• DNA topisomerases are enzymes that modulate DNA structure and function (for example replication, recombination and chromosome segregation), and they are often targets of anti-cancer drugs. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA gyrase supports replication and transcription with its unique supercoiling activity, whereas Topo IV preferentially relaxes (+) supercoils and is a decatenating enzyme required for chromosome segregation. (rcsb.org)
  • TOP2A (DNA topoisomerase II alpha) gene, mapped to chromosome 17q12-q21, covers approximately 27.5 kb and includes 35 exons, encoding a 170 kDa protein [ 7 ]. (jcancer.org)
  • Using Xenopus egg extracts (XEEs) we have shown that disruption of mitotic SUMOylation causes chromosome segregation defects. (ku.edu)
  • SUMOylated Topo IIα C-terminus (CTD) interacts with Haspin kinase and recruits chromosome passenger complex (CPC) to the mitotic centromeres. (ku.edu)
  • Further, we have shown that disruption of Topo II strand passage reaction (SPR) results in increased Topo IIα SUMOylation and Aurora B mobilization on chromosome arms. (ku.edu)
  • Here we review the current knowledge around the processes taking place during chromosome segregation in herb meiosis, focusing on the characterization of the molecular factors involved. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
  • Another procedure, which is necessary for MK-1775 supplier correct chromosome segregation, and carefully comes after chromosome pairing, is usually synapsis. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
  • The SC consists of two lateral elements (LEs) which reside at the base of the chromosome loops and are held together in parallel by transverse filament proteins. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
  • Installation of the synaptonemal complex is also closely linked with the formation of crossovers (see MK-1775 supplier the following section), and so synapsis also affects chromosome segregation through its role in crossover formation. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
  • mutants defective in synaptonemal complex formation exhibit univalents at metaphase I and improper chromosome segregation at anaphase I (Ross et al. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
  • However, this technique is certainly restrained and changed by fix via the homologous chromosome when Dmc1 is certainly localized to meiotic DNA break sites as well as Rad51 (Bishop et al. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
  • Chromosome axis organization is complex during meiosis, when DNA repair needs to be coordinated with homology searching and synapsis. (bham.ac.uk)
  • Analysis of the first TOPII mutants described in plants also revealed a link with HR. Chromosome replication, condensation and segregation phenotypes were consistent with previous studies of TOPII in other organisms. (bham.ac.uk)
  • The identified DEGs included 20 downregulated genes and 51 upregulated genes, which were highly associated with the cell cycle, organelle fission, chromosome segregation, cell division and spindle stability. (cancerindex.org)
  • It helps in vivo and in vitro DNA replication, transcription, chromosome segregation, and recombination. (excedr.com)
  • Intro In preparation for chromosome segregation materials of interphase chromatin are remodeled to form rod-shaped chromonemas of mitotic chromosomes (Swedlow and Hirano 2003 Eltsov et al. (immune-source.com)
  • 1995 and resolution of the two sisters within the pair (Sumner 1991 The intense fidelity with which cells carry out this process of mitotic chromosome formation is essential for avoiding chromosome segregation errors. (immune-source.com)
  • 2008 It is not known if the chromosome core region is definitely enriched with DNA inside a positively supercoiled topological state but Atropine this can be inferred from the fact that condensin localization is mostly restricted to the core region of chromosomes (Maeshima and Laemmli 2003 Ono et al. (immune-source.com)
  • is essential for chromosome condensation and segregation whereas Topo II? (immune-source.com)
  • Depending on the type of abnormalities, it can be classified into numerical CIN (nCIN), characterized by chromosome gains and losses, and structural CIN (sCIN) represented by chromosome translocations [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Topoisomerases are nuclear enzymes that modify the topological state of DNA and participate in fundamental metabolic processes such as replication, transcription, repair, recombination, and chromosome segregation (1) . (aacrjournals.org)
  • Inhibition of DNA-PKcs activity via a small interfering RNA or a kinase inhibitor results in mitosis delay, abnormal spindle formation, and chromosome misalignment. (amegroups.org)
