Sensory trigeminal nerve. Medical search. Frequent questions

The trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), provides sensory innervation to the face. (medscape.com)
The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve and supplies sensory innervations to the face via its branches (see the image below). (medscape.com)
The cranial nerve nuclei are a series of bilateral grey matter motor and sensory nuclei located in the midbrain , pons and medulla that are the collections of afferent and efferent cell bodies for many of the cranial nerves . (radiopaedia.org)
Some nuclei are small and contribute to a single cranial nerve, such as some of the motor nuclei. (radiopaedia.org)
Which Cranial nerve(s) come from the midbrain? (proprofs.com)
Cranial nerve V comes from what part of the brain stem? (proprofs.com)
Cranial nerve V, also known as the trigeminal nerve, originates from the pons, which is a part of the brainstem. (proprofs.com)
Cranial nerve 9, also known as the Glossopharyngeal nerve, controls functions like taste and swallowing. (proprofs.com)
Among the options given, the only cranial nerve that exits from this location is the third cranial nerve, also known as the oculomotor nerve. (proprofs.com)
The most common in a family of disorders, trigeminal neuralgia is caused by spontaneous, nontraumatic injury to a cranial nerve. (montefiore.org)
Increasing evidence implicates herpes simplex type I and herpes zoster virus reactivation from cranial-nerve ganglia. (medscape.com)
Cranial nerve V mediates the sensory and motor aspects of this reflex. (standardofcare.com)
The most frequently involved cranial nerve dermatome is the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve . (yourdictionary.com)
Trigeminal neuralgia is severe facial pain due to malfunction of the 5th cranial nerve (trigeminal nerve). (msdmanuals.com)
the first is a cranial nerve whereas the others are spinal nerves. (stackexchange.com)
the trigeminal nerve is a cranial nerve. (stackexchange.com)

The trigeminal nerve ganglion (also referred to as the gasserian ganglion) lies in the trigeminal cave (also known as the Meckel cave), which is a dural invagination in the petrous part of the temporal bone. (medscape.com)
This ganglion is formed by 2 roots that exit the ventral surface of the brainstem at the midpontine level and travel forwards and laterally to enter the trigeminal cave. (medscape.com)
The dural pouch (trigeminal cistern) contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lies behind the ganglion. (medscape.com)
In addition, trigeminal ganglion interventions have also been used to palliate cancer pain involving cranial or base of the skull structures. (asra.com)
Its sensory ganglion (the gasserian ganglion) resides in Meckel's cave, which is in the floor of the middle cranial fossa. (asra.com)
There are several important structures that reside in the vicinity of the ganglion: the cavernous sinus, the optic and trochlear nerves medially, the inferior surface of the temporal lobe of the brain superiorly, and the brain stem posteriorly. (asra.com)
In laboratory animals, tinnitus, as determined in a behavioral paradigm, can be eliminated by invasive Vagal Nerve Stimulation (VNS) or transcutaneous stimulation of the facial nerve and dorsal root ganglion [ 4 , 5 ]. (tinnitusjournal.com)
The main sensory nucleus receives its afferents (as the sensory root) from the semilunar ganglion through the lateral part of the pons ventral surface. (medscape.com)
The descending sensory fibers from the semilunar ganglion course through the pons and medulla in the spinal tract of CN V to end in the nuclei of this tract (as far as the second cervical segment). (medscape.com)
This motor root joins the semilunar ganglion together with the sensory root. (medscape.com)
The semilunar (gasserian or trigeminal) ganglion is the great sensory ganglion of CN V. It contains the sensory cell bodies of the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve (the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary divisions). (medscape.com)
The motor root passes under the ganglion to join the sensory division of the mandibular nerve and exits the skull through foramen ovale. (medscape.com)
HSV-1 infects corneal sensory nerves and establishes latency in the trigeminal ganglion (TG). (bvsalud.org)
After the first contact, the virus establishes a life-long latency in sensory nerve ganglia, being more frequent the trigeminal ganglion 13 . (bvsalud.org)

The principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve (or chief sensory nucleus of V, main trigeminal sensory nucleus) is a group of second-order neurons which have cell bodies in the caudal pons. (wikipedia.org)
The nerve originates from the midlateral surface of pons. (asra.com)
From there, the trigeminal nerve root continues back toward the side of the brain stem, and inserts into the pons. (yourdictionary.com)
The fact that the median and peroneal nerves are spinal nerves, which ultimately feed into the medula, which then turns into the pons. (stackexchange.com)
It exits the brain by a large sensory root and a smaller motor root coming out of the pons at its junction with the middle cerebral peduncle. (medscape.com)
The sensory nucleus, located in the pons, is quite extensive. (medscape.com)
The sensory nucleus of CN V is connected to other motor nuclei of the pons and medulla. (medscape.com)
The axons emerge anterior to the sensory root from the lateral surface of the pons. (medscape.com)

The postganglionic fibers are the sensory nerves to the face and exit via various foramina at the base of the skull. (medscape.com)
The fibers of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve include sensory branches that transmit impulses from the skin of the jaw, the lower teeth, the lower gum, and the lower lip. (innerbody.com)
More specifically, this invention relates to an implantable medical electrical lead having at least one stimulation electrode adapted to be implanted near the sacral nerves for stimulation of a bundle of sacral nerve fibers and a fixation mechanism for providing chronic stability of the stimulation electrode and lead. (justia.com)
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) In multiple sclerosis, patches of myelin (the substance that covers most nerve fibers) and underlying nerve fibers in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord are damaged or destroyed. (msdmanuals.com)
The ABVN is a fiber bundle containing sensory fibers only, those branches from the vagal nerve and runs through the ear canal towards the brainstem. (tinnitusjournal.com)
It is the motor nerve for the muscles of mastication and contains proprioceptive fibers. (medscape.com)
In addition, the descending sensory spinal tract receives somatic sensory fibers from CNs VII, IX, and X. (medscape.com)
[ 4 , 5 ] The greater occipital nerve (GON) originates in the dorsal ramus of the C 2 as well as the C 3 segments of the spinal cord and comprises sensory fibers alone. (medscape.com)

It receives information about discriminative sensation and light touch of the face as well as conscious proprioception of the jaw via first order neurons of CN V. Most of the sensory information crosses the midline and travels to the contralateral ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of the thalamus via the anterior trigeminothalamic tract. (wikipedia.org)
The sensory neurons of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus sending axons to the trigeminal motor nucleus, which in turn innervates the master muscle. (standardofcare.com)
The jaw jerk reflex tests the integrity of the upper motor neurons projecting to the trigeminal motor nucleus. (standardofcare.com)
Within the brain stem, the signals traveling through the trigeminal nerve reach specialized clusters of neurones called the trigeminal nerve nucleus. (yourdictionary.com)
They include the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract ( TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS, SPINAL ), the principal sensory nucleus, the mesencephalic nucleus, and the motor nucleus. (nih.gov)
In the present study, the ABVN was targeted using PRF, which can alter the sensory nociceptors [ 9 ] and the electric stimulation switch on the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract (NTS) [ 10 ]. (tinnitusjournal.com)
The large rostral head is the main sensory nucleus. (medscape.com)
The spinal tract is the sensory nucleus, primarily for pain and temperature. (medscape.com)
The main sensory nucleus serves mostly for discrimination sense. (medscape.com)
The motor nucleus is ventromedial to the sensory nucleus. (medscape.com)
It is thought that sensory input from the GON and the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve converges into the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, which is hypothesized to be the reason why occipital neuralgia is sometimes associated with migraine headache symptomatology. (medscape.com)
[ 6 ] GON block decreases afferent input to the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, resulting in central pain modulation and reducing neuronal hyperexcitability at the level of second-order neurons. (medscape.com)

The mandibular nerve has sensory and motor functions. (medscape.com)
The mandibular division exits through the foramen ovale (FO) and divides into the buccal, lingual, inferior alveolar, and auriculotemporal nerves. (asra.com)
The trigeminal nerve has three branches-ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular-that together carry sensory information to or from the eye, check and jaw. (montefiore.org)
It has three sensory branches (ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular), and it is tested by lightly touching the face with a piece of cotton wool followed by a blunt pin in each division on each side of the face. (usc.edu)
Involvement of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve may manifest as hypesthesia along the mandible or wasting of the temporalis or masseter muscles. (medscape.com)

