  • ASIC3 immunoreactivity showed a widespread pattern throughout the hypothalamus , with the highest density in paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus , median preoptic nucleus, ventromedial preoptic nucleus, and dorsal tuberomammillary nucleus. (brainmaps.org)
  • : 86-88 Parasympathetic fibers to segments of the trachea and esophagus in the neck originate in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve . (butsulfurcri154.sbs)
  • The linear nucleus (Li) is found in the medullary reticular formation surrounding the middle segment of the compact part of the ambiguus nucleus (AmbC) in dorsal, medial and/or lateral aspects. (biomedcentral.com)
Amygdala5
  • In contrast, fewer cholinergic neurons were retrogradely labelled following placement of tracer into the nucleus basalis of Meynert or into the central, medial, and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala, while numerous noncholinergic neurons of the central tegmental field rostral to the PPT and of the retrorubral field adjacent to the PPT were retrogradely labelled in these cases. (nih.gov)
  • These anterograde and retrograde studies demonstrate that cholinergic PPT and LDT neurons provide a substantial proportion of mesopontine tegmental afferents to the hypothalamus and lateral septum, while projections to the nucleus basalis and the amygdala are minimal. (nih.gov)
  • Direct connections to both input nuclei are from the thalamus , cerebral cortex and limbic structures ( amygdala and hippocampus ). (scholarpedia.org)
  • CLF rats exhibited a decrease in Fos expression in the PVN, PL, and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala and increase in the cingulate and perirhinal cortices compared to CTL animals. (datadryad.org)
  • Some of these regions such as the amygdala, the solitary nucleus, raphe nuclei also have established roles in cardiovascular control and pain modulation, suggesting that Li may share these functions, if these regions are confirmed to project to the Li. (biomedcentral.com)
Neurons8
  • Neurons in this nucleus give rise to the bulk of efferents from the septal nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have reported previously that a selective metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist, (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD), caused a slow membrane depolarization in rat dorsolateral septal nucleus (DLSN) neurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • 14. Does the release of acetylcholine in septal slices originate from intrinsic cholinergic neurons bearing p75(NTR) receptors? (nih.gov)
  • Numerous ChAT-immunoreactive neurons in the PPT and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) were retrogradely labelled from the lateral hypothalamus. (nih.gov)
  • the balance consisted of noncholinergic neurons of the central tegmental field, retrorubral field, and cuneiform nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • The present findings indicate that hyperactivity of the ir-RFRP-3 neurons of dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus (DMH) observed in prepubertal mice declines in reproductively active mice and increases again in the old mice having declined reproductive performance. (brainmaps.org)
  • a mammalian ortholog of avian gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone), expression of immunoreactive RFRP-3 in the neurons of the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus was monitored in sexually immature and mature laboratory mice (study I). (brainmaps.org)
  • Retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in Li after BDA injections into all these nuclei except the central amygdaloid and the paralemniscal nuclei. (biomedcentral.com)
Hypothalamus19
  • In the third filial generation (F3), brain tissues containing the preoptic area, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the anterior hypothalamus were collected. (nih.gov)
  • Roughly C-shaped, the fornix extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus and the anterior nuclei of the thalamus . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The part of the hypothalamus posterior to the middle region consisting of several nuclei including the medial mamillary nucleus, lateral mamillary nucleus, and posterior hypothalamic nucleus (posterior hypothalamic area). (nih.gov)
  • A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. (nih.gov)
  • That middle portion of the hypothalamus containing the arcuate, dorsomedial, and ventromedial nuclei, and the tuber cinereum. (nih.gov)
  • A nucleus of the middle hypothalamus, the largest cell group of the tuberal region with small-to-medium size cells. (nih.gov)
  • The dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) has been implicated in seasonal changes in reproductive function in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), although the specific-cell phenotype decoding photoperiodic information remains unknown. (brainmaps.org)
  • suprachiasmatic nucleus, subzona incerta (SubZi), dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus , nucleus reunions and paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus]. (brainmaps.org)
  • The dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) is known to play important roles in ingestive behavior and body weight homeostasis. (brainmaps.org)
  • In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis revealed the cellular localization of zebra finch GnIH mRNA and peptide in the paraventricular nucleus and the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus . (brainmaps.org)
  • The arcuate nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus , lateral hypothalamus , parvicellular division of the paraventricular nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, periventricular nucleus and the ventromedial hypothalamus were not affected. (brainmaps.org)
