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MelanogasterLigandsOdorInhibitoryInterneuronsProjectionNeuronalSynapticAntennal lobeOdorant moleculesNeuralStimuli1996VERTEBRATESAxonsLigandIntegration of sensoryBehavioralNeuromuscularProteinsBrainRegulatesGene expressionInputsNotablyCellsCellularFunctionalPathwaysOdorsAntennaeReproductiveAdultMotorFunctionEnvironment

Melanogaster7

• MicroRNA-34 ( miR-34 ) is crucial for preventing chronic large-scale neurite degeneration in the aged brain of Drosophila melanogaster. (sdbonline.org)
• This study examined the roles of hormone-dependent transcription factors (Nuclear Receptors), in accessory gland development, function and male fertility of a genetically tractable insect model, Drosophila melanogaster. (sdbonline.org)
• Here, we used Drosophila melanogaster larvae to investigate the role of softness sensing in behavior and learning. (biologists.com)
• Terrestrial locomotion is an important mode of translocation for Drosophila melanogaster flies as searching for food in the near-field and courtship occur during walking. (nature.com)
• We analyzed how different odor features such as hedonic valence and intensity are functionally integrated in the lateral horn (LH) of the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster . (elifesciences.org)
• To compare appetitive and aversive visual memories of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , we developed a new paradigm for classical conditioning. (frontiersin.org)
• The wild type Drosophila melanogaster strain Canton S was employed throughout the study. (frontiersin.org)

Ligands3

• Receptor-like protein-tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) have cytoplasmic phosphatase domains and cell adhesion molecule (CAM)-like extracellular domains that interact with cell-surface ligands and/or co-receptors. (sciety.org)
• Foretinib solubility Downstream signaling activities were also analyzed following activation of the receptors with putative OR ligands in lepidopteran cells that were either transfected with one or more of the cloned ORs or also co transfected with the promiscuous individual G 16 protein, which mediates downstream signaling by activating the phospholipase C pathway. (hsp70inhibitor.com)
• Reduction of stress responses in honey bees by synthetic ligands targeting an allatostatin receptor. (cbi-toulouse.fr)

Odor1

• found that a subset of neurons called inhibitory projection neurons processes information about whether the odor is attractive or repulsive, and that a second subset of these neurons process information about the intensity of the odor. (elifesciences.org)

Inhibitory2

• The local neurons, which are primarily inhibitory, have their neurites restricted to the antennal lobe. (wikipedia.org)
• We characterized an olfactory-processing pathway, comprised of inhibitory projection neurons (iPNs) that target the LH exclusively, at morphological, functional and behavioral levels. (elifesciences.org)

Interneurons3

• The antennal lobe is composed of densely packed neuropils, termed glomeruli, where the sensory neurons synapse with the two other kinds of neurons, the postsynaptic principle neurons (termed projection neurons) and local interneurons. (wikipedia.org)
• focused on a population of interneurons in the LH [LHIs, a subtype of LH neurons (LHNs)] that extends processes to the MB and appears to be GABAergic. (jneurosci.org)
• It has been hypothesized that decision making in animals is controlled primarily at the level of command interneurons or decision centers in the central nervous system, which receive input from an array of sensory neurons and integrate the information conveyed to inform behavioral decisions ( Kristan, 2008 ). (elifesciences.org)

Projection4

• Projection neurons, which generally receive information from a single glomerulus, project to higher brain centers such as the mushroom body and the lateral horn. (wikipedia.org)
• The interaction between the olfactory receptor neurons, local neurons and projection neurons reformats the information input from the sensory neurons into a spatio-temporal code before it is sent to higher brain centers. (wikipedia.org)
• In the locust, olfactory information is sent from peripheral olfactory organs to the antennal lobe (AL) and is then carried as the oscillatory output of a synchronized population of projection neurons (PNs) ( Wehr and Laurent, 1996 ) to two higher olfactory centers. (jneurosci.org)
• Using optophysiological recordings of projection neurons, we compared the responses of these two pathways to 27 known honey bee pheromonal compounds emitted by the brood, the workers, and the queen. (jneurosci.org)

Neuronal2

• 2 I see it as the enhanced synapses' having less resistance to passage of electrochemical neuronal circuits, so that signals take the path of least resistance from one neuron to another. (natural-universe.net)
• 2017 ( Nature Communications ), we combined super-resolution with opto- and thermogenetic neuronal stimulation in living neurons in the fruit fly. (edu.au)