If you damage your trigeminal nerve through oral or sinus surgery, a stroke or from facial trauma, you may feel facial nerve pain that's similar to the symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia. (clevelandclinic.org)
What are the symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia? (clevelandclinic.org)

It also receives input from the mesencephalic and sensory nuclei. (medscape.com)

The tooth has an unusual sensory system that converts external stimuli predominantly into pain, yet its sensory afferents in teeth demonstrate cytochemical properties of non-nociceptive neurons. (mdpi.com)
Animals with pain after chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-Pain) displayed higher spontaneous and evoked activity in PB neurons, and a dramatic increase in after-discharges-responses that far outlast the stimulus-compared to controls. (iasp-pain.org)

The infraorbital nerve supplies sensory innervation to the lower eyelid, the side of the nose, and the upper lip (see image below). (medscape.com)
[ 1 ] Since the infraorbital nerve provides a considerably large area of sensory innervation, it is a prime candidate for a regional nerve block. (medscape.com)
The trigeminal nerve supplies the sensory innervation to the face as well as the sensory and motor innervation to the mastication muscles. (asra.com)
Apart from the major vagal nerve branch, spinal, trigeminal, and facial nerves run close to the ABVN innervation area [ 8 ]. (tinnitusjournal.com)
The experiments revealed the collateral compensation of the ipsilateral buccal nerve, which played a crucial role in the sensory innervation of the lower lip. (reachmd.com)

Although no specific test exists for identifying trigeminal neuralgia, its characteristic pain usually makes it easy for doctors to diagnose. (msdmanuals.com)

Therefore, the infraorbital nerve block is a convenient alternative for situations such as facial lacerations in which tissue distortion would be unacceptable. (medscape.com)
This includes touch, pain and irritation sensory information from the facial skin and from inside the nose and mouth. (yahoo.com)
Trigeminal neuralgia, also referred to as tic douloureaux, is a condition defined by intense facial pain that can disrupt your normal, everyday activities. (clevelandclinic.org)
Bell palsy is an acute, unilateral, peripheral, lower-motor-neuron facial nerve paralysis that gradually resolves over time in 80-90% of cases. (medscape.com)
Bell palsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders affecting the cranial nerves, and it is the most common cause of facial paralysis worldwide. (medscape.com)
The sensory nerves of the mouth descend from both the trigeminal nerve and more prominently from the facial nerve. (innerbody.com)
Additionally, the facial nerve divides into smaller nerves that reach into the face, neck, salivary glands and the outer ear. (innerbody.com)
The corneal reflex has two parts: the sensory, or afferent, part of the reflex is mediated by the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, and the motor, or efferent, part of the reflex is mediated by the facial nerve. (usc.edu)
The facial motor nerve supplies motor branches to the muscles of facial expression. (usc.edu)
However, doctors must distinguish trigeminal neuralgia from other possible causes of facial pain, such as disorders of the jaw, teeth, or sinuses. (msdmanuals.com)

After giving off numerous branches, the maxillary nerve eventually enters the face through the infraorbital canal, where it ends as the infraorbital nerve (see image below). (medscape.com)
Within each trigeminal nerve are thousands of individual nerve branches that each carry a specific type of sensory information . (yahoo.com)
This nerve has three branches that provide sensory information to different areas of your face. (clevelandclinic.org)
It receives ordinary sensations from the main 3 branches of the trigeminal. (medscape.com)
The sensory roots of the 3 branches of CN V are received anteriorly. (medscape.com)