  • This gene encodes a member of a family of E3 small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) ligases that mediates the attachment of a SUMO protein to proteins involved in nuclear transport, transcription, chromosome segregation and DNA repair. (nih.gov)
  • The encoded protein is part of the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) 5/6 complex which plays a key role genome maintenance, facilitating chromosome segregation and suppressing mitotic recombination. (nih.gov)
  • Mistakes in this technique end in the synthesis of cells with abnormal chromosome content, that is, pretty much than two copies of each and every chromosome. (survivinpathway.com)
  • Human cancer cells are usually seen as a changes in the amount or organization of DNA because of mistakes in mitosis, causing chromosome instability and aneuploidy. (survivinpathway.com)
  • Right chromosome segregation is closely controlled by mitotic kinases such as cyclin dependent NIMA related kinase 2, Pololike kinase, kinase 1 and Aurora kinases. (survivinpathway.com)
  • 32303) chromosome segregation and condensation protein%2C ScpB CP001857 CDS Arcpr_0039 complement(32287. (go.jp)
  • 32898) chromosome segregation and condensation protein ScpA CP001857 CDS Arcpr_0040 complement(32907. (go.jp)
  • 36314) chromosome segregation protein SMC CP001857 CDS Arcpr_0041 complement(36316. (go.jp)
  • Our interests include initiation of replication , chromosome organization and segregation and replication fork collapse and repair . (ous-research.no)
  • Chromosome replication is initiated by an initiator protein which binds to the origin, forms an oligomeric complex, separates the two strands of the double helix, and recruits the helicase and the rest of the replication machinery. (ous-research.no)
  • SeqA also binds to newly replicated, hemimethylated GATC sites behind the replication forks and is involved in chromosome organization and/ or segregation. (ous-research.no)
  • Phylogenomic studies using chromosome painting confirms the high conservation of DNA between even distantly related species [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We now recognize that, following DNA replication, the metaphase chromosome consists of two chromatids held together by a centromere and by cohesin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Zechiedrich's laboratory conceived small circular DNA nanoparticles ("minimized vectors") that can be used to study supercoiling and the function of therapeutic topoisomerase inhibitors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protein inhibitors interfere with the DNA binding ability of the enzyme or stabilize the cleavage complex. (excedr.com)
  • Because MMR is assumed to modulate cytotoxicity to various chemotherapeutic agents that act upon DNA, our objectives have been to define its possible involvement in the cytotoxicity of topoisomerase inhibitors. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Our results also indicate that neither p53 status, nor cell cycle alterations correlate with the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to topoisomerase inhibitors. (aacrjournals.org)
  • A Mini Review of Novel Topoisomerase II Inhibitors as Future Anticancer Agents. (ebsco.com)
  • Several reviews of inhibitors of topoisomerase II have been published, covering research before 2018. (ebsco.com)
  • PGP inhibitors are being developed to overcome multidrug resistance and two that have reached clinical trials are varapamil, a calcium channel blocker, and cyclosporin A, an immunosuppressant [7]. (savedelicious.com)
  • The extensive pre-clinical data supports the develop-ment of focused Aurora kinase inhibitors in certain tumefaction types. (survivinpathway.com)
  • Occupational exposure limits with proteins such as topoisomerase inhibitors, and mitotic and meiotic spindle poisons. (cdc.gov)
  • Here we report the crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of Topo IV ParC subunit (ParC-CTD) from Bacillus stearothermophilus and provide a structure-based explanation for how Topo IV and DNA gyrase execute distinct activities. (rcsb.org)
  • Although the topological connectivity of ParC-CTD is similar to the recently determined CTD structure of DNA gyrase GyrA subunit (GyrA-CTD), ParC-CTD surprisingly folds as a previously unseen broken form of a six-bladed beta-propeller. (rcsb.org)
  • Propeller breakage is due to the absence of a DNA gyrase-specific GyrA box motif, resulting in the reduction of curvature of the proposed DNA binding region, which explains why ParC-CTD is less efficient than GyrA-CTD in mediating DNA bending, a difference that leads to divergent activities of the two homologous enzymes. (rcsb.org)
