Seen in spinal root spinal nerve roots. Medical search. Frequent questions

Laminectomy is the removal of the entire bony lamina, a portion of the enlarged facet joints, and the thickened ligaments overlying the spinal cord and nerves. (mayfieldclinic.com)

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a degenerative disease of the lumbar spine that occult commonly in the elderly. (biomedcentral.com)
Nerve root disorders usually result from a herniated disk or osteoarthritis in the spine. (msdmanuals.com)
Spinal nerves exit the spinal cord along the length of the spine. (msdmanuals.com)
Each spinal nerve then goes between two back bones (vertebrae) in the spine to connect to a specific area of the body. (msdmanuals.com)
A column of bones called vertebrae make up the spine (spinal column). (msdmanuals.com)
The vertebrae protect the spinal cord (a long, fragile structure contained in the spinal canal), which runs through the center of the spine. (msdmanuals.com)
The spinal cord ends about three fourths of the way down the spine, but a bundle of nerves extends beyond the cord. (msdmanuals.com)
Spinal decompression works by gently stretching the spine. (webmd.com)
This change takes pressure off the spinal disks, which are gel-like cushions between the bones in your spine, by creating negative pressure in the disc. (webmd.com)
As a result, bulging or herniated disks may retract, taking pressure off nerves and other structures in your spine. (webmd.com)
In addition, you may need spinal fusion to stabilize your spine. (webmd.com)
Intervertebral discs, also known as intervertebral fibrocartilage or spinal discs, provide the padding between the vertebrae of the spine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The implementation of surgery has obvious advantages whether it is to relieve pain, stabilize the spine, restore nerve function, or recover early. (scirp.org)
Spinal nerves are named and grouped by the region of the spine that they're associated with. (healthline.com)
Because your spinal nerves exit your spine laterally, dermatomes associated with your torso and core are distributed horizontally. (healthline.com)
For instance, symptoms that occur along a specific dermatome may indicate a problem with a specific nerve root in the spine. (healthline.com)
This is, essentially, what is happening in your spine when you have a pinched nerve. (medtronic.com)
Laminotomy and laminectomy are spinal decompression surgeries on the lower spine that involve removing bone, called the lamina, to relieve pressure on the spinal nerve(s). (medtronic.com)
When an intervertebral disc ruptures in the spine, it puts pressure on one or more nerve roots (often called nerve root compression). (medtronic.com)
Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF): An intervertebral disc in the cervical spine bulges or herniates, exerting pressure on an adjacent nerve root. (pr.com)
Low back pain (lumbar pain) can be caused by a problem in the muscles, ligaments, discs, joints or nerves of the spine. (mydr.com.au)
Especially when the diagnostic evaluation of the thecal sac and single nerve roots in degenerative spine disease is required, myelography and postmyelographic CT are considered to be even more sensitive and more specific than MR imaging or MR myelography. (ajnr.org)
Spinal decompression can be performed anywhere along the spine from the neck (cervical) to the lower back (lumbar). (mayfieldclinic.com)
Foraminotomy is the removal of bone around the neural foramen - the canal where the nerve root exits the spine. (mayfieldclinic.com)
In some cases, spinal fusion may be done at the same time to help stabilize sections of the spine treated with laminectomy. (mayfieldclinic.com)
Fusing the joint prevents the spinal stenosis from recurring and can help eliminate pain from an unstable spine. (mayfieldclinic.com)
Arrested bone growth at the base of the skull and the spine can cause the spinal cord and brain stem to become compressed. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The spinal cord lies inside the bones of the spine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
These nerves begin at the sacral level of the spinal cord, which is the lowest part of the spine above the coccyx. (medicalnewstoday.com)
These nerves of the lower region of the spine stimulate the base of the bladder and urethra. (medicalnewstoday.com)
There is a pudendal nerve for each side of the body, arising from the sacral plexus, the lowest part of the spine above the tailbone. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The lumbar sympathetic nerves are a bundle of nerves that lie in front of the spine in the lower back. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The complex anatomy of the lumbar spine is a remarkable combination of these strong vertebrae, multiple bony elements linked by joint capsules, and flexible ligaments/tendons, large muscles, and highly sensitive nerves. (medscape.com)
The lumbar spine is designed to be incredibly strong, protecting the highly sensitive spinal cord and spinal nerve roots. (medscape.com)

