Selfish gene phenotype. Medical search. Frequent questions

The Extended Selfish Gene von Richard Dawkins (Oxford. (buecher.de)
The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins explores the concept of genes as the primary force behind evolution, offering insights on natural selection and altruism. (blinkist.com)
Several years after the best-selling book, The Selfish Gene, which was the topic of our first episode, Richard Dawkins published The Extended Phenotype. (freshlenspodcast.com)
The Selfish Gene catapulted Richard Dawkins to fame and remains his most famous and widely read work. (flashbooks.lk)

Of their myriad contributions, Dawkins' The Selfish Gene (1976) and The Extended Phenotype (1982) and Pinker's How The Mind Works (1997) and The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature (2002) are "must reads" for aspiring evolutionary psychologists. (psychologytoday.com)
His bestselling books include The Selfish Gene (1976), The Extended Phenotype (1982) and its sequel The Blind Watchmaker (1986), River Out of Eden (1995), Climbing Mount Improbable (1996), Unweaving the Rainbow (1998), A Devil's Chaplain (2004), The Ancestor's Tale (2004), and The God Delusion (2007). (buecher.de)
author of The Selfish Gene (1976), 2d ed. 1989), The Extended Phenotype (1982), The Blind Watchmaker (1986), River out of Eden (1995) (ScienceMasters Series), Climbing Mount Improbable (1996), and Unweaving the Rainbow (1998). (edge.org)
Since its introduction 40 years ago as a hypothetical, cultural analogue to genes in The Selfish Gene (Dawkins, 1976), the concept of memes has progressively fallen out of vogue. (thephilosophersmeme.com)
124) occurred only six years after (Fahlman, 1982) the publication of The Selfish Gene (1976). (thephilosophersmeme.com)

Oxford zoologist Dawkins ( The Selfish Gene , The Extended Phenotype ) trumpets his thesis in his subtitle almost guarantee enough that his book will stir controversy. (afterall.net)
Then along came Dawkins who spread the views of the critics of Wynne-Edwards (a great group selection advocate), and finally in 'The Selfish Gene', 'The Extended Phenotype', or 'The Blind Watchmater' Dawkins penetrated my thick skull. (extropy.org)
Dawkins Dams are part of the beavers extended phenotype. (powershow.com)
In this book, Dawkins doubled down on the concept the gene as the central unit of selection and outlined how genes can have effects that reach far outside of the bodies in which they ride, sparking heated debate within the world of biology. (freshlenspodcast.com)
Dawkins expanded this into the "extended phenotype" - the idea that the gene extends its influence over the rest of the organism to ensure its own survival. (crev.info)
In particular, Elsdon-Baker thinks Dawkins' view of heredity has been challenged by the increasingly apparent role of epigenetics and lateral gene transfer. (crev.info)
While not overthrowing Dawkins' selfish gene metaphor, it makes it only "a small part of a much bigger picture. (crev.info)
Myers has a formidable presence on the internet, but of course Dawkins' fame goes far, far beyond that: he has made major contributions to evolutionary theory - such as his development of the "extended phenotype" concept - as well as being the most notorious atheist in the English-speaking world. (blogspot.com)
Dawkins regards organisms necessarily as vehicles that are secondary to their replicators (i.e., their "selfish genes"), with any change in replicator structure passed on during the process of replication. (molecularassembler.com)
Haven't completely read all the transcripts yet, but Dennett emphasises (with approval) Dawkins' statement: "We are survival machines, robot machines, blindly programmed to preserve the selfish molecules known as genes. (psybertron.org)
I think you're right - Dawkins certainly sees a fairly linear causal path from the components to the big picture - ie genes "cause" biological behaviour, memes "cause" cultural / intellectual behaviour - all very deterministic. (psybertron.org)
when the sociobiologists Dawkins and Krebs tell us in print, (as quoted earlier), that all communication is 'manipulation of signal-receiver by signal-sender' ( i.e. , in Dawkins R. (1982), The Extended phenotype, W.H. Freeman and Co. , Oxford and San Francisco, p. 57), we would not know what they meant, if what they said were true. (ucoz.com)

The Extended Phenotype , The Blind Watchmaker, River Out of Eden , Climbing Mount Improbable , Unweaving the Rainbow, The Ancestor's Tale and a collection of his shorter writings A Devil's Chaplain . (flashbooks.lk)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_selection Of course, humans hardly need such genes for group selection, since memes serve so much more powerfully. (extropy.org)

Suppose that a gene (e.g. one for genuine altruism) is of no genetic benefit whatsoever to the individual who possesses it, and is even a detriment, i.e., however much it helps his mates (because of actions he'd take), it lowers his own fitness. (extropy.org)
There are genes for altruism in organisms (kin-directed altruism) but not genes that sacrifice themselves for other genes. (colinmcginn.net)

