• The core proteins of alphaviruses (think Semliki Forest virus) has structural similarity with chymotrypsin-like serine proteases. (virology.ws)
  • Alphaviruses , like Sindbis Virus and Semliki Forest Virus, belong to the Togaviridae family of viruses . (genetherapynet.com)
  • Alphaviruses are of interest to gene therapy researchers, in particular the Ross River virus, Sindbis virus, Semliki Forest virus, and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus have all been used to develop viral vectors for gene delivery. (genetherapynet.com)
  • Furthermore, the use of whole alphaviruses for gene therapy is of limited efficacy both because several internal alphaviral proteins are involved in the induction of apoptosis upon infection and also because the alphaviral capsid mediates only the transient introduction of mRNA into host cells. (genetherapynet.com)
  • To determine if alphaviruses may contribute to undefined to other laboratories for testing for AHSV, equine herpes neurologic infections, we investigated specimens (blood, viruses, and rabies ( 5 , 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Due to the relative difficulty and risk of handling these dangerous pathogenic alphaviruses, Sindbis virus (SINV), that normally causes a mild rash and arthritis in humans but can cause fatal encephalomyelitis in mice, has been used extensively as a model system for the study of the infectivity and pathogenesis of alphaviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These outcomes demonstrate that 2A fusion protein-expressing alphaviruses could be particularly perfect for applications that want enduring manifestation of an individual proteins or coexpression of two alternate proteins. (ampkpathway.com)
  • Infectious cDNA clones have been constructed for many alphaviruses, including Sindbis virus strain AR339 (15, 21, 31), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (6), Ross River virus (17), Semliki Forest virus (19), and South African arbovirus 86 (37). (ampkpathway.com)
  • In alphaviruses, this process is thought to be mediated, at least in part, by the viral protease (nsP2) which is responsible for processing the nonstructural polyproteins (P123 and P1234) into individual proteins (nsP1-nsP4), forming the viral replication complex. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is difficult to separate clinical presentations of CHIKF from other arthropod-transmitted alphaviruses like Barmah Forest virus, Ross River virus, Semliki Forest virus, O'nyong-nyong, Mayaro, Sindbis and similar viruses. (actascientific.com)
  • Diagram shows the RNA viruses/Togaviridae family viruses/Alphaviruses [Modified from 41]. (actascientific.com)
  • An analysis of the sequence an structure of major virion proteins has identified likely ancestors in cellular proteins. (virology.ws)
  • tural proteins to form the virion. (what-when-how.com)
  • In infected cells, the virion structural proteins are translated from a subgenomic mRNA (26S RNA) and produced by transcription of genome-length complementary (minus) strand from a highly active subgenomic promoter [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the acid stability of virus capsid is greatly required for the maintenance of intact virion during the process of virus culture and vaccine production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The virion consists of single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 8500 nucleotides in length and icosahedron capsid protein [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have previously discussed the idea that viruses originated from selfish genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons when these nucleic acids acquired structural proteins (see A plasmid on the road to becoming a virus ). (virology.ws)
  • I want to explore in more detail the idea that the structural proteins of viruses likely originated from cell proteins ( link to paper ). (virology.ws)
  • Missing from these hypothesis is how nucleic acids became virus particles - that is, how they acquired structural proteins. (virology.ws)
  • It seems likely that viral structural proteins originated from cellular genes. (virology.ws)
  • Retroviral structural proteins also appear to have originated from cell proteins, with clear homologies with matrix, capsid, and nucleocapsid proteins. (virology.ws)
  • At some point these genetic elements acquired structural proteins from the cells and became bona fide virus particles. (virology.ws)
  • the structural proteins are encoded in the 3' one third. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of the structural proteins, the C proteins make up the icosahedral capsid, which is enveloped by a lipid bilayer derived from the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Replication occurs via a negative strand intermediate giving rise to a full length genomic RNA for export in new virions and a subgenomic message that is translated into the structural proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 3' one-third is initially translated as a polyprotein (NH2-C-E3-E2-6K-E1-COOH) that is processed posttranslationally to produce the structural proteins (SPs) (capsid, El and E2). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The uncoating of FMDV depends on irreversible structural rearrangements triggered by the interaction between the pH-sensitive amino acid residues with other residues in the capsid. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Subgenomic mRNAs are translated into the viral structural proteins (40). (ampkpathway.com)
