• On the other hand, mechanisms that impair the circadian clock genes, such as circadian locomotor output cycles kaput ( CLOCK ), brain and muscle Arnt-like protein 1 ( BMAL1 ), and period genes ( PER1 , PER2 , and PER3 ), contribute to defective beta-cell function and development of type 2 diabetes [ 7 - 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Secretory epithelial cells display lactogenic differentiation which is characterized by the expression of milk protein genes, such as beta-casein or whey acidic protein (WAP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Differentiating HC11 cells displayed lower expression levels of milk protein genes than mammary glands of mid-pregnant or lactating mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Downregulation of AP-2 transcription factor genes is not required for lactogenic differentiation of HC11 cells but may functionally be involved in aspects of lactogenic differentiation in vivo that are not reflected by the HC11 system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The lactogenic differentiation of the secretory epithelial cells is characterized by the synthesis of lactose and milk fat and by the expression of milk protein genes, such as beta-casein or whey acidic protein (WAP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study shows that the nucleosome remodeller dMi-2 is recruited to ecdysone-regulated genes to limit transcription. (sdbonline.org)
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) activates not merely the secretion of thyrotropin (TSH) but also the transcription of TSHβ and α-glycoprotein (αGSU) subunit genes. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • Secretion of the TSH LM22A-4 molecule from thyrotroph and the transcriptions of TSHβ and αGSU genes are stimulated by the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) generated in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • TRH receptor (TRH-R) is encoded by two genes and generates TRH-R1 and 2. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • LIM-homeodomain transcription factors regulate many aspects of development and mutations in the genes that encode these regulatory proteins are associated with several diseases. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • We show in human lung lymphocytes Synta 66 inhibits CD2/3/28 induced IL-2, IL-17, IL-13, IFNγ and IL-10 in a concentration dependent manner in healthy and severe asthma donors, with over 60% inhibition observed for all cytokines. (docsbay.net)
  • Patients with severe asthma may have neutrophilic airway inflammation and skew towards a more Th1 type response [6] characterised by the production of cytokines such as IFNγ and IL-2. (docsbay.net)
  • These cells secrete immune inhibitory growth factors and cytokines, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is primarily produced by microglia, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The host genetic factors are assumed to play a critical role in tuberculosis pathogenesis, through impact on the gene expression of cytokines and chemokines, which are implicated in the host immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • RESULTS: The results showed that ESP-SJE treatment significantly reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells, especially eosinophils into the lung tissue, inhibited the production of the total and OVA-specific IgE during OVA-sensitized and -challenged phases, respectively, and suppressed the secretion of Th2-type inflammatory cytokines (IL-4). (bvsalud.org)
  • SJMHE1 treatment improved clinical symptoms (rubbing and sneezing), suppressed infiltrates of inflammatory cells and eosinophils in nasal mucosa, modulated the production of type-2 (IL-4 and IL-13) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines in the nasal lavage fluids (NLF), spleen, and serum. (bvsalud.org)
  • Additionally, exposure to triclosan altered the expression patterns of several cytokines and growth factors. (cdc.gov)
  • Wnts bind to the cell surface Frizzled family receptors in conjunction with low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein family receptors (LRP5 or 6) resulting in the stabilization of intracellular beta -catenin levels (2). (novusbio.com)
  • In a wide variety of cell types vitamin D exerts its effects by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a member of the nuclear steroid receptor superfamily and an intracellular transcription factor [2]. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular human pathogen that exhibits stage-specific gene transcription throughout a biphasic developmental cycle. (plos.org)
  • Clearance of small intestinal crypts involves goblet cell mucus secretion by intracellular granule rupture and enterocyte ion transport. (gu.se)
  • It is an integral part of numerous metallo-enzymes and transcription factors and is an important intracellular mediator, similar to calcium. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] Protein hZIP4 transports zinc ions from the cell exterior or lumen of intracellular organelles into the cytoplasm, where it is available to other newly synthesized proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Deficient hypothalamic GnRH secretion underlies the markedly abnormal gonadotropin secretion patterns in most patients with Kallmann syndrome or idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 , 3 ] Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations of the gene encoding FGFR1 have also been described in individuals with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, normal smell sense, and normal MRI of the olfactory system. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] In addition, mutations of the gene encoding chromodomain-helicase DNA-binding protein 7 ( CHD7 ) have been found in some patients with Kallmann syndrome or idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, some of whom have features of the CHARGE syndrome (characterized by delayed growth and development, congenital cardiac defects, dysmorphic ears, hearing loss, coloboma of the eyes). (medscape.com)
  • 3] In addition, mutations of the gene encoding chromodomain-helicase DNA-binding protein 7 (CHD7) have been found in some patients with Kallmann syndrome or idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. (medscape.com)