For instance, the gene in a gamete or germ-line cell in a body is a germ-line replicator, whereas most of the genes in our bodies are not germ line and can replicate only a finite number of times through mitosis, thus are dead-end replicators. (molecularassembler.com)
But Brandon [ 2403 ] notes that "it is easy to imagine self repairing replicators where changes in structure would not necessarily be passed on in replication," a potentially useful distinction in the case of artificial mechanical replicators as opposed to gene-driven biological replicators. (molecularassembler.com)

Epigenetics is the study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence. (ac.ir)
In this review, our goal is to introduce epigenetics and its different applications in plants, especially in production of transgenic plants, plants tolerate to biotic and abiotic stresses and understanding the mechanisms of gene silencing. (ac.ir)

39. Trifonov EN (1989) Multiple codes of nucleotide sequences. (uncommondescent.com)

The Selfish Cell: An evolutionary defeat. (wikipedia.org)
Evolutionary Theory 101 states that natural selection selects solely for the phenotype and ignores the genotype . (chicagoboyz.net)

Genes/alleles are the essential encoding that is inherited by living creatures they comprise the genotype of the individual. (powershow.com)
Roughly, the phenotype is determined by the genotype PLUS interaction with the environment. (powershow.com)
The genotype is the actual genes that code for those physical characteristics and pass them along to the next generation. (chicagoboyz.net)

So a gene in a spermatozoon that fails to fertilize is still a germ line replicator. (molecularassembler.com)

Genes are selfish according to biological law, while organisms are selfish only in so far as that benefits their genes. (colinmcginn.net)

A gene is 'selfish': it acts in a way that promotes its own survival at the expense of other competing entities. (blinkist.com)
Accordingly, phenotypes can be viewed as self-perpetuating entities, leading to copies of themselves (or partial copies), and hence "selfish" in the technical sense. (colinmcginn.net)
It might be thought that there is a significant asymmetry between genes and phenotypes, namely that genes promote themselves not just entities like them. (colinmcginn.net)
For living systems, evolution by natural selection is a two-step process - (1) the direct replication of structure, and (2) an interaction with the environment so that replication is differential across different entities, traditionally called phenotypes. (molecularassembler.com)
The notion of phenotypes seems adequate for discussions of organismic selection, but entities other than organisms such as chromosomes, groups of organisms, or even entire species can interact with their environment in a way that also makes replication differential. (molecularassembler.com)

To understand why genes seem selfish, we must examine the physical environment they exist in: Genes come in packages called chromosomes, which are sheltered within the cells that make up an organism. (blinkist.com)
1] No gene ever predisposes an organism to act in such a way that that gene goes out of existence-or else it would go out of existence! (colinmcginn.net)
This is that the organism's actions serve also to reproduce its own phenotype-an organism similar to itself. (colinmcginn.net)
Not, to be sure, its entire phenotype, since its genes mix with those of another organism with a different phenotype, but more so than if it had no offspring at all. (colinmcginn.net)
The individual organism promotes the survival of its own phenotype by benefitting its own offspring. (colinmcginn.net)
It doesn't benefit itself qua individual organism, but it does benefit the suite of traits we call its phenotype (including its extended phenotype). (colinmcginn.net)
If evolution is a path through the space of all possible phenotypes, then the individual organism acts so as to maximize the chances of a particular such path. (colinmcginn.net)
It isn't that the organism is a survival machine for similar genes in future generations but for these particular genes. (colinmcginn.net)
This mechanism enables differentiated cells in a multicellular organism to express only the genes which are necessary for their own activity. (ac.ir)
as such, it is "selfish" in that the rest of the organism is really only incidental to its immortality. (crev.info)
The phenotype is the actual observable physical characteristics of an organism, such as proteins, eyes, wings etc. (chicagoboyz.net)

Genes are selfish by definition: their survival success comes at the expense of other genes. (blinkist.com)
A gene's phenotype - the way its code is manifested in its environment - determines its survival. (blinkist.com)

The basic unit of evolution is the gene, because it can exist as multiple copies and is therefore near-immortal. (blinkist.com)
They are immortal in the way genes are immortal and individual organisms are not. (colinmcginn.net)