  • Which have ability to interfered with the bacterial DNA gyrase, it has bactericidal activity with a wide spectrum in opposition to Gram positive and Gram-negative microorganism 2 . (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • DNA gyrase is made from two A and B fragments, these fragments encoded through the gyrA and gyrB genes 4 . (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • Quinolones conflict with the motion of DNA gyrase, a critical bacterial kind II DNA topoisomerase 6 . (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • Several researches have been exhibited that mutations imparting fluoroquinolone resistance in P. aeruginosa may attributed to amendment in DNA gyrase, hypothesizing that faded sensitivity to fluoroquinolone result from inhibition of DNA supercoiling in resistant isolates of Gram-negative pathogens and alteration in gyrA consider leading causes in this resistance 7 . (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • The only enzyme that introduces the positive supercoiling in DNA is a reverse gyrase enzyme, which is coupled with a helicase found in archaea and is a type IA topoisomerase. (excedr.com)
  • There are three types: type IIa (examples are DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and human topoisomerase IIɑ and II𝛃), Type IIb, and Type IIC. (excedr.com)
  • Like other fluoroquinolone anti-infectives, ciprofloxacin inhibits DNA synthesis in susceptible organisms via inhibition of the enzymatic activities of 2 members of the DNA topoisomerase class of enzymes, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV have distinct essential roles in bacterial DNA replication. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • DNA gyrase is a tetramer composed of 2 GyrA and 2 GyrB subunits. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • DNA gyrase introduces negative superhelical twists in DNA, an activity important for initiation of DNA replication. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • DNA gyrase also facilitates DNA replication by removing positive super helical twists. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • Although all fluoroquinolones generally are active against both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, the drugs differ in their relative activities against these enzymes. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • The mechanism by which ciprofloxacin's inhibition of DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV results in death in susceptible organisms has not been fully determined. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • The breaking and resealing of topoisomerases modulates the formation of DNA supercoils and knots, which are overproduced by certain anticancer and antibiotic drugs and can cause cell death. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because of the structure of duplex DNA, it inevitably leads the consequences of the topology such as supercoils [ 2 ]. (jcancer.org)
  • This enzyme catalyzes the transient breaking and rejoining of a single strand of DNA which allows the strands to pass through one another, thus reducing the number of supercoils and altering the topology of DNA. (nih.gov)
  • is definitely to perform a strand passage reaction that allows transit of one double helix of DNA through another permitting the removal of entanglements supercoils and catenations. (immune-source.com)
  • Our group has identified DNA topoisomerase IIα (Topo IIα) as one of the important mitotic proteins for SUMOylation. (ku.edu)
  • We have determined that Topo IIα CTD SUMOylation behaves like a signal transducer to induce a mitotic delay when Topo IIα is catalytically disrupted. (ku.edu)
  • DNA-PKcs activation, as monitored by DNA-PKcs phosphorylation, is physically and functionally associated with mitotic spindle formation. (amegroups.org)
  • Furthermore, DNA-PKcs is required to prevent mitotic catastrophe in response to DNA damage ( 13 ). (amegroups.org)
  • Rescue of collapsed replication forks is dependent on NSMCE2 to prevent mitotic DNA damage. (nih.gov)
  • This process is certainly marketed by two recombination proteins, Rad51 and Dmc1 (Masson and Western, 2001). (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
  • DNA topology is dependent on axis proteins during eukaryotic cellular processes. (bham.ac.uk)
  • The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effects of these proteins on meiotic DNA topology and axis morphology, and their implications for homologous recombination (HR) in Arabidopsis thaliana. (bham.ac.uk)