  • Mutations of the DAX1 gene, which encodes a nuclear transcription factor, lead to X-linked idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism associated with adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC). (medscape.com)
  • Notably, the separate overexpression of EcR-B1 or a transforming growth factor- β receptor Baboon , whose activation can upregulate the EcR-B1 expression, in MB neurons rescued the miR-34 -induced gamma axon pruning phenotype. (sdbonline.org)
  • Subsequently, by using independent RNAi/ dominant negative forms, it was shown that Ecdysone Receptor (EcR) is essential for male fertility due to its requirement in the normal development of accessory glands in Drosophila: EcR depleted glands fail to make seminal proteins and have dying cells. (sdbonline.org)
  • We have previously shown that GLP-1 transactivates the epidermal growth factor receptor ( 12 ) to subsequently activate phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and Akt signaling ( 7 , 11 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • T3 inhibits transcription of the TSHβ gene via thyroid hormone receptor (TR) [1] and TSHβ manifestation increases in individuals with hypothyroidism. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • Loss-of-function mutations of the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) have been described in patients with autosomal dominant Kallmann syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] Of note, anosmin may enhance fibroblast growth factor signaling through the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1. (medscape.com)
  • [ 7 ] Homozygous, heterozygous or compound heterozygous mutations of the prokineticin receptor 2 have also been associated with Kallmann syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Mechanistically, DIS not only decreased the expressions of inflammatory factors including IL‑1β, NOD‑like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, IL‑6, TNF‑α and IL‑18 but also reduced the level of phosphorylation of NF‑κB p65 in vivo and in vitro , which was similar to the impact of Bay11‑7082. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This blog entry reviews a little background on vitamin D3, what is known about the vitamin D receptor (VDR) protein, the new research, and implications for health and longevity. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • Subsequently, binding of the CD28 co-stimulatory receptor to the DCs' CD80/86 receptor fully activates the cytotoxic T cells which then migrate to infiltrate the tumour and kill the cells by locally releasing perforin and granzymes [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • PD-1 is an immunoinhibitory receptor that stymies lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine secretion when bound to its membrane-bound or secreted ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2, expressed by both immune and tumour cells [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In addition, activated T cells can express an inducible co-stimulator (iCOS), a surface receptor that is structurally and functionally similar to CD28 and enhances expression of Th2-related interleukin (IL)-10 rather than immune activating IL-2 [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • 8] Digenic inheritance has been suggested in an individual carrying heterozygous mutations of prokineticin receptor 2 and KAL1. (medscape.com)
  • Homozygous mutations in GPR54, a gene encoding a G protein-coupled receptor, which binds kisspeptin 1, have been reported as a cause of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. (medscape.com)
  • The study reveals that the transcription factor NANOG activates the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-causing neuropathic pain. (healthnewswire.com)
  • The team analyzed the transcriptome of patients with cervical cancer who had undergone surgery and found that elevated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity scores were associated with poor overall survival in cisplatin-treated patients. (healthnewswire.com)
  • Publications regarding the associations of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) G2258A and T597C polymorphisms with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) susceptibility are inconsistent. (cdc.gov)
  • histocom-patibility complex (MHC) molecules plus interleukin (IL)-7. (123dok.net)
  • interleukin (IL)-7. (123dok.net)
  • This immunosuppressive helper T cell phenotype can be further induced by the zinc-finger transcription factor GATA3, which regulates Th2 cytokine expression [ 9 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an epithelial-derived cytokine that induces type 2 immune response through dendritic cell activation. (bvsalud.org)
  • In a paper recently published in Cell Research , Zhu and co-workers uncover a novel biological function of the unspliced form of the UPR transcription factor XBP1 in the modulation of autophagy through the control of FoxO1 turnover. (nature.com)
  • A recent study described a negative regulation of the transcription factor FoxO1 by XBP1s in pancreatic β cells, mediated by a physical interaction 7 . (nature.com)
  • We have previously shown that the forkhead transcription factor FoxO1 is a prominent transcriptional effector of GLP-1 signaling in the β-cell. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • BTE aims to combine the cellular ( osteogenic cells), extracellular ( osteoconductive scaffolds) and/or molecular elements ( osteoinductive growth factors) required for bone healing [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Insect hormones such as ecdysteroids and juvenoids play a key role in accessory gland development and protein synthesis but little is known about underlying molecular players and their mechanism of action. (sdbonline.org)
  • Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors. (novusbio.com)
  • A model is proposed where the relative levels of active antagonist (RsbV1) and switch-protein anti-sigma factor (RsbW) control the availability of σ 66 and subsequently act as a molecular 'throttle' for Chlamydia growth and development. (plos.org)
  • Introduction: The molecular basis of exocytosis of secretory insulin-containing granules (SGs) during biphasic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) of pancreatic β-cells remains unclear. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Also, significant discoveries including new embryological molecular genetic transcription factors, the role of active placental mineral transport, and hormone regulation factors have changed the understanding of calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the fetus and the newborn. (frontiersin.org)