  • Since replicons absence the structural genes, genome product packaging and budding of replicon contaminants can occur only when the structural protein are given in cleavage at its C terminus (between Gly and Pro) either with a regular protease activity (33, 34) or by influencing the translating ribosome release a the 2A-including polypeptide through the translational complicated by advertising hydrolysis of the peptidyl (2A)-tRNAGly ester linkage (8). (ampkpathway.com)
  • The recombinant infections support the VP7/2A and GFP/2A gene sequences put in framework between your capsid and PE2 genes, plus they make structural polyproteins which contain GFP/2A or VP7/2A positioned between PE2 and capsid. (ampkpathway.com)
  • There are three structural (C, E1, E2) and four non structural proteins in CHIKV [2]. (actascientific.com)
  • One is that the RNA is packaged into the immature capsid after the arrangement of 12 copies of pentamer into a icosahedral capsid. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Alphavirus Sindbis virus Chikungunya Scholia has a topic profile for Semliki Forest virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the expression of Sindbis virus envelopes may lead to apoptosis, and their introduction into host cells upon infection by Sindbis virus envelope pseudotyped retroviruses may also lead to cell death. (genetherapynet.com)
  • World group, consisting of Sindbis virus (SINV), Venezu- tiation of MIDV and SINV by real-time PCR (online Tech- elan equine encephalitis virus, and Eastern equine encepha- nical Appendix). (cdc.gov)
  • On basis of pBR-XJ160, the effects of substitutions within nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) or nsP2 on the infectivity and pathogenesis of Sindbis virus (SINV) have been investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sindbis virus genome is a single strand of positive-sense RNA of approximately 12 kb which is capped at the 5' terminus and polyadenylated at the 3' terminus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Based on the divergence of nucleotide sequencing and biological characteristics, Sindbis virus can be divided into two groups: SINV and Sindbis-like virus (SINLV) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Biological and serological studies show this virus is a new subtype of Sindbis virus firstly isolated in China. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Complete sequence of the genomic RNA of XJ-160 virus contains 11626nt and shows typical genomic organization of Sindbis virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, nucleotide difference between XJ-160 virus and prototype Sindbis virus (AR339 strain) is 18%, much more than the nucleotide difference (2~7%) among the Sindbis virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By artificially expressing Sindbis virus (SINV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) nsP2 in mosquito cells and transgenic mosquitoes, we demonstrated a reduction in both SINV and CHIKV viral replication rates in cells following viral infection as well as reduced infection prevalence, viral titers, and transmission potential in mosquitoes. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Semliki Forest virus is a positive-strand RNA virus with a genome of approximately 13,000 base pairs which encodes nine proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 5' two-third of this RNA encodes the nonstructural proteins (nsP1 through 4). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we propose a gene transfer strategy based on adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors to deliver VHH directly into the CNS, ensuring continuous production at therapeutic levels. (biorxiv.org)
  • albopictus are the main vectors of mosquito-borne viruses of medical and veterinary significance. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, existing virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and/or overexpression vectors suitable for soybean have various drawbacks that hinder their widespread adoption. (researchsquare.com)
  • Upon admittance into the host cell, the viral genome is translated into the four nonstructural proteins (nsp1 to -4) that comprise the viral transcriptase-replicase complex. (ampkpathway.com)
  • The extra sequences at the N-termini of viral jelly roll capsid proteins, involved in recognizing the viral genome, likely evolved after the capture of these proteins from cells. (virology.ws)
  • The matrix Z proteins of arenaviruses are related to cellular RING domain proteins, and the matrix proteins of some negative strand RNA viruses are related to cellular cyclophilin. (virology.ws)
  • The molecular pathogenesis of Semliki Forest virus: A model virus made useful? (wikipedia.org)
  • Ivanov K I, Puustinen P, Gabrenaite R, Vihinen H, Rönnstrand L, Valmu L , Kalkkinen N and Mäkinen K (2003) Phosphorylation of the Potyvirus Capsid Protein by Protein Kinase CK2 and Its relevance for Virus Infection. (leenavalmu.fi)
  • The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
  • Multiple viruses, including pathogenic viruses, bacteriophages, and even plant viruses, cause a phenomenon termed superinfection exclusion whereby a currently infected cell is resistant to secondary infection by the same or a closely related virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Infection of the vertebrate host with these viruses is enhanced by mosquito saliva, a complex mixture of salivary-gland-derived factors and microbiota. (bvsalud.org)