Synaptic3

• Taken together, these results support a role for Tao as a novel inhibitor of BMP signaling in motor neurons during synaptic development and function. (sdbonline.org)
• To gain insight this study quantitatively investigated synaptic growth and connectivity in the Drosophila nociceptive network during larval development. (sdbonline.org)
• Following exocytosis, the process of endocytosis is required for neurons to replenish their pools of synaptic vesicles by pinching off vesicles from the plasma membrane. (edu.au)

Antennal lobe3

• The antennal lobe is a sphere-shaped deutocerebral neuropil in the brain that receives input from the olfactory sensory neurons in the antennae and mouthparts. (wikipedia.org)
• In insects, the olfactory pathway starts at the antennae (though in some insects like Drosophila there are olfactory sensory neurons in other parts of the body) from where the sensory neurons carry the information about the odorant molecules impinging on the antenna to the antennal lobe. (wikipedia.org)
• We show that while queen mandibular pheromone is processed by l-ALT (lateral antennal lobe tract) neurons and brood pheromone is mainly processed by m-ALT (median antennal lobe tract) neurons, worker pheromones induce redundant activity in both pathways. (jneurosci.org)

Odorant molecules1

• Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons , that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons . (lookformedical.com)

Neural1

• To internally reflect the sensory environment, animals create neural maps encoding the external stimulus space. (elifesciences.org)

Stimuli5

• Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (lookformedical.com)
• 250 LHNs in locusts using intracellular recordings to characterize their responses to sensory stimuli, dye-fills to characterize their morphologies, and immunostaining to characterize their neurotransmitters. (jneurosci.org)
• and integrating multimodal sensory stimuli. (jneurosci.org)
• Third, the animal has to be able to adapt to environmental changes and to form a sensory memory of new stimuli. (elifesciences.org)
• Adult flies are trained en masse to differentially associate one of two visual conditioned stimuli (CS) (blue and green light as CS) with an appetitive or aversive chemical substance (unconditioned stimulus or US). (frontiersin.org)

19961

• 1996). Influence of dendritic structure on firing pattern in model neocortical neurons. (modeldb.science)

VERTEBRATES1

• A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. (lookformedical.com)

Axons2

• It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB . (lookformedical.com)
• Lar mutants and Lar / sns transhets have identical axon guidance defects in the larval mushroom body in which Kenyon cell axons fail to stop at the midline and do not branch. (sciety.org)

Ligand5

• we therefore tested for cannabinoid receptors in seven representative species, using tritiated ligand binding assays with [3H]CP55,940 displaced by the CB1-selective antagonist SR141716A. (researchgate.net)
• Neuroendocrine regulation of diverse behaviors of Caenorhabditis elegans is under the control of the DAF-7/TGF-β ligand that is secreted from sensory neurons. (elifesciences.org)
• This paper claims to identify a long-sought ligand for the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase Lar that mediates its functions in neuromuscular junction development, mushroom body development, and photoreceptor axon targeting. (sciety.org)
• We identified a new ligand for the Drosophila Lar RPTP, the immunoglobulin superfamily CAM Sticks and Stones (Sns). (sciety.org)
• use an assay in which alkaline phosphatase-tagged cell surface proteins are used to stain live embryos overexpressing other cell surface proteins to identify Sticks and stones (Sns) as a possible ligand for the Lar receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase. (sciety.org)

Integration of sensory1

• Animal behavior is directed by the integration of sensory information from internal states and the environment. (elifesciences.org)

Behavioral2

• In order to understand and compare the mechanisms underlying visual appetitive and aversive memories in Drosophila , we sought to establish a new behavioral paradigm for visual associative learning in adult flies. (frontiersin.org)
• Using functional imaging and behavioral analysis, loss of Tao-induced ectopic synapses with inappropriate partner neurons were shown to be functional and altered behavioral responses in a connection-specific manner. (sdbonline.org)

Neuromuscular1

• At the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) , the retrograde BMP pathway is part of the machinery that controls NMJ expansion concurrent with larval growth. (sdbonline.org)

Proteins2

• Subsequently, by using independent RNAi/ dominant negative forms, it was shown that Ecdysone Receptor (EcR) is essential for male fertility due to its requirement in the normal development of accessory glands in Drosophila: EcR depleted glands fail to make seminal proteins and have dying cells. (sdbonline.org)
• Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins ( RECEPTORS, ODORANT ) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. (lookformedical.com)

Brain1

• Different subpopulations of neurons in the dorsal raphe region of the mouse brain. (berkeley.edu)

Regulates1

• Instead, the experiments suggest that Tao negatively regulates BMP signaling as reduction of Tao leads to an increase in pMad levels in motor neuron nuclei and an increase in BMP target gene expression. (sdbonline.org)

