Seizures effects of kainic acid injections. Medical search. Frequent questions

The effects of DMF in preventing the onset of epilepsy and modifying the disease were investigated in the kainic acid-induced status epilepticus model of temporal lobe epilepsy in rats. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, DMF treatment even when initiated well after the diagnosis of epilepsy, reduced symptomatic seizures long after the drug was eliminated from the body. (biomedcentral.com)
Exemplar electrographic seizures for the different models of epilepsy (raw EEG traces) (top) . (psychogenics.com)
Reproducable hippocampal discharges (HDs) emerge within 2-3 weeks after kainic acid injection (Figure 3) and offer a reliable model for anti-epilepsy drug testing. (psychogenics.com)
Rett syndrome, caused most commonly by a mutation in MECP2, presents with epilepsy and often exhibits multiple seizure types. (psychogenics.com)
This research aimed to validate the therapeutic effect of losmapimod and explore the underlying mechanism in its treatment of epilepsy. (frontiersin.org)
A rat model of epilepsy was constructed with an injection of pilocarpine. (frontiersin.org)
Losmapimod effectively improved memory, reduced the frequency of seizures, protected the neuron from damage, and limited the apoptosis of neurons in epilepsy rats. (frontiersin.org)
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder, featuring an enduring predisposition to epileptic seizures due to hyperexcitability and hypersynchrony in brain neurons (Devinsky et al. (frontiersin.org)
Several years ago, he showed that mice with mutations in the SCN8A gene have absence epilepsy , while also showing resistance to induced seizures. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
Escayg's new paper, with first author Jennifer Wong, looks at the effect of "knocking down" SCN8A in the hippocampus in a mouse model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
FIRES is a rare type of epileptic encephalopathy with rapidly progressive onset of seizures and a devastating prognosis, as drug-resistant epilepsy often follows without a latency period. (annchildneurol.org)
On the contrary, knockdown of Sprouty proteins increases proliferation of activated astrocytes and, consequently, reduces secondary brain damage in neuronal lesion models such as kainic acid-induced epilepsy or endothelin-induced ischemia. (springer.com)
Epilepsy is a devastating brain disorder exhibited by an enduring susceptibility to induce epileptic seizures [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Though the precise cause of epilepsy is still elusive, seizures might be the consequence of any insult that disturbs the normal brain function. (encyclopedia.pub)
Theoretical mechanisms underlying the progression from a seizure occurring only with external induction to a seizure occurring spontaneously (epilepsy) are also discussed. (benthamscience.com)
Largescale genomic studies are beginning to reveal that many genes likely contribute to seizure induction and the loss of synaptic plasticity observed in epilepsy. (benthamscience.com)
Further research and understanding of fundamental seizure mechanisms will likely lead to the discovery of novel and more effective methods by which to treat and ultimately prevent seizure or epilepsy development. (benthamscience.com)
Continuous EEG monitoring after status epilepticus revealed an accelerated and exacerbated epilepsy phenotype whereby spontaneous seizures began sooner, occurred more frequently and were of longer duration in miR-22-deficient mice. (researchsquare.com)
Prolonged or repeated seizures are damaging to the brain and can establish lasting states of hyperexcitability that produce recurrent spontaneous seizures (epilepsy) [ 1 , 2 ]. (researchsquare.com)
The P2X7 receptor was identified as a miR-22 target and co-injection of a P2X7 receptor antagonist mitigated the epilepsy phenotype in mice given the ASO inhibitor of miR-22 [ 16 ]. (researchsquare.com)
However, in a significant population of epilepsy patients, non-convulsive seizures (ncSZ) are observed. (ehu.eus)
Hydroalcoholic extract of Zizyphus jujuba ameliorates seizures, oxidative stress and cognitive impairment in experimental models of epilepsy in rats. (livedna.net)
His bibliography lists over 1,000 publications and over 30 books, including Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook, Surgical Treatment of the Epilepsies, The Treatment of Epilepsy, and Seizures and Epilepsy. (ucla.edu)
On the model of limbic epilepsy caused by the systemic administration of kainic acid and accompanied by neurodegeneration, the possibility of modulating the pathological effects of zinc is shown. (ihna.ru)
In approximately 1/3 of patients with epilepsy, seizures persist despite adequate trials of several antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). (medscape.com)
A candidate for epilepsy surgery must have not attained acceptable seizure control with sufficient trials of AEDs and must have a reasonable chance of benefiting from surgery. (medscape.com)
Nevertheless, many patients with epilepsy never receive treatment that leaves them seizure free. (medscape.com)