  • Instead, the Aedes gene product sialokinin mediated the enhancement of virus infection through a rapid reduction in endothelial barrier integrity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Therapeutic strategies targeting sialokinin have the potential to limit disease severity following infection with Aedes-mosquito-borne viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV), an important agent of viral hepatitis worldwide, can cause severe courses of infection in pregnant women and immunosuppressed patients. (mdpi.com)
  • Vassilieva L, Valmu L , Kääriäinen L and Merits A (2001) Site-specific protease activity of the carboxy-terminal domain of Semliki Forest Virus replicase protein nsP2. (leenavalmu.fi)
  • Self-replicating, virus like nucleic acids emerged in the pre-cellular world and from the emerged the first cells. (virology.ws)
  • It was first isolated from mosquitoes in the Semliki Forest, Uganda by the Uganda Virus Research Institute in 1942 and described by Smithburn and Haddow. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a Sindbis-like virus (SINLV), XJ-160 virus was isolated from a pooled sample of Anopheles mosquitoes collected in Xinjiang, China, in 1990. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 1990, we have reported the isolation of a Sindbis-like virus from a pool of Anopheles mosquitoes collected in Xinjiang, China during an arbovirus survey. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Viruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes are an increasingly important global cause of disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sialokinin is unique within the insect world as having a vertebrate-like tachykinin sequence and is absent from Anopheles mosquitoes, which are incompetent for most arthropod-borne viruses, whose saliva was not proviral and did not induce similar vascular permeability. (bvsalud.org)
  • 3. viruses are collections of genes that escaped from cells. (virology.ws)
  • It is important to point out that the genes do not always flow from cells to viruses. (virology.ws)
  • Alphaviral envelope pseudotypes of retroviruses or lentiviruses are able to integrate the genes that they carry into the expansive range of potential host cells that are recognized and infected by the alphaviral envelope proteins E2 and E1. (genetherapynet.com)
  • Soybean gene functions cannot be easily interrogated through transgenic disruption (knock-out) of genes-of-interest, or transgenic overexpression of proteins-of-interest, because soybean transformation is time-consuming and technically challenging. (researchsquare.com)
  • One example is syncytin , a retroviral protein used for the construction of the mammalian placenta. (virology.ws)
  • Of particular interest are the chimeric viruses that may be formed with alphaviral envelopes and retroviral capsids. (genetherapynet.com)
  • By combining both manifestation strategies, we built bivalent infections that indicated one proteins like a 2A fusion proteins and expressed the next proteins in indigenous form through the duplicate 26S promoter. (ampkpathway.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Only two naturally occurring human Sabiá virus (SABV) infections have been reported, and those occurred over 20 years ago. (bvsalud.org)
  • Proteins associated with the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope. (lookformedical.com)
  • PCR-positive cases were confirmed by sequencing the liki Forest virus (SFV), Middelburg virus (MIDV), Ndumu nsP4 amplicon (200 bp), followed by maximum-likelihood virus, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Barmah Forest analysis (Figure 1, panel A). Additional amplification, se- virus ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • albopictus cell lines, reporter-based strategies for assessing the ability of two types of small RNAs to inhibit a chikungunya virus (CHIKV) derived target. (bvsalud.org)
  • Chikungunya fever, a re-emerging viral disease affecting both old and new world countries is caused by Chikungunya virus, an RNA virus belonging to Alphaviridae. (actascientific.com)
  • Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) was first detected in 1952, during a febrile outbreak on the Makonde Plateau, a border area between Mozambique and Tanzania [1]. (actascientific.com)
  • The viral core protein retains protease activity, needed for cleavage from a protein precursor. (virology.ws)
  • Transfection of mRNAs encoding the chimeric constructs achieved functional expression of the proteins able to act on their targets. (unav.edu)
  • Use of drug-resistance mutants to identify functional regions in picornavirus capsid proteins. (altmetric.com)
  • Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an alternative functional genomics tool for soybean because it does not involve the generation of inheritable changes. (researchsquare.com)
  • A A generic nested alphavirus nonstructural polyprotein lphaviruses ( Togaviridae ) include zoonotic, vector- (nsP) region 4 gene reverse transcription PCR ( 10 ) was borne viruses with epidemic potential ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Sindbis viruses are enveloped, single-strand RNA viruses, belonging to the genus of Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae that has more than 30 members [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CHIKV is a small (60 - 70 nm) spherical enveloped virus with single- stranded positive sense RNA molecule and belongs to the genus Alphavirus, which included more than 30 species of arthropod borne viruses [1], and the family Togaviridae (Figure 1). (actascientific.com)