Pulsed radiofrequency of the auricular branch of the vagal nerve has strongly reduced tinnitus in a person with violent tinnitus and severe cervical pain. (tinnitusjournal.com)
The objective of our study was to study the long-term effects of pulsed radiofrequency of the auricular branch of the vagal nerve in a large group of tinnitus sufferers and to find predictors for a prosperous result. (tinnitusjournal.com)
48% of tinnitus sufferers who undertook pulsed radiofrequency of the auricular branch of the vagal nerve reported a reduced loudness of their tinnitus, which was qualified as being moderate to good in 87% of these patients. (tinnitusjournal.com)
Neuromodulation of the auricular branch of the vagal nerve is an uncomplicated remedy for tinnitus, especially for tinnitus patients with a pathologically small C2-C3 angle. (tinnitusjournal.com)
To further disentangle tinnitus heterogeneity, we here study underlying causes of variability in treatment success following Pulsed Radiofrequency (PRF) of the Auricular Branch of the Vagal Nerve (ABVN). (tinnitusjournal.com)
The inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) is a branch of the trigeminal nerve and plays a vital role in providing sensation to the lower lip. (reachmd.com)
9. Subject has had previous radiofrequency ablation (including non-lesional pulsed radiofrequency), balloon compression, gamma knife, or chemical denervation (e.g. glycerol treatments) of a division or branch of the trigeminal nerve being targeted in this study. (who.int)

Other nuclei, however, are long and span several regions of the brainstem contributing to several cranial nerves. (radiopaedia.org)
Several motor and sensory nuclei form longitudinal columns in the brainstem, leading to some authors describing them as single discontinuous longitudinal nuclear columns rather than the more numerous individual separate nuclei. (radiopaedia.org)
Nuclei of the trigeminal nerve situated in the brain stem. (nih.gov)
Cranial nerves take their origin into their respective nuclei , and bypass the dorsal columns (main spinal tract for sensory information). (stackexchange.com)

These organs or dome pressure receptors (DPRs) are innervated by afferents of the trigeminal nerve and facilitate the detection of low threshold mechanical force. (grassfoundation.org)

Is trigeminal neuralgia related to MS? (clevelandclinic.org)

Cranial nerves IV (trochlear nerve) and III (oculomotor nerve) originate from the midbrain. (proprofs.com)
The trochlear nerve controls the superior oblique muscle, which helps with eye movement, while the oculomotor nerve controls several eye muscles responsible for eye movement, pupil constriction, and focusing. (proprofs.com)

[ 3 ] The second division, the maxillary nerve (V2), exits the skull from the foramen rotundum. (medscape.com)
The ophthalmic and maxillary nerves are purely sensory. (medscape.com)

For more information about the relevant anatomy, see Trigeminal Nerve Anatomy . (medscape.com)

The trigeminal nerve provides sensory supply to the face and mouth. (usc.edu)

Typically, trigeminal neuralgia is unilateral (meaning it only affects one side of your face). (clevelandclinic.org)
Trigeminal neuropathy (TNO) manifests with unilateral or bilateral facio-oral sensory disturbances accompanied by pain and trigeminal nerve dysfunction. (aau.dk)
The study revealed that 75% of individuals who underwent unilateral IAN sacrifice experienced nearly complete pain sensation sensory recovery of the lower lip within 12 months after surgery. (reachmd.com)

Our vagus nerves help us rest, digest and restore. (yahoo.com)

The left and right trigeminal nerves carry sensory information from the face to the brain. (yahoo.com)

Peripheral sensory nerves stem from the spinal roots, and from there go up through the dorsal columns. (stackexchange.com)

During my fellowship, I will investigate neural responses within the trigeminal system to natural prey stimuli in freely-behaving alligators. (grassfoundation.org)

Bilateral trigeminal neuralgia is also very rare. (clevelandclinic.org)
However, when examining cranial nerves III, IV, and VI, she was found to have bilateral adduction defi-cits and limitation in upward gaze. (aao.org)

Trigeminal nerve block provides hemifacial anesthesia and is used predominantly in the diagnosis and treatment of neuralgia. (medscape.com)
MS patients can also develop trigeminal neuralgia after their MS diagnosis. (clevelandclinic.org)

It plays a crucial role in relaying sensory and motor signals between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. (proprofs.com)