Heterozygous conditional knock-in mice (B6(Cg)-Scn1a tm1.1Dsf/J ) carrying a missense mutation in SCN1A gene express the Dravet Syndrome/SMEI-associated mutation A1783V in the presence of Crerecombinase, and exhibit Dravet-like phenotypes including spontaneous seizures. (psychogenics.com)
It involves an early brain-damaging insult, which prompts a cascade of molecular and cellular alterations that might ultimately lead to the occurrence of spontaneous seizures [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Indeed, functional studies in animals, mainly using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) termed antagomirs, have demonstrated that targeting miRNAs can alter evoked and spontaneous seizures and neuropathological outcomes including neuronal loss and gliosis [ 11 ]. (researchsquare.com)
Inhibiting miR-22 using intracerebroventricular injection of an ASO increased the frequency of spontaneous seizures, indicating a protective role in the model [ 16 ]. (researchsquare.com)

A convulsant is a drug which induces convulsions and/or epileptic seizures, the opposite of an anticonvulsant. (wikipedia.org)
Despite the application of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) including phenobarbital, phenytoin sodium, carbamazepine, and sodium valproate in clinical therapy in the past decade, one third of epilepsies were still refractory, providing neither relief from epileptic seizures nor modification of epileptogenesis, resulting in an urgent need for effective drugs (Tadokoro et al. (frontiersin.org)
2010 ). In addition, the p38 MAPK inhibitor effectively shortened the duration of seizures in epileptic rats (Yang et al. (frontiersin.org)
It is characterized by the occurrence (more than 24 h apart) of two unprovoked seizures, a single unprovoked seizure with a high risk of relapse, and the appearance of epileptic syndrome [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
1 Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam and lorazepam, are recommended as the first choice anti-epileptic medication to terminate seizure, but unfortunately if SE lasts more than 30-40 minutes, it becomes progressively more refractory to these agents. (j-epilepsy.org)
Blood ammonia levels in epileptic children on 2 dose ranges of valproic acid monotherapy: A cross-sectional study. (livedna.net)

Reversible model of magnesium depletion induced by systemic kainic acid, injection in magnesium-deficient rats: I -comparative study of various magnesium salts. (hausmanngalenica.com)

Using immunocytochemistry and ELISA, we investigated the production of interleukin (IL)-1β in the rat hippocampus after focal application of kainic acid inducing electroencephalographic (EEG) seizures and CA3 neuronal cell loss. (jneurosci.org)
Next, we studied whether EEG seizures per se induced IL-1β and microglia changes in the hippocampus using bicuculline as a nonexcitotoxic convulsant agent. (jneurosci.org)
To measure neurogenesis, rats were given injections of the mitotic marker bromodeoxyurdine to label dividing cells in the hippocampus. (duke.edu)
Knocking down SCN8A in the hippocampus 24 hours after injection could prevent the development of seizures in 90 percent of the treated mice. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
miR-22-3p (hereafter miR-22), a conserved miRNA that is expressed throughout the body, including the brain [ 14 , 15 ], was previously identified among upregulated miRNAs within the mouse hippocampus contralateral to the epileptogenic zone in the intraamygdala kainic acid model of status epilepticus [ 16 ]. (researchsquare.com)
After establishing a KA dose that elicits ncSZ, we then analyzed the effects of ncSZ on NSPC proliferation and NSC identity in the hippocampus. (ehu.eus)
caused by systemic administration of kainic acid, it has been shown that convulsive activity correlates with indicators of oxidative stress, apoptosis and expression of the AP-1 transcription factor in the rat hippocampus. (ihna.ru)
More recently we have demonstrated that C/EBPβ regulates the expression of several genes involved in inflammatory processes and brain injury [ 14 ] and mice lacking C/EBPβ showed a reduced inflammatory response after kainic acid injection and exhibited a dramatic reduction in pyramidal cell loss in the CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Domoic acid has been associated with necrosis of the glutamate-rich hippocampus and amygdala in autopsied cases. (medscape.com)