The cauda equina carries nerve impulses to and from the legs, lower intestine, and bladder. (msdmanuals.com)
The compressed nerve is now visible, as is the cauda equina (the bundle of nerve fibers at the end of the spinal cord) to which it is attached. (medtronic.com)
Decompressive Lumbar Laminectomy: Abnormal bone spurs or rough intervertebral disc edges exert pressure on spinal nerve roots or the cauda equina, a nerve root bundle at the end of the spinal cord. (pr.com)
Decompression surgery for spinal stenosis is elective, except in the rare instance of cauda equina syndrome or rapidly progressing neurologic deficits. (mayfieldclinic.com)
Various nerves control bladder and bowel function, including the spinal cord, cauda equina, pudendal nerves, and the enteric nervous system, a nerve network in the walls of the digestive tract. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Conditions that may cause this include herniated discs , spinal cord injuries , and cauda equina syndrome. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The cauda equina is a group of nerves and nerve roots that stems from the lower end of the spinal cord and helps control the bladder. (medicalnewstoday.com)
This includes the pudendal nerves and the cauda equina, which provides sensation and control of movement to the lower part of the body, including the bowel, anus, and perineum. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Cauda equina syndrome (CES) may develop if the cauda equina nerves become compressed. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a prevalent and disabling cause of low back and leg pain in elderly people and nerve root sedimentation sign (NRSS) has been demonstrated to have high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing LSS in selected patients. (biomedcentral.com)
It is due mainly to the reduction of the anatomical space of the nerves and blood vessels in the lumbar spinal canal and clinically, it often presents as persistent low back pain, sacral pain or neurogenic intermittent claudication and so on [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, the authors describe a 50-year-old male with an aggressive ENB, initially treated with resection and chemotherapy/radiation, who developed multiple thoracic and lumbar spinal metastases. (thejns.org)
There are five pairs of lumbar spinal nerves, designated L1 through L5. (healthline.com)
Like the lumbar spinal nerves, you also have five pairs of sacral spinal nerves. (healthline.com)
Five lumbar spinal nerve roots are found on each side. (medscape.com)

In addition, at the end of the spinal cord, there is a pair of coccygeal nerve roots, which supply a small area of the skin around the tailbone (coccyx). (msdmanuals.com)
You only have a single pair of coccygeal spinal nerves. (healthline.com)

The most objective method to evaluate anatomic spinal stenosis through imaging data is by using the dural sac cross-sectional area (DSCA) evaluation [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, a well-defined and simple morphological classification for assessing the severity of anatomical spinal stenosis is very important. (biomedcentral.com)
Laminotomy and laminectomy are commonly done to relieve symptoms of spinal stenosis, including pain, and weakness or numbness that can radiate down the arms or legs. (medtronic.com)
Narrowing / stenosis of the spinal and nerve root canals can cause chronic pain, numbness, and muscle weakness in your arms or legs. (mayfieldclinic.com)
Spinal stenosis is often caused by age-related changes: arthritis, enlarged joints, bulging discs, bone spurs, and thickened ligaments (Fig. 1). (mayfieldclinic.com)
Stenosis can include narrowing of the spinal canal, nerve root canals, enlargement of the facet joints, stiffening of the ligaments, bulging disc, and bone spurs. (mayfieldclinic.com)
[13] Surgery may be beneficial for those with disc-related chronic pain and disability or spinal stenosis . (wikipedia.org)

Emerging from the spinal cord between the vertebrae are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. (msdmanuals.com)
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, forming nerve roots that branch from your spinal cord. (healthline.com)
You have 31 pairs of spinal nerves. (healthline.com)