40. Trifanov EN (1997) Genetic sequences as products of compression by inclusive superposition of many codes. (uncommondescent.com)
Post-transcriptional regulation of human genes by TE-derived sequences has been observed in specific contexts, but has yet to be systematically and comprehensively investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
Those studies found that genes have regulatory sequences, short segments of DNA that serve as targets for the "transcription factors" that activate genes. (evolverzone.com)
Now, however, it appears that some repetitive sequences may contain stretches of DNA needed for gene regulation. (evolverzone.com)
But housing sequences that control the genes isn't the only role that so-called genetic trash plays. (evolverzone.com)
Whereas the repetitive sequences are usually found outside genes, a second type of genetic junk, the introns, are scattered through the genes of higher organisms. (evolverzone.com)

for example, there are several alleles of the eye-color gene. (blinkist.com)

Epigenetic regulation is necessary for the production of differentiated cells throughout plant development, as well as maintaining the stability and integrity of the gene expression profiles. (ac.ir)
The rules of gene expression in plants: organ identity and gene body methylation are key factors for regulation of gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. (ac.ir)
Instead, he says, "it fits the view that chromosomes are information organelles that carry out a variety of functions besides encoding genes, such as maintenance of genome structure and gene regulation. (evolverzone.com)
Consequently, the enzymatic shortening of these poly(A) tails by deadenylase enzymes has a critical role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. (bvsalud.org)

It has been pointed out that the same is not true of genes: they always act to preserve and benefit themselves. (colinmcginn.net)

The reversal of causal roles between gene and phenotype individual. (psybertron.org)

Both chromosomes in a pair have the same organizational structure, so if an area on one chromosome houses the gene for eye color, then the other chromosome will have a gene for eye color in the same location. (blinkist.com)
Rather than being considered a catalogue of useful genes interspersed with useless junk, each chromosome is beginning to be viewed as a complex "information organelle," replete with sophisticated maintenance and control systems - some embedded in what was thought to be mere waste. (evolverzone.com)

This extended edition includes a new epilogue from the author and two key chapters from The Extended Phenotype. (buecher.de)

So we can say that the phenotype survives in cases of individual self-sacrifice-just as the genes survive in such a case (the latter is a means to the former). (colinmcginn.net)
They are like genes in this respect and unlike the individual organisms that contain them-those dispensable temporary tokens. (colinmcginn.net)
The phenotype is the totality of what an individual becomes. (powershow.com)
Understanding the individual as a temporary container built by its collection of genes, each competing with the others, is a dizzying and nearly mystical perspective at first. (gnolls.org)

evolution is change in a gene pool of a population over time. (powershow.com)
No new variants introduced, but a relative change in gene frequency is considered to be evolution! (powershow.com)

When an animal nurtures its offspring at its own expense it is benefitting its own genes, but genes don't do anything comparable in relation to other genes. (colinmcginn.net)

I have started a series listing quotes from papers published during the supposed period of neglect of noncoding DNA that, we are told repeatedly by authors of various persuasions, was inspired by the "junk DNA" and "selfish DNA" ideas. (evolverzone.com)

Recent research has revisited the topic of TE impact on gene expression, noting that the dissemination of highly similar sequence accomplished by TEs is a powerful way to link many diverse genomic regions into a regulatory network [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Physically, all genes are fairly similar: they are all snippets of DNA. (blinkist.com)
Organisms produce tokens of their phenotypic type in future generations, but genes qua tokens sail through to the next generation and beyond- they get to survive not just genes similar to them. (colinmcginn.net)

Although epigenetic processes are essential for natural growth, they can become misdirected led to abnormal phenotypes and diseases. (ac.ir)

Nature Via Nurture: Genes, Experience, and What Makes Us Human. (wikipedia.org)
Rather than the genes, junk DNA "is actually the challenge right now," says Eric Lander of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who is himself a prominent Human Genome Project researcher. (evolverzone.com)
There's at least five regulatory elements for each [human] gene, probably many more," says gene control expert Robert Tjian of the University of California, Berkeley. (evolverzone.com)

The proceedings of the Darwin Day Talks "The Selfish Gene 30 Years on. (psybertron.org)

The phenotype never acts so as to benefit an alien phenotype-as it might be, an antelope's phenotype acting so as to benefit an elephant's phenotype-but rather it always acts so as to propagate instances of itself. (colinmcginn.net)

Ie it's true about the relations between genes and phenotypes, but that isn't the whole truth is it. (psybertron.org)

The Language of the Genes. (wikipedia.org)
You will also begin to use subject specific language and consider some ethical questions on the use of gene technology. (shsg.org)

The genomic role of TEs has followed an interesting arc - they were initially described as controlling elements in maize, due to the impact of insertions on local gene expression [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Mattick has proposed that introns provide a previously unsuspected system for regulating gene expression. (evolverzone.com)

Given that contraception - by definition - isn't in the interest of the gene, there has to be room for (at least) emergent properties, and therefore the higher levels of the MoQ (for example). (psybertron.org)

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Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes9

Information Science3

Richard Dawkins4

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Blind Watchmaker1

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