  • The involvement of viral DNA-binding proteins in the regulation of virulence genes, transcription, DNA replication, and repair make them significant targets. (mdpi.com)
  • Genes that suppress carcinogenesis have been classified as gatekeepers that regulate cellular proliferation and cell death and as caretakers that are primarily encode DNA repair proteins required for the maintenance of genome integrity ( 15 ). (amegroups.org)
  • the amounts of sumoylated proteins in RIPA insoluble fractions were specifically increased by knocking down Bcl 2, ergo mirroring the consequence seen by BH3I 2 treatment. (survivinpathway.com)
  • elife-70588-supp1.xlsx (3.1M) GUID:?49F0120F-77B9-4447-8EB0-9A65C3C07153 Supplementary document 2: Outcomes of gene ontology analysis of proteins with significant adjustments in abundances from prophase We arrest towards the 1st embryonic cleavage. (gasyblog.com)
  • DnaA is an AAA + -type protein with structural similarity to archaeal and eukaryotic Orc1/Cdc6 proteins. (ous-research.no)
  • Based on knowledge acquired through basic science an applied science project under the EU 5th framework, aimed at development of new types of drugs targeting replication proteins, was established. (ous-research.no)
  • 2005). Meiotic recombination Meiotic recombination affects segregation of chromosomes in at least two ways. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
  • Recombination in meiosis is initiated MK-1775 supplier by the formation of double strand breaks (DSBs) in chromosomal DNA, brought on by Spo11, a conserved topoisomerase type-II-like protein (Keeney et al. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
  • DNA-PKcs and the NHEJ pathway are also essential for V(D)J recombination during T and B cell lymphocyte development. (amegroups.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a key component of the mismatch repair system that functions to correct DNA mismatches and small insertions and deletions that can occur during DNA replication and homologous recombination. (nih.gov)
  • Specific primers sequences for detection of Topoisomerase II (gyrA) genes were used by conventional PCR then, PCR product were treated with Sac II enzyme at 37°C for 2 h, then restriction bands were recovered by gel electrophoresis. (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • The current venture, were made to demonstrate Topoisomerase II genes (GyrA mutations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that could be responsible for molecular mechanism of Ciprofloxacin resistance. (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • Two gene expression profiles (GSE12452 and GSE13597) containing 56 nasopharyngeal carcinoma samples and 13 normal control samples were analyzed to identify the differentially expressed genes. (oncotarget.com)
  • Functional and pathway enrichment analysis showed that up-regulated genes were significantly involved in cell cycle, oocyte meiosis, DNA replication and p53 signaling pathway, while down-regulated genes were enriched in Huntington's disease,metabolic pathways. (oncotarget.com)
  • The current models for CIN involve telomere dysfunction, defective spindle assembly, sister chromatid cohesion, DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) repair, genes involved in the cell cycle, and epigenetic regulators. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Plasmid stabilization/stability protein-encoding genes were observed in some plasmids but were not established for participating in plasmid segregation. (frontiersin.org)
  • The identification of genes involved in replication, segregation, toxin-antitoxin systems and conjugation, would aid the design of drugs to prevent the survival or transmission of plasmids carrying pathogenic properties. (frontiersin.org)
  • We bioinformatically identified two novel super-enhancer-associated genes - NSMCE2 and MAL2 - highly upregulated in breast tumors, for which high RNA levels significantly and specifically correlate with breast cancer patients' poor prognosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, the Normal-like classified tumors show high expression levels of many genes expressed by adipose tissue and other nonepithelial cell types and are characterized by gene expression patterns that are similar to those of normal breast tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A direct link between DNA DSBs, genomic instability, and cancer is evidenced the fact that many cancer-predisposition syndromes in humans characterized by genomic instability are caused by mutations in DSB-responsive genes ( 16 , 17 ). (amegroups.org)
  • cMonkey tries to identify two motifs per modules in the upstream sequences of the module member genes. (systemsbiology.net)