Transverse magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the narrowest spinal canal in all patients were acquired and graded by two experienced doctors using the Braz classification, Schizas classification and Chen Jia classification. (biomedcentral.com)
A surgeon removes a small portion of bone -- a section of bony arch or the entire bony arch -- to increase the size of the spinal canal and relieve pressure. (webmd.com)
Next, an opening is cut in the ligamentum flavum, through which the spinal canal is accessed. (medtronic.com)
Procedure also used to remove tumors, osteophytes, or vertebral fracture fragments from the spinal canal. (pr.com)
Cervical Corpectomy: Narrowing of the cervical spinal canal due to growth of bone spurs or the ligament behind the vertebral bodies, where an anterior cervical discectomy does not address the entire area of neural compression. (pr.com)
Cervical Laminoplasty: Cervical spinal canal is painfully restrictive due to injury or disease. (pr.com)
The lamina bone forms the backside of the spinal canal and makes a roof over the spinal cord. (mayfieldclinic.com)
Laminaplasty is the expansion of the spinal canal by cutting the laminae on one side and swinging them open like a door. (mayfieldclinic.com)
Disc material may bulge (herniate) into the spinal canal or nerve root canal and cause pain. (carle.org)
Injection of steroids and an anesthetic drug into the spinal canal may help pain. (carle.org)

There are 8 pairs of sensory nerve roots for the 7 cervical vertebrae. (msdmanuals.com)
Each of the 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, and 5 sacral vertebrae has one pair of spinal nerve roots. (msdmanuals.com)
Degenerative disc disease is when one or more of the discs between the vertebrae of the spinal column deteriorates or breaks down, leading to pain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Injuries of the Spinal Cord and Vertebrae A spinal cord injury is damage to the bundle of cells and nerves that carry incoming and outgoing messages between the brain and the rest of the body. (merckmanuals.com)
Sometimes the vertebrae of children with achondroplasia do not grow enough to allow sufficient space for nerves exiting and entering the spinal cord to pass in and out of the bony spinal column. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

Cervical nerves. (healthline.com)
There are eight pairs of these cervical nerves , numbered C1 through C8. (healthline.com)

Sacral nerves. (healthline.com)
They arise from the sacral level of the spinal cord and trigger bladder contraction during urination. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The sacral plexus is a complex network of nerves situated at the back of the pelvis. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Nerve root disorders result from sudden or long-term pressure on the spinal nerve root. (msdmanuals.com)

If only a single nerve root is compressed, children may experience pain, numbness or weakness in a specific arm or leg. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
As the nerve is irritated, back and leg pain, tingling, and numbness or weakness in the legs or feet can occur. (carle.org)
Neck pain along with weakness, numbness, or tingling of hands, feet, legs, or arms is the most common symptom of possible pressure on the spinal cord or on the nerve roots. (healthlinkbc.ca)

Decompression surgery (laminectomy) opens the bony canals through which the spinal cord and nerves pass, creating more space for them to move freely. (mayfieldclinic.com)

Pressure may also obstruct blood flow through the blood vessels in the spinal cord. (healthlinkbc.ca)
The same numbered spinal nerve root, recurrent meningeal nerves, and radicular blood vessels pass through each foramen. (medscape.com)

Thoracic nerves. (healthline.com)
You have 12 pairs of thoracic nerves that are numbered T1 through T12. (healthline.com)

Overview of the Peripheral Nervous System The peripheral nervous system refers to the parts of the nervous system that are outside the central nervous system, that is, those outside the brain and spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves The peripheral nervous system consists of more than 100 billion nerve cells (neurons) that run throughout the body like strings, making connections with the brain, other parts of the body, and. (msdmanuals.com)
Spinal nerves are part of your peripheral nervous system (PNS). (healthline.com)