  • Four major projection pathways are described: (1) local projections within the arcuate nucleus bilaterally, (2) projections to the median eminence including the lateral palisade zone, (3) projections to a periventricular pathway extending rostrally to multiple hypothalamic nuclei, the septal region and BNST and dorsally to the dorsomedial nucleus and (4) Projections to a ventral hypothalamic tract to the lateral hypothalamus and medial forebrain bundle. (brainmaps.org)
  • The dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) has been suggested to be a final relay site for the afferent pathway of milk-ejection reflex (MER). (brainmaps.org)
  • MSG activated the medial preoptic area, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus , and habenular nucleus. (brainmaps.org)
  • These papers claim that either the canonical clock genes, or the circuitry in the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus , may not be necessary for these forms of entrainment. (brainmaps.org)
  • One exists as a dense periventricular continuum of cells within the rostral part of the third ventricle, another is found within the arcuate nucleus, and another is identified as a low-density group of scattered cells within the dorsomedial nucleus and posterior hypothalamus . (brainmaps.org)
  • RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3) is a neuropeptide produced in cells of the paraventricular nucleus and dorsomedial nucleus of the ovine hypothalamus . (brainmaps.org)
  • The fibers of the postcommissural fornix ( B21 ) terminate in the mamillary body ( B22 ) (predominantly in the medial nucleus of the mamillary body ), in the anterior thalamic nucleus ( B23 ), and in the hypothalamus . (brainkart.com)
  • The study indicated that CHF rats expressed high Fos expression in the locus coeruleus, periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and lateral portion of the septal area and low Fos expression in the medial portion of the septal area, dentate gyrus, and prelimbic cortex (PL) compared to CTL animals. (datadryad.org)
Thalamus3
  • Moruzzi and Magoun [ 1 ] demonstrated cortical arousal in the cat by stimulating and lesioning the brain stem reticular formation and formulated the concept of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), that reaches the cortex through the non-specific thalamus, the medial and intralaminar nuclei, as well as through extrathalamic pathways. (springer.com)
  • Integrating these components with specific thalamic nuclei, specific cerebellar connections to the thalamus, basal ganglia, cortex and prefrontal cortex. (uschirodirectory.com)
  • Globus pallidus (internal)/entopeduncular nucleus is one of the two output nuclei that receive inputs from other basal ganglia nuclei and provides output to external targets in the thalamus and brainstem. (scholarpedia.org)
Hippocampus1
  • The fibers from the cingulate gyrus collect in the cingulum ( B14 ) and extend primarily to the subiculum.The fornix ( B15 ) contains bundles from the septal nuclei ( B16 ) but above all fibers fromthe hippocampus and the entorhinal area of the contralateral hemisphere (via the com-missure of the fornix ). (brainkart.com)
Raphe1
  • Finally, important modulatory afferents come from substantia nigra pars compacta ( dopamine ) and the raphe nuclei (serotonin) in the midbrain. (scholarpedia.org)
Thalamic2
  • Anterogradely labelled fibers and varicosities were observed in the thalamic nuclei, confirming the findings of our previous retrograde studies (Hallanger et al: J. Comp. (nih.gov)
  • Hippocampal im-pulses are conducted via the fornix to the anterior thalamic nucleus. (brainkart.com)
Fibers4
  • It contains the lateral hypothalamic nucleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, lateral tuberal nuclei, and fibers of the medial forebrain bundle. (nih.gov)
  • The somatic motor fibers that innervate the laryngeal muscles , and pharyngeal muscles are located in the nucleus ambiguus and emerge from the medulla in the cranial root of the accessory nerve . (butsulfurcri154.sbs)
  • : 86-88 Sensory cell bodies are located in the inferior jugular ganglion , [9] and the fibers terminate in the solitary nucleus . (butsulfurcri154.sbs)
  • BDA injections into the central amygdaloid nucleus result in labeled fibers to the ipsilateral Li. (biomedcentral.com)
Arcuate Nucleus1
  • RFRP-3 cells were seen to project to neuropeptide Y and pro-opiomelanocortin neurones in the arcuate nucleus, orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone neurones in the lateral hypothalamic area, as well as orexin cells in the dorsomedial nucleus and corticotrophin-releasing hormone and oxytocin cells in the paraventricular nucleus. (brainmaps.org)
Cholinergic1
  • Neflamapimod treatment for one month beginning at approximately six months of age reversed the neurodegenerative phenotype, restoring choline acetyltransferase positive neuron (i.e., cholinergic neuron) counts in the medial septal nucleus (MSN) to levels comparable to those in wildtype. (eippharma.com)
Striatum6
  • The main input nuclei are the striatum (STR) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN). (scholarpedia.org)
  • The basal ganglia comprise two principal input nuclei, the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and two principal output nuclei, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the internal globus pallidus (GPi) (primates) which in cats and rodents is known as the entopeduncular nucleus ( Figure 1 ). (scholarpedia.org)