  • The molecular chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78 ( GRP78 ) or binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), in addition to Ca 2+ binding and protein processing functions, possesses one more key role: master initiator of early UPR signaling. (molvis.org)
  • The targets of these candidate proteins included glutathione S-transferase, egg protein CP422 precursor, tubulin alpha-2/alpha-4 chain, actin-2, T-complex protein 1 subunit beta, histone H4, whey acidic protein core region, and molecular chaperone HtpG. (bvsalud.org)
  • The inflammatory response is a critical part of renal interstitial fibrosis, which is mainly accomplished by two types of inflammatory cells, macrophages and lymphocytes ( 4 , 7 , 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • More recently, Th17 lymphocytes have also been implicated in severe asthma [7], as these cells produce IL-17 which stimulates bronchial epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to secrete neutrophil chemoattractants such as CXCL8 [8]. (docsbay.net)
  • In doing so, the UPR controls several cellular processes to decrease the unfolded protein load, highlighting the ER-associated degradation pathway and autophagy. (nature.com)
  • Studies using GH3 cells showed that TRH-induced activity of the TSHβ promoter depends on protein kinase C but not the mitogen-activated protein kinase suggesting that the signaling pathway is different from that in the prolactin gene. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • The expressions of inflammatory factors and NF‑κB pathway proteins were detected by immunofluorescence, ELISA, western blotting and RT‑qPCR. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Cholecalciferol is bound to serum vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and through a two-step enzymatic pathway involving 25-hydroxylase of the liver and 1a-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) of the kidney and extrarenal tissues, it is converted to the biologically active hormone calcitriol (1a,25(OH)2D3) [1]. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • The team further identified NANOG, a transcription factor associated with resistance, metastasis, and stem cell-like properties in cancer cells, to be involved in the regulation of the EGFR pathway. (healthnewswire.com)
  • ASMC aberrations in asthmatics can cause hyperplasia, hypertrophy, inflammatory mediator secretions and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein secretions [ 3 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Routine culture was performed using RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, L-glutamine, 5 μg/ml Insulin and 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF). (biomedcentral.com)
  • TRPV1 further promotes a process called secretory autophagy, which leads epidermal growth factor (EGF) secretion. (healthnewswire.com)
  • The encoded protein is secreted and has chemokinetic and inflammatory functions. (cancerindex.org)
  • Transcription factors AP-2alpha and AP-2gamma are downregulated during lactation, and their overexpression in transgenic mice impaired the secretory differentiation of the mammary epithelium, resulting in lactation failure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To explore whether the downregulation of AP-2alpha and AP-2gamma is of functional significance for lactogenic differentiation, we analyzed the expression of the AP-2 family members during the lactogenic differentiation of HC11 mammary epithelial cells in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this report we analyzed AP-2 transcription factor expression in HC11 cells subjected to lactogenic differentiation conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By influencing gene expression in multiple tissues, calcitriol influences many physiological processes besides calcium/phosphate homeostasis including muscle and keratinocyte differentiation, insulin secretion, blood pressure regulation, and the immune response. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • Despite the significant effort in the last century to eradicate or minimize vitamin D deficiency among the population, especially children, there is still a high prevalence for vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency worldwide [ 1, 2 ]. (karger.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are also more common across type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. (karger.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency also contributes to many extraskeletal outcomes, including higher risk of type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, allergy, autoimmunity, pregnancy complications, and many other pathologies. (karger.com)
  • Aims: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is reported to contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, but it is largely unknown whether such a relationship between NAFLD and incident diabetes relates to the severity of NAFLD or it is independent. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • We aimed to evaluate the association of the severity of NAFLD with development of type 2 diabetes in a retrospective cohort of Korean subjects.Methods: This study included 7,849 individuals without dia. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • In this review, we summarize current knowledge about vitamin D metabolism in general, its role in diabetes mellitus (mainly type 2) and diabetic complications (mainly diabetic kidney disease), and potential therapeutic perspectives including vitamin D signalling as a druggable target. (karger.com)
  • Akt pathways have effects on apoptosis, protein synthesis, metabolism and cell cycle. (springer.com)
  • Inactivation of TCF7L2 protein attained by removing the high-mobility group (HMG)-box DNA binding domain in mature adipocytes in vivo leads to whole-body glucose intolerance and hepatic insulin resistance. (medscape.com)