Gene expression2

• Our results suggest that regulation of gene expression in sensory neurons can function in the integration of a wide array of sensory information and facilitate decision-making behaviors in C. elegans . (elifesciences.org)
• Visual learning in a virtual reality environment upregulates immediate early gene expression in the mushroom bodies of honey bees. (cbi-toulouse.fr)

Inputs2

• Molecular genetic analysis of the switch-like regulation of daf-7 expression in the ASJ neuron pair reveals a hierarchy of regulation among multiple inputs-sex, age, nutritional status, and microbial environment-which function in the modulation of behavior. (elifesciences.org)
• These inputs all converge onto a single pair of sensory neurons, which integrate the inputs and enable the worm to assess its current and past experiences and alter its behavior accordingly. (elifesciences.org)

Notably2

• Notably, the separate overexpression of EcR-B1 or a transforming growth factor- β receptor Baboon , whose activation can upregulate the EcR-B1 expression, in MB neurons rescued the miR-34 -induced gamma axon pruning phenotype. (sdbonline.org)
• More over, in Drosophila, THI treatment also notably inhibits the dys trophic muscle phenotype. (hsp70inhibitor.com)

Cells5

• The signal in question is molecule called DAF-7, which is released by several sensory neurons-nerve cells that are used for detecting cues from the environment. (elifesciences.org)
• Lar is expressed in larval and pupal Kenyon cells, but Sns is not, so Lar-Sns interactions in this system must be in trans (between neurons). (sciety.org)
• Chemical) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. Most privileges Venetoclax earmarked.Macrophages along with dendritic cells (DC) tend to be dispersed through the body and enjoy important tasks inside virus detection read more as well as muscle homeostasis. (7-cl-o-nec1inhibitor.com)
• This has allowed us to probe the nanoscopic environment of neurons and neurosecretory cells undergoing communication. (edu.au)
• We demonstrated that Munc18-1 and syntaxin-1A and are organised in nanodomains on the plasma membrane of neurons and neurosecretory cells that control SNARE-dependent neuroexocytosis through lateral trapping in these nanoclusters. (edu.au)

Cellular1

• These results provide a basis for future investigations into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying visual memory and perception in Drosophila . (frontiersin.org)

Functional1

• Moreover, functional imaging disclosed a LH region tuned to repulsive odors comprised exclusively of third-order neurons. (elifesciences.org)

Pathways2

• Future investigations of miR-34 targets that regulate the expression of EcR-B1 in MB γ neurons are warranted to elucidate pathways that regulate axon pruning, and to provide insight into mechanisms that control large-scale axon degeneration in the nervous system. (sdbonline.org)
• Sulfoxaflor and neonicotinoids like imidacloprid act on the same target, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), but they are thought to be detoxified through different pathways and differ in affinity to nAChR subunits ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)

Odors1

• The ability to detect scents or odors , such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS . (lookformedical.com)

Antennae1

• J. The open reading frames of three odorant receptors were cloned from cDNlibrary made from the antennae of female Anopheles gambiae. (hsp70inhibitor.com)

Reproductive2

• First, an RNAi screen was carried out involving 19 hormone receptors, individually and specifically, in a male reproductive tissue (accessory gland) for their requirement in Drosophila male fertility. (sdbonline.org)
• Here, we show that C. elegans males exhibit an altered, male-specific expression pattern of daf-7 in the ASJ sensory neuron pair with the onset of reproductive maturity, which functions to promote male-specific mate-searching behavior. (elifesciences.org)

Adult1

• Pupal Kenyon cell axon guidance is similarly affected, resulting in adult mushroom body defects. (sciety.org)

Motor1

• Lar and Sns reporters are both expressed in motor neurons and not in muscles, so Lar and Sns likely act in cis (in the same neurons). (sciety.org)

Function4

• Yet relatively little is known of the structure and function of LH neurons (LHNs), making it difficult to evaluate these ideas. (jneurosci.org)
• instead, it appears that another mechanism, feedback inhibition from the giant GABAergic neuron, serves this function. (jneurosci.org)
• In Drosophila, Hpo and Warts kinases are core components of this pathway and function as tumor suppressors by inhibiting Yorkie (Yki) . (sdbonline.org)
• Sensory circuits are typically established during early development, yet how circuit specificity and function are maintained during organismal growth has not been elucidated. (sdbonline.org)

Environment3

• Moving forward the next challenge is to understand how information about both external environment and internal states, such as hunger, are communicated to and integrated by these sensory neurons. (elifesciences.org)
• To navigate the environment in a way that optimizes their survival and reproduction, animals have evolved sensory systems. (elifesciences.org)
• 1997). The NEURON simulation environment. (modeldb.science)