  • Finally, dopaminergic neurones in substantia nigra (pars compacta) (SNc) and the adjacent ventral tegmental area (VTA) provide other basal ganglia nuclei, principally the striatum, with important modulatory signals. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Striatum is the largest nucleus of the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Subthalamic nucleus was considered an important relay in the "indirect output pathway" from the striatum via the external globus pallidus (Albin et al. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Thus, it receives inhibitory GABAergic afferents from the striatum and external globus pallidus, and excitatory glutamatergic input from the subthalamic nucleus. (scholarpedia.org)
Medulla1
  • The nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla as a number of small rootlets, passes through the hypoglossal canal and down through the neck, and eventually passes up again over the tongue muscles it supplies into the tongue. (iiab.me)
Stria1
  • Castration reduced VT-ir innervation in the lateral septum (SL), the medial preoptic nucleus, the nucleus of the stria terminalis and the intercollicularis nucleus. (elsevierpure.com)
Projections5
  • Ascending projections from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) and the surrounding mesopontine tegmentum to the forebrain in the rat are here examined by using both retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques combined with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry. (nih.gov)
  • The subthalamic nucleus has a predominant cell type that is immunoreactive for glutamate that sends excitatory projections to both basal ganglia output nuclei and the external globus pallidus. (scholarpedia.org)
  • The linear nucleus (Li) was identified in 1978 from its projections to the cerebellum. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bilateral projections with an ipsilateral dominance were observed after injections in a) jointly the paralemniscal nucleus, the noradrenergic group 7/ Köllike -Fuse nucleus/subcoeruleus nucleus, b) the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, c) and the solitary nucleus/the parvicellular/intermediate reticular nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The majority of the abovementioned nuclei have recognized roles in movement control, consistent with the likely role of the projections from Li to the cerebellum. (biomedcentral.com)
Basolateral1
  • Instead, it comprises a set of different subnuclei, such as the basolateral complex or central nucleus, which exhibit marked differences in function and neural connectivity profiles. (nature.com)
Subcortical1
  • The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected subcortical nuclei that represent one of the brain 's fundamental processing units. (scholarpedia.org)
Frontal1
  • cerebral cortex at the level of the septal nuclei (frontal cortex). (cdc.gov)
Septum1
  • The vomeronasal organ is a specialized bilateral membranous structure located in the base of the anterior nasal septum, at the junction of the septal cartilage and the bony septum. (medscape.com)
Basal ganglia4
  • The external globus pallidus (GP) is an intrinsic nucleus as most of its connections are with the input and output nuclei of the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
  • The external globus pallidus (GPe) is principally an intrinsic structure that receives most of its afferents from, and provides efferent connections to other basal ganglia nuclei. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Striatal medium spiny neurones are GABAergic providing inhibitory inputs to adjacent spiny neurones via local axon collaterals, to the globus pallidus (external), and to both basal ganglia output nuclei. (scholarpedia.org)
  • 1989). While still serving this function, it is now also considered a second important input nucleus of the basal ganglia (Nambu et al. (scholarpedia.org)
Preoptic nucleus1
  • It is located ventral to the SEPTAL NUCLEI, and caudal to the median PREOPTIC NUCLEUS. (nih.gov)
Hypoglossal nucleus1
  • The rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve arise from the hypoglossal nucleus near the bottom of the brain stem . (iiab.me)
Hippocampal formation1
  • A major projection from the medial septal nucleus terminates in the hippocampal formation. (wikipedia.org)
Diagonal Band1
  • 16. Postnatal development of muscarinic autoreceptors in the rat brain: lateral and medial septal nuclei and the diagonal band of Broca. (nih.gov)
Glial2
  • Our findings demonstrate that FGF signaling is required for generating telencephalic midline structures, in particular septal and glial cell types and all three cerebral commissures. (nih.gov)
  • The axons of the donor cells grow in both directions along the longitudinal axis of the host tracts, where they are interspersed in parallel among the normal host axons, the rows of host interfascicular glial nuclei, and the longitudinal processes of host tract astrocytes. (moam.info)
Acetylcholine2
  • 3. Downregulation of muscarinic- and 5-HT1B-mediated modulation of [3H]acetylcholine release in hippocampal slices of rats with fimbria-fornix lesions and intrahippocampal grafts of septal origin. (nih.gov)
  • 13. Characterization of opioid receptor types modulating acetylcholine release in septal regions of the rat brain. (nih.gov)
Hypothalamic1
  • Hypothalamic nucleus overlying the beginning of the optic tract. (nih.gov)
Neural1
  • Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. (nih.gov)
Parvicellular1
  • The main objective of the study is to examine afferents to Li from the central amygdaloid nucleus, KF, the paralemniscal nucleus (PL) which is rostral and adjacent to KF, Gi, Sol and adjacent parvicellular/intermediate reticular nucleus (PCRt/IRt). (biomedcentral.com)
Cerebellar1
  • The linear nucleus (Li) was first identified in 1978 by horseradish peroxidase retrograde labelling from rat cerebellar tactile regions [ 47 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cingulate gyrus1
  • This midline leptomeningeal lipomatous hamartoma is located at the base of the cingulate gyrus, immediately above the corpus callosum and septal nuclei. (nih.gov)