  • In 1944 it was realized that genetic transformation in bacteria was due to DNA and not protein and that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity in genes and chromosomes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Various anti-DNA-PKcs strategies have been developed and tested in preclinical studies to exploit the benefit of DNA-PKcs inhibition in sensitization of radiotherapy and in combined modality therapy with other antitumor agents. (amegroups.org)
  • In this article, we review the association between DNA-PKcs and cancer development and discuss current approaches and mechanisms for inhibition of DNA-PKcs. (amegroups.org)
  • The future challenges are to understand how DNA-PKcs activity is correlated with cancer susceptibility and to identify those patients who would most benefit from DNA-PKcs inhibition. (amegroups.org)
  • TOP2A encodes an enzyme which is implicated in almost any process of DNA metabolism including transcription, replication, movement and untangling [ 3 , 8 , 9 ], which catalyze the passage of two DNA duplexes across each other to resolve the entanglements and coiling of cellular DNA [ 10 ]. (jcancer.org)
  • A post-translational modification with SUMO (SUMOylation) can regulate various cellular events such as DNA replication, repair, transcription and cell cycle regulation. (ku.edu)
  • Quinolones has the ability to sort kind two topoisomerases, which can be crucial compounds in arrange the topological condition of DNA via its replication and transcription. (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • This gene encodes a DNA topoisomerase, an enzyme that controls and alters the topologic states of DNA during transcription. (nih.gov)
  • If left uncorrected, these issues can hinder cell division, DNA replication, and transcription (by preventing DNA and RNA polymerase enzymes from continuing along the helix) processes. (excedr.com)
  • This prevents strand separation for DNA synthesis or transcription. (savedelicious.com)
  • We have shown that colorectal cancer cell lines defective in DNA MMR exhibit an increased sensitivity to both camptothecin, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, and etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor. (aacrjournals.org)
  • This enzyme, which is the unique molecular target of the natural anticancer compound camptothecin, acts by nicking one DNA strand and forming a transient protein-DNA covalent complex. (mdpi.com)
  • A key finding from the original identification of Tdp2 was that the protein was more active in processing 5′ phosphotyrosyl-linked oligonucleotides, and that siRNA knockdown of Tdp2 in mammalian cells resulted in sensitivity to etoposide, a drug targeting topoisomerase II, but not camptothecin, a drug that targets topoisomerase I. Recent work has greatly enhanced our understanding of the biochemistry and structural biology of Tdp2. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • These quinolone antibiotics stabilize topoisomerase-DNA cleavage intermediates. (wikipedia.org)
  • It modulates the topological states of DNA by transient cleavage, strand passing and religation of double-stranded DNA resulting in decatenation of intertwined DNA molecules and relaxation of supercoiled DNA [ 8 , 9 ]. (jcancer.org)
  • Also known as DNA topoisomerase I. This enzyme cuts the single strand of the DNA double helix and does not require ATP to perform the DNA cleavage. (excedr.com)
  • The topo enzyme contains a tyrosine residue in its active site which catalyzes DNA strand breaks (DNA cleavage) by forming a covalent bond with the phosphate group of DNA. (excedr.com)
  • Doxorubicin and its derivatives inhibit the functions of the human topoisomerases by stabilizing the cleavage complex. (excedr.com)
  • These agents, termed topoisomerase poisons, lead to the accumulation of cleavage complexes, transient intermediates in the enzyme reaction cycle where the DNA is cleaved and the enzyme is covalently bound to DNA via a 5′phosphotyrosyl linkage. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • An appealing mechanism is direct cleavage of the tyrosine phosphate ester bond that links topoisomerases to DNA. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Human topoisomerase 1B regulates the topological state of supercoiled DNA enabling all fundamental cell processes. (mdpi.com)
  • The interaction of human topoisomerase 1B and dimethylmyricacene, a compound prepared semisynthetically from myricanol extracted from Myrica cerifera root bark, was investigated using enzymatic activity assays and molecular docking procedures. (mdpi.com)
  • In type II topoisomerases, ATPases are located either on the N-terminus (type IIA) or the B subunit (type IIB). (excedr.com)
  • DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a key component of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway, is involved in DNA double-strand break repair, immunocompetence, genomic integrity, and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. (amegroups.org)
  • The catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) is the key component of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway for DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and is required for cellular resistance to ionizing radiation (IR) ( 1 , 2 ). (amegroups.org)
  • 39504) translation initiation factor 2%2C alpha subunit CP001857 CDS Arcpr_0045 complement(39546. (go.jp)
  • Topoisomerase (DNA topoisomerases) is an enzyme that catalyzes the changes in the intertwined state of two DNA strands. (excedr.com)
  • However, they are corrected by the enzyme topoisomerase. (excedr.com)
  • The enzyme works by breaking the phosphodiester bond present in the backbone of the two DNA strands. (excedr.com)
  • However, the broken bonds in the DNA molecules reform as soon as the topoisomerase enzyme leaves the strands. (excedr.com)
  • It's an ATP-dependent enzyme that cuts both the strands of the DNA substrate. (excedr.com)
  • Another DNA double helix passes through the DNA breaks, and the topoisomerase enzyme changes its conformation, which requires ATP hydrolysis. (excedr.com)
  • The enzyme activity of Topo II? (immune-source.com)
  • It achieves this by making a transient Atropine double-strand break in one helix passing a second helix through the break then re-ligating the 1st (Wang 2002 Strikingly however the domain of the enzyme adequate for this reaction in vitro is not adequate for localizing Topo II? (immune-source.com)
  • This segregation was validated using species-specific signatures and in-silico restriction enzyme analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A number of studies have indicated that DNA topoisomerases play an essential role in the DNA world through allowing DNA double helices or strands to cut across each other [ 4 , 5 ]. (jcancer.org)
  • This breaks the 5′-phospho-tyrinosyl protein-DNA bond and relegates two DNA strands. (excedr.com)
  • They are bifunctional, which means they have two alkylating groups, and can cause intra- or inter-chain cross-linking between DNA strands. (savedelicious.com)
  • TOP2A is one of the isoenzymes which can mediate the catalytic activity of type II topoisomerases [ 6 ]. (jcancer.org)
  • Minimized vectors can be used as substrates for enzymes that act on DNA, as well as serving as gene therapy vectors. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to their different acting mechanisms, DNA topoisomerases can be classified as type I and type II enzymes [ 3 , 6 ]. (jcancer.org)
  • In this article, we will review how topoisomerase works, its application in lab assays, and the industrial areas involving the use of these enzymes. (excedr.com)
  • These all enzymes catalyze negative supercoiling in DNA. (excedr.com)
  • The hemimethylated GATC sites are also the basis for directing mismatch repair enzymes to the correct DNA strand. (ous-research.no)
  • The diversity of processes leading to trapping of topoisomerases suggested that cells might have specific mechanisms to repair the protein/DNA covalent complexes. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • In in this week's issue of PLOS Genetics , Gómez-Herreros and colleagues show the importance of Tdp2 in the repair of topoisomerase II covalent complexes [11] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • DNA topoisomerases, ubiquitously present in eukaryotes, archaebacteria and Eubacteria, are necessary for the regulation of DNA topology in various cellular procedures [ 3 , 4 ]. (jcancer.org)
  • Breaks are needed because the topology of DNA can only be changed through cutting the DNA. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • In the nucleus it behaves as a DNA chaperone, sustains nucleosome dynamics and chromosomal stability, and contributes to telomere maintenance [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The chromosomal cohesin complex establishes sister chromatid cohesion during S phase, which forms the basis for faithful segregation of DNA replication products during cell divisions. (crick.ac.uk)
  • it appears to be involved in mitosis, microtubule dynamics, and proper chromosomal segregation ( 12 ). (amegroups.org)
  • These studies unveiled a novel function of DNA-PKcs in safeguarding the genome integrity and cancer suppression as chromosomal instability (CIN) plays an important role in cancer development and is a hallmark of cancer cells ( 14 ). (amegroups.org)