We investigated the two exclusively ketogenic amino acids, L-leucine and L-lysine, and found that only L-leucine potently protects mice when administered prior to the onset of seizures induced by kainic acid injection, but not by inducing ketosis. (johnshopkins.edu)
However, unlike L-leucine, D-leucine potently terminated seizures even after the onset of seizure activity. (johnshopkins.edu)
It often begins as new-onset intermittent seizures. (annchildneurol.org)
We induced seizures of controlled intensity by intrahippocampally injecting increasing doses of the chemoconvulsant kainic acid (KA) and analyzed their effect on subdural EEG recordings, hippocampal structure, NSPC proliferation and the number and location of immature neurons shortly after seizure onset. (ehu.eus)
ncSZ specifically triggered neuroblast proliferation, but did not induce proliferation of NSPCs in the SGZ, 3 days post seizure onset. (ehu.eus)
Licofelone could not terminate seizures after onset which was terminated by diazepam. (j-epilepsy.org)

PGI uses synchronized Video - EEG to record spontaneous or chemically-induced seizures. (psychogenics.com)
Traditionally, chemically-induced seizures have received little detailed emphasis in general neurology literature. (benthamscience.com)
Examples of mechanisms underlying specific chemically-induced seizures are discussed including those caused by cyanide, carbon monoxide, and chemical nerve agents. (benthamscience.com)

Antisense oligonucleotides were infused at a constant rate into the cerebral lateral ventricles of rats and their effect on anxiety-like behavior and food intake was monitored. (nartsignaling.com)
The dose, rate and technique to administer kainic acid were explained extensively to reflect a successful paraplegia and spinal cord injury in rats. (afpm.org.my)
We have utilized lithium-pilocarpine model of SE in adult Wistar rats to assess the potential effect of licofelone on seizure susceptibility. (j-epilepsy.org)

Since oxidative stress activates protein kinase D1 (PKD1) in tumor cells, we investigated the effect of excitotoxicity on neuronal PKD1 activity. (nature.com)

Intrahippocampal application of 0.77 nmol of bicuculline methiodide, which induces EEG seizures but not cell loss, enhanced IL-1β immunoreactivity and microglia, although to a less extent and for a shorter time compared with kainate. (jneurosci.org)

We demonstrate that administration of DMF following status epilepticus increased Nrf2 activity, attenuated status epilepticus-induced neuronal cell death, and decreased seizure frequency and the total number of seizures compared to vehicle-treated animals. (biomedcentral.com)

These studies raise the possibility that D-leucine may represent a new class of anti-seizure agents, and that D-leucine may have a previously unknown function in eukaryotes. (johnshopkins.edu)
The seizures subsequently increase in frequency and duration, and then progress to refractory status epilepticus (RSE) over 2 to 7 days with minimal response to anti-seizure medications (ASMs). (annchildneurol.org)

In addition, exogenous application of IL-1β prolongs kainate-induced hippocampal EEG seizures by enhancing glutamatergic neurotransmission. (jneurosci.org)
Prenatal choline supplementation during embryonic days (ED) 12-17 of the rodent gestation period enhances memory capacity and precision and hippocampal plasticity in adulthood, and protects against spatial learning and memory deficits shortly after excitotoxic seizures, whereas prenatal choline deficiency can compromise hippocampal memory and plasticity in adulthood. (duke.edu)
To address these issues, the present set of experiments investigated how prenatal choline availability modulates specific properties of neurogenesis in the adult brain (in the intact brain and in response to injury), as well as hippocampal markers known to change in response to excitotoxin-induced seizures, and sought to relate changes in neurogenesis and in neuropathological markers following injury to changes in performance on spatial learning and memory tasks. (duke.edu)
In contrast, prenatal choline deficiency had little effect on basal adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and no effect on spatial memory performance. (duke.edu)
Altered prenatal choline availability also modulated the hippocampal response to kainic acid-induced seizures where supplementation attenuated while deficiency had no effect on the injury-induced proliferative response of the dentate gyrus shortly after injury. (duke.edu)
Prenatal choline supplementation also attenuated other markers of hippocampal neuropathology shortly after seizures and promoted the long-term hippocampal recovery from seizures months after injury, including rescuing declines in adult hippocampal neurogenesis and in spatial memory performance in a standard water maze task. (duke.edu)
Taken together, these findings demonstrate a robust neuroprotective effect of prenatal choline supplementation that may be driven by enhanced adult hippocampal plasticity and trophic support prior to injury, and shed light on the mechanisms underlying how prenatal choline availability alters adult hippocampal neurogenesis, which may contribute to changes in memory capacity and precision both throughout life and following neural assault. (duke.edu)
Convulsive seizures promote adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) through a transient activation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG). (ehu.eus)