Spinal Decompression Therapy: Is It Right for You? (webmd.com)
Some people turn to spinal decompression therapy -- either surgical or nonsurgical. (webmd.com)
What Is Nonsurgical Spinal Decompression? (webmd.com)
Nonsurgical spinal decompression is a type of motorized traction that may help relieve back pain . (webmd.com)
More research is needed to establish the safety and effectiveness of nonsurgical spinal decompression. (webmd.com)
To know how effective it really is, researchers need to compare spinal decompression with other alternatives to surgery. (webmd.com)
How Is Nonsurgical Spinal Decompression Done? (webmd.com)
You are fully clothed during spinal decompression therapy. (webmd.com)
Who Should not Have Nonsurgical Spinal Decompression? (webmd.com)
Ask your doctor whether or not you are a good candidate for nonsurgical spinal decompression. (webmd.com)
Surgical spinal decompression is another option for treating certain types of back pain . (webmd.com)
If other measures don't work, your doctor may suggest surgical spinal decompression for bulging or ruptured disks, bony growths, or other spinal problems. (webmd.com)
Are There Different Types of Spinal Decompression Surgery? (webmd.com)
What Are the Risks of Spinal Decompression Surgery? (webmd.com)
It can be difficult to determine who will benefit from spinal decompression surgery. (webmd.com)
Cleveland Clinic: "Spinal Decompression Surgery. (webmd.com)
Spinal decompression procedures create more space for the nerve, relieving pressure and reducing pain. (medtronic.com)
Use our physician finder tool to locate a surgeon in your area who specializes in spinal decompression procedures. (medtronic.com)

Occasionally, compression or other types of spinal fractures result from great force, as may occur in a car crash, a fall from a height, or a gunshot wound. (merckmanuals.com)

Motor nerve roots contain nerve fibers that carry commands from the brain and spinal cord to muscles. (msdmanuals.com)
The motor roots carry commands from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body, particularly to skeletal muscles. (msdmanuals.com)
The pudendal nerves stimulate the pelvic floor muscles, the anal sphincter, and pelvic organs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Low back pain ( LBP ) or lumbago is a common disorder involving the muscles, nerves, and bones of the back , in between the lower edge of the ribs and the lower fold of the buttocks. (wikipedia.org)

Doctors diagnose spinal compression fractures using x-rays or computed tomography. (merckmanuals.com)
Piriformis syndrome, caused by a neuritis of the proximal sciatic nerve, results from compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle due to spasm and/or contracture, with patients characteristically suffering hip and buttock pain. (medscape.com)
Although compression of the spinal cord is fairly rare, it can lead to paralysis if it is not treated. (healthlinkbc.ca)
Describe a case of discal cyst on the l4-l5 level with compression of l5 right nerve root treated successfully with a minimal invasive procedure. (bvsalud.org)

Electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves controlling the bladder offers an alternative, non-destructive medical treatment for urinary incontinence and retention. (auanet.org)

In this work, the functional consequences of segmental spinal cord regeneration and plasticity after spinal cord nerve root injury and repair in humans were studied. (ucl.ac.uk)
Models of spinal cord regeneration and functional recovery in patients with spinal root avulsion were developed and changes in motor, sensory and autonomic functions in patients with severe brachial plexus injury studied with clinical and neurophysiological techniques. (ucl.ac.uk)
Several animal models exist to examine physiological and functional changes after the spinal cord injury with aim to explain knowledge about the spinal cord injury in human. (intechopen.com)
This chapter compares the arterial spinal cord blood supply of the frequently used species (pig, dog, cat, rabbit and rat) in experimental spinal cord injury and in human. (intechopen.com)
Spinal cord injury is associated with sustainable disability and results in loss of bladder, respiratory, cardiac, or sexual functions, and in varying degree of paralysis [ 2 ]. (intechopen.com)

Bones and joints affected by rheumatoid arthritis may dislocate and press on the spinal cord or on the nerve roots. (healthlinkbc.ca)

Twelve SD rats underwent unilateral L5-S2 dorsal roots (DRTs) and ventral roots (VRTs) electrically stimulation and the bladder reflex contractions (BRCs) were recorded under isovolumetric condition. (auanet.org)
L5-S2 spinal cords and dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) were harvested for immunohistochemistry study. (auanet.org)

Due to the insensitivity of the body's reaction ability in the elderly, the early clinical symptoms are not typical, and the imaging findings are easily confused with spinal tuberculosis. (scirp.org)
The degree and type of present symptoms depend on the affected part of the spinal cord. (intechopen.com)
Nerve conduction studies called electromyography may be suggested, however the results often don't reflect the symptoms, so this test may not give any useful information. (mydr.com.au)