  • Although roles for the axis component Topoisomerase II (TOPII) and the post-translational modification (PTM) of ASY1 homologues during meiosis have previously been reported, few studies have been performed in plants. (bham.ac.uk)
  • It was identified that the nuclear division cycle 80, cyclin B2 and topoisomerase 2‑α may serve important roles in adrenocortical tumor development. (cancerindex.org)
  • Some chemical compounds can inhibit the functional roles of topoisomerases in organisms. (excedr.com)
  • Tof1-Csm3 and Mrc1 serve known roles during DNA replication, including replication checkpoint signaling, securing replication fork speed, as well as recruiting topoisomerase I and the histone chaperone FACT. (crick.ac.uk)
  • Catalytic mechanism of eukaryotic topoisomerase II (Thesis). (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA topo I work on the principle of the strand-passage mechanism. (excedr.com)
  • An illustration of the working mechanism of type I topoisomerase. (excedr.com)
  • DNA topo II action mechanism involves ATP hydrolysis. (excedr.com)
  • 2002 However little is known about the mechanism that localizes Topo II? (immune-source.com)
  • 2003 These data are consequently consistent with a multi-mechanism process in which self-employed of condensin Topo II? (immune-source.com)
  • A downside of this mechanism is that topoisomerases can get trapped on DNA, leading to the new hazard of topoisomerase-mediated DNA damage. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The best appreciated mechanism of trapping topoisomerases on DNA is through the action of anti-cancer drugs such as etoposide [1] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Immunoprecipitation of phosphonull or wild-type nuclear inhibitor of?PP1? (gasyblog.com)
  • The uncut DNA strand passes through the DNA break, and at this position, topoisomerase changes its conformation from a closed to an open state. (excedr.com)
  • The structures of Tdp2 from C. elegans , zebrafish, and mouse have been determined, indicating an active site that accommodates adducted single-strand DNA [16] , [17] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Gregor Mendel's monohybrid crosses, between pea plants that differed in a single trait, demonstrated that (1) organisms randomly inherit one of two copies of each gene from each parent (Mendel's first law, segregation), and (2) the dominant allele can mask the recessive allele's effects on phenotype (the principle of uniformity). (jove.com)
  • Checkpoint mechanisms acting at kinetochores control the accuracy of BPES1 kinetochore-microtubule attachment, thus ensuring the completion of segregation. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
  • Different types of topoisomerases have different action mechanisms based on their structure. (excedr.com)
  • The mechanisms of transmission of both discontinuous and continuous characteristics across the generations were unknown before Mendel's laws were explained at the turn of the 20th Century by the behavior of chromosomes in germ cells [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • She showed that this coiling and knotting transmits stress along the DNA backbone, which promotes the separation of helical strains and exposes DNA bases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Naturally, the topological changes occur either due to intertwining in the helical structure of DNA or linking/tangling of the DNA helix during genome replication. (excedr.com)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • In yeast and mammalian cells, the catalytic disruption of Topo IIα is reported to induce a delay in mitosis. (ku.edu)
  • An additional study had provided important evidence that blockage of Topo IIα enzymatic activity results in the hyper SUMOylation of Topo IIα. (ku.edu)
  • topo I and topo II. (excedr.com)
  • Topo II? (immune-source.com)
  • the dynamics of Topo II? (immune-source.com)
  • on chromosomes are important for successful mitosis and implicate histone tail Atropine posttranslational modifications Pgf in regulating Topo II? (immune-source.com)
  • In mitosis Topo II? (immune-source.com)
  • 2002 Maeshima and Laemmli 2003 and the residence time of Topo II? (immune-source.com)
  • Earlier studies raised the possibility that there are unique factors conferring Topo II? (immune-source.com)
  • In either or chicken cells depleted of condensin Topo II? (immune-source.com)
  • 2003 This function of condensin entails its ability to generate positively supercoiled DNA the preferred topological substrate of Topo II? (immune-source.com)
  • can bind to chromatin but affected by condensin activity Topo II? (immune-source.com)
  • that have indistinguishable catalytic cycles but only Topo II? (immune-source.com)