Irritation of your trigeminal nerve cause trigeminal neuralgia. (clevelandclinic.org)
Twenty five airborne chemical sensory irritants were evaluated for their potency in causing eyes, nose and throat irritation using an animal model. (cdc.gov)
Of centrations is difficult for odors and sensory irritants the 600 substances for which an OEL has already because some chemicals have odors that warn of been established, 66% are sensory irritants (Kurtz, their presence before irritation is produced. (cdc.gov)

Ergotamine acts on migraine by one of two proposed mechanisms: 1) activation of 5-HT1D receptors located on intracranial blood vessels, including those on arterio-venous anastomoses, leads to vasoconstriction, which correlates with the relief of migraine headache, and 2) activation of 5-HT1D receptors on sensory nerve endings of the trigeminal system results in the inhibition of pro-inflammatory neuropeptide release. (pediatriconcall.com)

The model is based on the principle that when airborne chemicals impinge on the nasal mucosa, the trigeminal nerve endings are stimulated, and inhibition of respiration occurs, resulting in a decrease in respiratory rate. (cdc.gov)

Conclusions: Collectively, our data reveal that sectoral corneal sensory nerve retraction and replacement of sympathetic nerves were involved in the progressive pathology that is dependent on CD4+ T cells after viral reactivation from HSV-1 latency in the UV-B induced recurrent HSK mouse model. (bvsalud.org)

The corneal reflex should also be examined as the sensory supply to the cornea is from this nerve. (usc.edu)
Recently, retraction of sensory nerves and replacement with "unsensing" sympathetic nerves was identified as a critical contributor of HSK in a mouse model where corneal pathology is caused by primary infection. (bvsalud.org)
Further, unlike conventional HSK models, viral reactivation resulted in focal retraction of sensory nerves and corneal opacity. (bvsalud.org)

Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by spontaneous, paroxysmal lancinating pain in the trigeminal nerve distribution. (medscape.com)
Previous studies have shown that the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has regenerative potential, but spontaneous sensory recovery in the affected area has been considered challenging. (reachmd.com)

The statement suggests that one of these cranial nerves exits from the intermedullary fossa. (proprofs.com)

There was a question raised that wasn't able to be answered adequately, and that question was, "Why do we experience the sensation of pain inside our skulls during a headache despite the fact that there are no nerves there? (freethoughtblogs.com)

The sensory nerves that carry pain and irritant signals are narrow, whereas those that carry touch information are wider and faster. (yahoo.com)
These actions can stimulate the trigeminal touch nerves and reduce pain signals via the gate control mechanism. (yahoo.com)
Our results thus define a cortical circuit that plays a potentially important role in integrating sensory and affective pain signals. (iasp-pain.org)
By "earliest", I really mean the first location in the sensory pathway (to the brain) at which these 3 nerves' sensory signals converge. (stackexchange.com)
My understanding is that, with sensory nerves, all tactile reception roads lead to the somatosensory cortex, and so, I would imagine all the nerve signals converge/merge into one another at some point. (stackexchange.com)
begingroup$ Do you mean where the signals from these nerves integrate? (stackexchange.com)
begingroup$ Thanks @WYSIWYG (+1) - yes, I do mean nerve signals and have updated my question to reflect that. (stackexchange.com)
Can signals travel 'backwards' in the sensory pathway? (stackexchange.com)

Cortical mechanisms of sensory and affective integration, however, remain poorly defined. (iasp-pain.org)
To explore the underlying mechanisms of sensory recovery, animal models were used. (reachmd.com)

The trigeminal nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the face and controlling the muscles involved in chewing. (proprofs.com)
Third division of trigeminal nerve innervates masseter and temporalis, so you should check for contraction of both muscles! (usc.edu)
This nerve carries sensory information from the face to the brain and controls the muscles involved in chewing. (msdmanuals.com)

Younger patients showed a faster recovery time, while the preservation of ipsilateral buccal and lingual nerves was associated with more favorable outcomes. (reachmd.com)

Cranial nerves 9, 10, and 11 originate from the Medulla. (proprofs.com)

has been used were postherpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy, and trigeminal neuralgia. (bvsalud.org)

the 2 others are peripheral nerves. (stackexchange.com)
The researchers utilized a mental nerve transection model in Thy1-YFP mice and employed tissue clearing techniques to observe the changes in peripheral nerves. (reachmd.com)