Sex steroid hormones exert biphasic effects on cytosolic Magnesium ions in cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells: possible relationships to migraine frequency in PMS and stroke incidence. (hausmanngalenica.com)

Rapamycin has strong efficacy for preventing seizures and prolonging survival in Tsc1 GFAP CKO mice (Figure 2) . (psychogenics.com)
Mice lacking miR-22 displayed normal behaviour and brain structure and developed similar status epilepticus after intraamygdala kainic acid compared to wildtype animals. (researchsquare.com)
Audiogenic seizures in magnesium-deficient mice: effects of magnesium pyrrolidone-2-carboxylate, magnesium acetyltaurinate, magnesium chloride and vitamin B-6. (hausmanngalenica.com)
Previous studies from our laboratory indicated that C/EBPβ is implicated in inflammatory process and brain injury, since mice lacking this gene were less susceptible to kainic acid-induced injury. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we hypothesized that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, valproic acid (VPA), can improve motor function by enhancing cell survival in PD genetic model mice with LRRK2 R1441G mutation. (en-journal.org)

For example, kainic acid can lead to status epilepticus in animals as it is a cyclic analog of l-glutamate and an agonist for kainate receptors in the brain which makes it a potent neurotoxin and excitant. (wikipedia.org)
In animal models of paraoxon intoxication, the combination of oxaloacetic acid (OAA) and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) were tested for efficacy of preventing brain damage. (mentalhealthdaily.com)
Upon simultaneous administration of oxaloacetic acid and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, levels of blood glutamate rapidly plummet. (mentalhealthdaily.com)
Specifically, researchers documented that blood-glutamate scavengers (oxaloacetic acid and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase) provided neuroprotection against the paraoxon. (mentalhealthdaily.com)
Domoic acid (DA) is structurally similar to the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. (medscape.com)

A generally accepted model of epileptogensis is that of kindling, in which the clinical manifestations of seizures increase as seizures are repeatedly induced. (benthamscience.com)

Protective effect of magnesium acetyltaurate against endothelin-induced retinal and optic nerve injury. (hausmanngalenica.com)

Prenatal choline's effects on adult neurogenesis may be one mechanism for diet-induced cognitive changes throughout life and in response to injury, although little is known about the mechanisms underlying how prenatal choline alters adult neurogenesis or the neural mechanisms underlying prenatal choline supplementation's protection against cognitive deficits after seizures. (duke.edu)
This study examined the protective effect of phenobarbital on kainic acid-induced deficits in acquisition learning. (omeka.net)

AMPA Domoic acid Kainic acid NMDA Quinolinic acid Quisqualic acid Tetrazolylglycine Acetylcholine receptor agonists are drugs that activate the acetylcholine receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Domoic acid is produced by the diatom Nitzschia pungens . (medscape.com)

A potential antiseizure role of dietary protein or of individual amino acids in the ketogenic diet is understudied. (johnshopkins.edu)

previously named ML3000) is a substrate analogue of arachidonic acid which inhibits cyclooxygenase type 1 and 2 (COX1 and COX2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), decreasing prostaglandins and leukotrienes production. (j-epilepsy.org)

Many other drugs may cause convulsions as a side effect at high doses (e.g. bupropion, tramadol, pethidine, dextropropoxyphene, clomipramine) but only drugs whose primary action is to cause convulsions are known as convulsants. (wikipedia.org)
Even at low doses, D-leucine suppressed ongoing seizures at least as effectively as diazepam but without sedative effects. (johnshopkins.edu)