In conclusion, various afferent and efferent nerves innervate the bladder and are involved in micturition reflex, but the L6 VRT could be the most efficient in producing detrusor muscle contraction, and the S1 DRT could have the superiority of inhibiting micturition reflex. (auanet.org)
Branches from the L5, S1, and S2 nerve roots innervate the piriformis muscle, as demonstrated in the image below. (medscape.com)

In this procedure, a portion of the disk is removed to relieve pressure on nerves. (webmd.com)

At this point the surgeon will assess and perform a discectomy (removal of a disc or bone spur) or a spinal fusion, if necessary. (medtronic.com)
Discectomy is the removal of a portion of a bulging or degenerative disc to relieve pressure on the nerves. (mayfieldclinic.com)

Spinal nerve root avulsions occur particularly in brachial plexus traction injuries. (ucl.ac.uk)

Electrodiagnostics performed on hospital day 7 demonstrated reduced motor and sensory amplitudes on right median and ulnar nerves, reduced motor amplitudes, and mildly reduced conduction velocities in the right peroneal nerve and right posterior tibial nerves. (cdc.gov)

This method is used when disc degeneration has caused the height of the foramen to collapse and pinch a nerve. (mayfieldclinic.com)

In the late 1960s, neurophysiologic testing allowed the classification of CMT into 2 groups, one with slow nerve conduction velocities and histologic features of a hypertrophic demyelinating neuropathy (hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 1 or CMT1) and another with relatively normal velocities and axonal and neuronal degeneration (hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 2 or CMT2). (medscape.com)

Doctors diagnose nerve root disorders based on results of imaging tests, electrodiagnostic testing, and tests to identify the cause. (msdmanuals.com)
Doctors may also refer to these nerves as the pelvic splanchnic nerves. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Facet rhizotomy is a radiofrequency current that deadens the nerves around the facet joint, preventing pain signals from reaching the brain. (medicalnewstoday.com)

It was found that patients without any surgical repair suffered the worst pain and its severity is least in the patient group repaired by graft or other nerve transfer. (ucl.ac.uk)
Various pathological conditions, including surgical treatments, traumatic injuries, embolism, malformations and tumors, result in severe changes in the arterial blood supply to the spinal cord [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)

MRI scans can show the spinal discs and the nerve roots and the soft tissues. (mydr.com.au)
MRIs are probably the most useful imaging technique for low back pain as they can show problems with the discs and whether anything is pressing on the nerves of the spinal cord. (mydr.com.au)

Removing the lamina and thickened ligament gives more room for the nerves and allows for removal of bone spurs (osteophytes). (mayfieldclinic.com)
Then bone spurs develop that may press on the spinal cord or nerve roots. (carle.org)

There are pudendal nerves on the left and right sides of the body within the pelvis. (medicalnewstoday.com)

This pair of nerves originates from the area of your coccyx , or tailbone. (healthline.com)

In some cases, these procedures may be necessary as part of surgery to treat a herniated spinal disk. (medtronic.com)
Ask your surgeon about their training, especially if your case is complex or you've had more than one spinal surgery. (mayfieldclinic.com)
One or more of the following tests may also be done for persistent pain or if surgery is being considered: computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), combined myelography/CT, and electromyography/nerve conduction velocity test (EMG/NCV). (carle.org)

Sensory nerve roots contains nerve fibers that carry sensory information about such things as touch, position, pain, and temperature from the body to the spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
Sensory nerves carry information about such things as touch, pain, temperature, and vibration from the skin to the spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
They can undermine nerve function and cause pain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
These nerves transmit sensations, such as pain, from a specific area of your skin to your CNS. (healthline.com)
But on Friday the pain remained -- she tweeted, "Pinched a nerve in my neck on a photoshoot and got adjusted this morning. (scienceblogs.com)
Preparation for placement of a permanent spinal cord stimulator usually necessitates a trial procedure, which allows both the SCS team and the subject to determine whether or not a permanent implant would provide substantial or adequate pain relief and improvements in QOL. (medscape.com)