Some cases of trigeminal neuralgia are idiopathic - meaning no specific cause is identified. (clevelandclinic.org)
The latest (2018) International Classification of Headache Disorders-3 (ICHD3) lays out three etiological categories of trigeminal neuralgia (TN): classical TN (neurovascular compression), secondary TN (due to other causes), and idiopathic TN (no neurovascular compression). (asra.com)

This is particularly true for sensory irritants. (cdc.gov)
e-mail: [email protected] mating OELs for sensory irritants. (cdc.gov)

Palatal hypesthesia indicates trigeminal nerve involvement in the sphenopalatine foramen or pterygopalatine fossa extension. (medscape.com)

A nerve carrying a pain signal tells the interneuron to "open the gate" for the pain signal to reach the brain. (yahoo.com)
But the larger nerves that carry touch information can "close the gate" and block the pain messages getting to the brain. (yahoo.com)
One study showed stimulating the trigeminal nerves by moving the jaw reduced tooth pain. (yahoo.com)
TN is characterized by recurrent short episodes of sharp, electrical shock like pain, typically abrupt in onset and termination, along the distribution of one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve. (asra.com)
Trigeminal neuralgia is a disorder that produces pain in one or more of these three areas. (montefiore.org)
Her sensory exam showed light touch, pain, and temperature to be intact. (aao.org)
Mapping Cortical Integration of Sensory and Affective Pain Pathways. (iasp-pain.org)
Pain is an integrated sensory and affective experience. (iasp-pain.org)
Here, we investigate the projection from the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), which encodes the sensory pain information, to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a key area for processing pain affect, in freely behaving rats. (iasp-pain.org)
Pain due to trigeminal neuralgia can occur spontaneously but is often triggered by touching a particular spot (called a trigger point) on the face, lips, or tongue or by an action such as brushing the teeth or chewing. (msdmanuals.com)

This condition can also be caused by a tumor or lesion that compresses your nerves, though this isn't nearly as common. (clevelandclinic.org)
The cause is usually an abnormally positioned artery that compresses the trigeminal nerve. (msdmanuals.com)

The infraorbital nerve block is often used to accomplish regional anesthesia of the face. (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] A successful infraorbital nerve block provides anesthesia for the area between the lower eyelid and the upper lip. (medscape.com)
Area of anesthesia for infraorbital nerve block. (medscape.com)
An infraorbital nerve block requires 1-3 mL of the chosen anesthetic agent. (medscape.com)

A variety of factors (exposure to intense sunlight, fatigue, psychological stress or immunosuppression) can precipitate a recurrence by reactivation of the virus migrates to the epithelial cells through the affected nerve, causing recurrent herpes 12 . (bvsalud.org)

Occasionally, tumor infiltration, vascular compression of the nerve, or diseases such as multiple sclerosis may be the causative factors. (medscape.com)
About 1 to 2% of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) also have trigeminal neuralgia. (clevelandclinic.org)

Anatomy45

Organisms3

Diseases28

Chemicals and Drugs7

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes4

Cranial nerve16

Ganglion14

Pons8

Fibers8

Nucleus12

Mandibular5

Symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia2

Mesencephalic1

Neurons2

Innervation5

Identifying trigeminal neuralgia1

Facial10

Branches5

Branch7

Nuclei4

Afferents1

Neuralgia related1

Trochlear nerve2

Maxillary2

Anatomy1

Provides sensory1

Unilateral3

Vagus nerves1

Carry sensory1

Dorsal1

Stimuli1

Bilateral2

Diagnosis2

Role in relayin1

Irritation3

Receptors1

Endings1

Latency1

Corneal3

Spontaneous2

Exits1

Sensation1

Signals8

Mechanisms of sensory2

Muscles3

Buccal1

Medulla1

Postherpetic1

Peripheral nerves2

Idiopathic2

Irritants2

Sphenopalatine1

Pain10

Compresses2

Infraorbital4

Herpes1

Multiple sclerosis2