The response of NSPCs to non-convulsive seizure induction has not been characterized before. (ehu.eus)

The kainic acid (KA) excitotoxicity model is a convenient, low-cost, and highly reproducible animal model of SCI in the laboratory. (afpm.org.my)

Interestingly, intrahippocampal injection of a combination of two anti microRNA oligonucleotides targeting microRNA-124 and -137 normalized neuroblast proliferation and prevented NSC loss in the DG upon ncSZ. (ehu.eus)
Simultaneous antagonism of both microRNA-124 and -137 rescued seizure-induced alterations in NSPC, supporting their coordinated action in the regulation of NSC fate and proliferation and their potential for future seizure therapies. (ehu.eus)

Camphor, and other terpenes given to children with colds can act as convulsants (sympathomimetics, piperazine derivatives, theophylline, antihistamines, etc.) in children who have had febrile seizures. (wikipedia.org)

In 1957, inhalant anesthetic flurothyl was tested and found to be clinically effective in the induction of seizures, even though certain risks persisted. (wikipedia.org)
We here studied first the short-term effects of controlled seizure induction on NSPCs fate and identity. (ehu.eus)

It also can enhance recovery from a traumatic brain injury and/or ischemic attack by decreasing the size of damage and elicit neurorestorative effects, particularly of long-term potentiation (LTP). (mentalhealthdaily.com)
To this end, a review of the basic principles of relevant microscopic neuroanatomy, neuroelectrophysiology, neurotoxicology, and molecular genetics, is presented along with specific examples of chemicals known to elicit seizures. (benthamscience.com)

Metabolism of arachidonic acid through cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes is known to be actively involved in the neuroinflammatory events leading to neuronal death after ischemia. (southampton.ac.uk)

Excitotoxic production of ROS elevates death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) activity, which provokes neuronal apoptosis in cerebral ischemia and seizure models 8 . (nature.com)

Jerome Engel, Jr., MD, PhD, is Director of the Seizure Disorder Center, The Jonathan Sinay Distinguished Professor of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and a member of the Brain Research Institute at UCLA. (ucla.edu)

3-Mercaptopropionic acid Allylglycine Glycine receptor antagonists are drugs which inactivates the glycine receptors. (wikipedia.org)
This effect was blocked by coinjection of 1 μg (hr)IL-1β receptor antagonist or 0.1 ng of 3-((+)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonate, selective antagonists of IL-1β and NMDA receptors, respectively. (jneurosci.org)
The effect of AEA on $PPAR{\gamma}$ in hBM-MSCs may prevail over that on the $CB_1$ receptor mediated signal transduction, giving rise to the AEA-induced promotion of adipogenesis. (koreascience.kr)
However, over recent years, it became clear that RTKs cannot be sufficiently activated by growth factors or receptor agonists in the adult and aging brain to exert significant neuroprotective or neurorestorative effects. (springer.com)

METHODS: In this study, 0.05 mM KA was administered at dose of 10 µL/100 g body weight, at a rate of 10 µL/min, to induce spinal injury by intra-spinal injection between the T12 and T13 thoracic vertebrae. (afpm.org.my)
The toxins responsible for most shellfish poisonings are water-soluble, are heat and acid-stable, and are not inactivated by ordinary cooking methods. (medscape.com)

The inhibitory effect of NADA on adipogenesis in hBM-MSCs was reversed not by capsazepine, a TRPV1 antagonist, but by rimonabant, a $CB_1$ antagonist/inverse agonist. (koreascience.kr)

Finally, to address the functional role of this cytokine, we measured the effect of human recombinant (hr)IL-1β on seizure activity as one marker of the response to kainate. (jneurosci.org)
In contrast, NADA had no effect on the $PPAR{\gamma}$ activity in the $PPAR{\gamma}$ transactivation assay. (koreascience.kr)
Spontaneous seizure activity in (A) B6.129P2(C)-Mecp2 tm1.1Bird/J Het female mouse and (B) B6(Cg)-Scn1a tm1.1Dsf/J Het male mouse. (psychogenics.com)
Eventually, seizure activity weakens, and consciousness of varying degrees is gradually restored in surviving patients. (annchildneurol.org)
5 Licofelone was developed in order to find compounds with anti-inflammatory activity to obviate the gastrointestinal side-effects related to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and its safety profile compared to these agents has been authenticated in healthy individuals. (j-epilepsy.org)
The effects of ischemia (oxygen-glucose deprivation) and reoxygenation on the morphology of cultured rat cerebellar seed cells and the activity of caspase-3 in these cells were studied. (ihna.ru)