  • 2007 As suggested by their respective localization patterns Topo II? (immune-source.com)
  • 1998 Sakaguchi and Kikuchi 2004 Here we describe a novel element in the CTR that dictates the dynamics of Topo II? (immune-source.com)
  • 2001). Oddly enough, the connections utilized to add chromosomes towards the nuclear envelope in and so are homologs from the same transmembrane protein that are found in various other types to tether telomeres towards the nuclear envelope during bouquet development. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
  • 1997). The MRN complex (MRE11/RAD50/NBS1) then resects the breaks creating single-stranded DNA overhangs (Borde, 2007), which invade appropriate regions in the homologous chromosomes then. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
  • Topoisomerase IV acts at the terminal states of DNA replication by allowing for separation of interlinked daughter chromosomes so that segregation into daughter cells can occur. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • I-t involves the synthesis of a microtubule and the full intracellular reorganization based device, which segregates the 2 identical copies of the chromosomes between daughter cells. (survivinpathway.com)
  • In the accompanying paper [11] , the authors characterize the effects of topoisomerase II poisons such as etoposide and doxorubicin in tdp2 -deficient cells. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • In vivo , DNA-PKcs phosphorylation has been examined at the Thr2609 cluster region and Ser2056. (amegroups.org)
  • DNA-PKcs phosphorylation at Ser2056, on the other hand, is primarily mediated by autophosphorylation, making it an excellent marker to monitor DNA-PKcs activation in vivo ( 11 ). (amegroups.org)
  • Topoisomerases carry out the high-wire act of changing DNA structure through transient DNA breaks. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Oxidative stress produces DNA damage and also induces responses, which could help the cell to restore the initial equilibrium. (hindawi.com)
  • Our findings open the possibility that a series of physical interactions between replication fork components and cohesin facilitate successful establishment of sister chromatid cohesion during DNA replication. (crick.ac.uk)
  • They confirm that tdp2 -deficient cells are hypersensitive to topoisomerase II poisons, but not other types of DNA damage. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Through in-vitro pharmacological super-enhancer disruption assays, we confirmed that super-enhancers upregulate NSMCE2 and MAL2 transcriptionally, and, through bioinformatics, we found that high levels of NSMCE2 strongly associate with patients' poor response to chemotherapy, especially for patients diagnosed with aggressive triple negative and HER2 positive tumor types. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A survey of inter-individual variation in DNA methylation identifies environmentally responsive co-regulated networks of epigenetic variation in the human genome. (ebsco.com)
  • The first generation of offspring were all dihybrids, heterozygotes exhibiting the two dominant phenotypes. (jove.com)
  • Separation of SNP profiles from DNA mixtures with two contributors via massively parallel sequencing technology. (ebsco.com)
  • These results suggest that triple mutations in clinical isolates of A baumannii contribute to the development of high levels of resistance to fluoroquinolones and that mutations in parC S80L or E84K (groups II and VII) may contribute to alterations in efflux pump activity in A baumannii . (ophrp.org)
  • DNA repair metallo-beta-lactamase [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system is involved in the correction of base/base mismatches and insertion/deletion loops arising during replication. (aacrjournals.org)
  • DNA-PKcs phosphorylation at the Thr2609 cluster region is particularly significant since it is critical for DSB repair and radioresistance ( 6 - 9 ). (amegroups.org)
  • they hold on to DNA covalently, shielding DNA ends from participation in unwarranted repair signaling or reactions. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Diabetes mellitus impacts on expression of DNA mismatch repair protein PMS2 and tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. (nih.gov)
  • A key protein in the replisome is ring-formed and tethers the polymerase to the DNA and makes it processive. (ous-research.no)
  • This was the important clue to the structure of the DNA double helix modeled by Watson and Crick in 1953, and based on the X-ray diffraction studies of Rosalind Franklin [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)