  • Recombinant plasmid pBR-XJ160 is an infectious full-length cDNA clone of XJ-160 virus, from which rescued virus BR-XJ160 can be obtained by transcription in vitro and transfection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The conflict between the acid lability in vivo and acid stability in vitro of FMDV capsid promotes the selection of a series of amino acid substitutions which can confer resistance to acid-induced FMDV inactivation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The study of pH stability of FMDV not only contributes to the exploration of molecule and mechanism information for FMDV uncoating, but also enlightens the development of FMDV vaccines, including the traditionally inactivated vaccines and the new VLP (virus-like particle) vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Maybe the interaction mechanism between RNA molecule and viral capsid would help us solve this puzzle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CHIKV is now included in the re-emerging virus group, particularly due to its recent expansion in the Americas. (actascientific.com)
  • Valmu L , Autero M, Siljander P, Patarroyo M and Gahmberg C G (1991) Phosphorylation of the ß-subunit of CD11/CD18 in-tegrins by protein kinase C correlates with leukocyte adhesion. (leenavalmu.fi)
  • Kovanen P E, Junttila K, Takaluoma K, Saharinen P, Valmu L , Li W and Silvennoinen O (2000) Regulation of Jak2 tyrosine kinase by protein kinase C during macrophage differentation of IL-3-dependent myeloid progenitor cell. (leenavalmu.fi)
  • An attractive alternative is to administer transient gene silencing or overexpression with a plant virus-based vector. (researchsquare.com)
  • An infectious cDNA clone has also been constructed for rubella virus, the sole member of the genus (45). (ampkpathway.com)
  • Rubella virus (RV) is the causative agent of the diseasecommonly known as German measles. (vdocuments.net)
  • The notion that rubella wasonly a mild illness of children was dispelled in 1941, whenNorman Gregg, an Australian ophthalmic surgeon, reportedthe devastating teratogenic effects of the virus (47). (vdocuments.net)
  • These antigens can replace current antigens derived from live or inactivated virus for safer use in diagnostic testing. (bvsalud.org)
  • The SFV virus was genetically modified with microRNA target sequences so that it only replicated in brain tumour cells and not in normal brain cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses ( PROVIRUSES ) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • In addition, XJ-160 virus possesses some special biological characteristics, for example, we found that XJ-160 virus can be neutralized by anti-Sindbis antibody, but SINV can't be neutralized by anti-XJ-160 antibody, i.e. it has nonreciprocal serological reaction between XJ-160 virus and SINV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since Semliki Forest virus naturally infects cells of the central nervous system, it has been pre-clinically tested as an oncolytic virus against the very aggressive brain tumour type glioblastoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • The virus is able to cause a lethal encephalitis in rodents, but generally only mild symptoms in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Similar to other SINVs, XJ-160 virus causes fever, rash, and arthritis in humans but causes an age-dependent encephalitis in mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These proteins have been implicated in control of viral transcription and may possibly serve as the "glue" that binds the nucleocapsid to the appropriate membrane site during viral budding from the host cell. (lookformedical.com)
  • Alpha viruses are not found in the Antarctica, and they are also sensitive to temperature above 58°C. Ecological pattern and vector transmission of Alpha viruses is similar to many Flaviviruses like dengue fever virus and yellow fever virus. (actascientific.com)
  • Here, we describe the generation of 39 flaviviral virus-like particle (VLP)- and nonstructural protein 1 (NS1)-secreting stable cell lines in HEK-293 cells representing 13 medically important flaviviruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Many cell proteins have jelly role motifs, and some form 60-subunit virus-like particles in cells. (virology.ws)
  • There are many more examples, providing support for the hypothesis that viruses evolved on multiple instances by recruiting different cell proteins. (virology.ws)
  • There is also the phenomenon of HAP2 - a fusion protein that is used by many different eucaryotic organisms "all over" the phylogenetic tree (from Chlamydomonas to Bees) for mediating cell-cell fusion, predominantley of gametes. (virology.ws)
  • The modified virus was also found to efficiently kill human glioblastoma tumour cell lines. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, we have developed XJ-160 virus-based vector system, including replicon vector, defective helper (DH) plasmids and the packaging cell lines (PCLs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response. (lookformedical.com)
  • Work from our lab has shown that this is a critical step in determing host cell susceptibility to the virus. (stanford.edu)
  • The outermost surface of the virus is almost entirely covered by heterodimers of glycoproteins E1 and E2, arranged in interconnective trimers, which form an outer shell. (wikipedia.org)
  • 574Structural Proteins: Translation, Processing, and Assembly. (vdocuments.net)
  • Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL). (lookformedical.com)
  • As a result, FZ constructs destined for soybean can be first delivered to N. benthamiana in order to propagate the modified viruses to high titers. (researchsquare.com)