In 1934, camphor-induced and pentylenetetrazol-induced brain seizures were first used to relieve psychiatric illnesses. (wikipedia.org)
Prenatal choline supplementation also enhanced olfactory bulb neurogenesis without altering cell proliferation in the subventricular zone, while prenatal choline deficiency had no effect on either measure, showing for the first time that prenatal choline's effects on adult neurogenesis is similarly expressed in another distinct neurogenic region of the adult brain. (duke.edu)
Unexpectedly, the D-enantiomer of leucine, which is found in trace amounts in the brain, worked as well or better than L-leucine against both kainic acid and 6. (johnshopkins.edu)
it's generated by injection of a toxin (kainic acid) into the brain. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
24 ] At a time when functional destruction of normal brain required thermal energy or chemical injection, Leksell crossfired photon or proton radiation beams to achieve his goal. (surgicalneurologyint.com)

linteus 03 (15.03 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 63.24 mg rutin equivalents/g, respectively). (bvsalud.org)

in 1994 compared glucosamine sulphate to Advil in arthritis of the articulatio [url=http://aafscny.org/programs/event3/item1/]buy himcolin 30 gm with amex[/url] b12 injections erectile dysfunction. (wgc2010.sk)

In new years, studies of this indulgent take uncovered the effects of a assorted class of chemicals known as obesogens': substances that disrupt lipid metabolism within the developing embryo and confer a lifelong tendency toward preponderancy gain. (daubnet.com)

Anatoxin-a Pilocarpine Camphor injections for psychiatric treatment were inefficient and were replaced by pentylenetetrazol. (wikipedia.org)

Dopamine release is involved in antinociceptive effect of theophylline. (livedna.net)

Feng Ru Tang , " Chemical-Induced Seizures: Mechanisms, Consequences and Treatment ", Bentham Science Publishers (2011). (benthamscience.com)
The few articles that describe correlations between seizures and chemical exposure(s) usually focus on clinical effects rather than underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. (benthamscience.com)
Conclusions of studies from various biological disciplines are discussed in order to convey a global understanding of chemically-induced seizure mechanisms. (benthamscience.com)

It plays a key role in functions such as: amino acid synthesis, citric acid cycle, fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis, glyoxylate cycle, and the urea cycle. (mentalhealthdaily.com)
In order to understand feeding ecology and habitat use of coral reef fish, fatty acid composition was examined in five coral reef fishes, Thalassoma lunare, Lutjanus lutjanus, Abudefduf bengalensis, Scarus rivulatus and Scolopsis affinis collected in the Bidong Island of Malaysian South China Sea. (afpm.org.my)

Therefore, considering flurothyl induced seizures in modern anesthesia facilities is encouraged to relieve medication treatment resistant patients with psychiatric illnesses like mood disorders and catatonia. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy2

Organisms1

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs15

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Health Care3

Epilepsy28

Spontaneous seizures4

Epileptic6

Induced by systemic1

Hippocampus9

Onset6

Chemically-induced seizures3

Rats3

Oxidative stress1

Bicuculline methiodide1

Neuronal cell1

Anti-seizure2

Hippocampal8

Frequency1

Mice5

Glutamate5

Clinical manifestations1

Endothelin-induced1

Deficits2

Domoic2

Amino Acids1

Inhibits1

Doses2

Convulsive1

Excitotoxicity1

MicroRNA2

Febrile1

Induction2

Elicit2

Arachidonic acid1

Cerebral1

Neurology1

Receptor4

Methods2

Inhibitory effect1

Activity6

Brain5

Rutin1

Erectile1

Chemicals known1

Pilocarpine1

Theophylline1

Mechanisms3

Fatty2

Medication1