Most spinal cord injuries result from motor. (merckmanuals.com)

We report a case of West Nile poliomyelitis with preserved deep-tendon reflexes, diminished sensory nerve action potentials, and pathologic findings which do not localize to the anterior horn. (cdc.gov)

Each nerve emerges in two short branches (roots)-motor and sensory-which join to form a spinal nerve. (msdmanuals.com)

Part of the lamina is cut away to uncover the ligamentum flavum - a ligament that supports the spinal column. (medtronic.com)

The sensory roots carry information to the brain from other parts of the body. (msdmanuals.com)
Your PNS works to connect the rest of your body with your CNS, which is made up of your brain and spinal cord. (healthline.com)
This can compress key nervous system structures, like the brain stem, spinal cord, spinal nerve roots and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
This is the main pathway for nerve signals between the brain and the bladder and bowel. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Usually, signals from the brain and spinal cord control this. (medicalnewstoday.com)

The cystic mass displaced the thecal sac dorsally compressed the L5 transversing root. (bvsalud.org)

These findings suggested a predominantly axonal polyneuropathy involving both sensory and motor nerves. (cdc.gov)
The electrodiagnostics showing axonal polyneuropathy and the spinal cord pathologic findings, which did not demonstrate focal loss of anterior-horn neurons, suggest a broader spectrum of the clinical-pathological syndrome of West Nile poliomyelitis than previously described ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
This suggests that, in most cases, axonal damage is the root cause of the neuropathy, not demyelination. (medscape.com)

These projections can press against the spinal cord or spinal nerve roots. (medicalnewstoday.com)
A back bone consists of a drum-shaped part (body) in the front, a hole for the spinal cord, and several projections of bone (called processes) in the back. (merckmanuals.com)

A small portion of the bone over the nerve root, called lamina, and/or disc material from under the nerve root is removed to give the nerve more space. (medtronic.com)
Using this method the natural support of the lamina is left in place, decreasing the chance of spinal instability. (mayfieldclinic.com)

The results demonstrate that, following re-connection of avulsed spinal roots to the spinal cord, injured motor neurons can regenerate from the CNS to the periphery with functional recovery. (ucl.ac.uk)
The two cases of spinal cord pathologic findings published to date demonstrated focal loss of anterior-horn neurons ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)

The aim of the present study was to identify the most efficient sensory and motor spinal nerve roots involved in micturition reflex. (auanet.org)
Each spinal nerve contains two nerve roots: one motor and one sensory. (msdmanuals.com)
Your spinal nerves help to relay sensory, motor, and autonomic information between the rest of your body and your central nervous system (CNS). (healthline.com)

Spinal cord sections showed leptomeningeal and parenchymal chronic inflammatory infiltrates, often perivascular in location. (cdc.gov)

For many kinds of operations-instrumented spinal fusion the most notable-open procedures remain the norm due to the demands of positioning, attaching, and configuring fixation devices. (pr.com)

Anatomy25

Organisms2

Diseases17

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes5

Overlying the spinal cord1

Spine34

Cauda equina9

Lumbar spinal6

Pair of coccygeal2

Stenosis7

Pairs of spinal nerves3

Canal10

Vertebrae5

Cervical2

Sacral3

Pressure on the spinal nerve1

Numbness3

Laminectomy1

Blood vessels2

Thoracic2

Peripheral nervou3

Decompression18

Types of spinal1

Muscles4

Compression4

Controlling the bladder1

Injury5

Bones1

Dorsal2

Symptoms3

Innervate2

Removed to relieve1

Discectomy2

Brachial1

Posterior1

Foramen1

Conduction velocities1

Doctors2

Signals from reaching1

Surgical2

Discs2

Bone spurs2

Pelvis1

Tailbone1

Surgery3

Pain6

Cord injuries1

Sensory nerve1

Branches1

Ligament1

Brain5

Thecal sac1

Axonal3

Projections2

Lamina2

Neurons2

Motor3

Chronic1

Fusion1