  • Diabetes mellitus involves absence of insulin secretion (type 1) or peripheral insulin resistance (type 2), causing hyperglycemia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Diabetes mellitus is impaired insulin secretion and variable degrees of peripheral insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 2 ]. By using a continuous glucose monitoring system, dawn phenomenon could be determined by the difference between nocturnal nadir and prebreakfast glucose levels [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, fasting glucose levels are one of the most important targets in the management of type 2 diabetes, and these can be affected by the dawn phenomenon. (hindawi.com)
  • Finally, TCF7L2 polymorphisms have been associated with impaired insulin secretion, glucose production, and glucose tolerance via direct effects on pancreatic islet beta cells. (medscape.com)
  • The glucoincretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and stimulates pancreatic β-cell mass expansion. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • GLP-1 improves insulin secretion in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes ( 5 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • siRNA transfection of murine Zranb3 in MIN6 β-cells results in impaired insulin secretion in response to high glucose, implicating Zranb3 in β-cell functional response to high glucose conditions. (zfin.org)
  • TRH-bound TRH-R1 (TRH/TRH-R1) induces protein kinase C (PKC)- phosphophatidyl-inoshitol- and Ca2+-mediated pathways [8] [9]. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • This study provides evidence that a switch-protein kinase regulatory network controls availability of σ 66 , the main sigma subunit for transcription in Chlamydia . (plos.org)
  • In vitro analysis revealed that a putative switch-protein kinase regulator, RsbW, is capable of interacting directly with σ 66 , as well as phosphorylating its own antagonist, RsbV1, rendering it inactive. (plos.org)
  • The type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS), also called the injectisome, is one of the bacterial secretion systems used by bacteria to secrete their effector proteins into the host's cells to promote virulence and colonisation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The present study was performed using unilateral ureteral obstruction mice and HK‑2 cells in vivo and in vitro . (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Yet it is unclear whether Gαi and Gαo operate through identical mechanisms and how these G-protein-mediated signals inhibit insulin secretion in vivo. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The needle subunit is one of the smallest T3SS proteins, measuring at around 9 kDa. (wikipedia.org)
  • A second patient had a different homozygous mutation in the LH beta subunit gene that prevented LH heterodimerization and secretion. (medscape.com)
  • 8] Hutvagner G., McLachlan J., Pasquinelli A.E., Balint E., Tuschl T., and Zamore P.D., A cellular function for the rnainterference enzyme dicer in the maturation of the let-7 small temporal rna. (edu.pl)
  • A pituitary-specific transcription factor Pit1 has been postulated to be a candidate mediator of TRH signaling in TSHβ gene regulation. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • This makes TCF7L2 variants the strongest known genetic risk factors for T2DM. (medscape.com)
  • My laboratory uses, bacterial genetics, protein biochemistry, structural biology, bioinformatics and microscopic techniques to validate our genetic findings. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Asthma is a complex and heterogeneous airway disease caused by genetic, environmental and epigenetic factors treated with hormones and biologics. (ersjournals.com)
  • In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, genetic and environmental factors can result in the progressive loss of beta-cell function that results in hyperglycemia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • however, it University of Medical Sciences and in environmental and genetic factors. (who.int)
  • Disruption of protein homeostasis underlies the etiology of several human diseases, including cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases, among other pathologies. (nature.com)
  • Quorum sensing is a type of bacterial communication that occurs via the secretion of autoinducer molecules (5). (kenyon.edu)
  • Research carried out until now demonstrates that microRNAs can specifically target key pancreatic transcription factors and signalling molecules. (edu.pl)
  • Kidney Blood Press Res (2021) 46 (2): 152-161. (karger.com)
  • Transcription factor 7-like 2 ( TCF7L2 ) variants have been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in multiple ethnic groups. (medscape.com)
  • TCF7L2 was discovered as a type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene after a strong linkage signal was mapped to chromosome 10q in a Mexican-American population. (medscape.com)
  • [ 17 , 18 ] TCF7L2 protein is increased during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and in primary adipocyte stem cells. (medscape.com)
  • The non-processed mRNA encodes a protein that is highly unstable with no transcriptional activity, known as XBP1u (for unspliced XBP1) 2 . (nature.com)
  • Consistently TRH treatment does not enhance transcriptional activity of the fusion protein Gal4-Pit1 where the Pit1-derived transactivation domain was fused with the Gal4-DNA binding domain [19]. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • Since then, they have been found to be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis as important post-transcriptional regulatory factors [ 15 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Son and K. Kim, Synchronous activation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene transcription and secretion by pulsatile kisspeptin stimulation. (atto.co.jp)
  • Representative σ 66 -dependent gene transcription was repressed in the absence of rsbV1 or upon increased expression of RsbW, and increased upon elevated expression of RsbV1. (plos.org)
  • Vitamin D is a hormone regulating not only calcium and phosphate homeostasis but also, at the same time, exerting many other extraskeletal functions via genomic effects (gene transcription) and probably by non-genomic effects as well. (karger.com)
  • EGFR is a protein involved in cell signaling and its dysregulation leads to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation. (healthnewswire.com)
  • Free Ca 2+ is then rapidly sequestered by the action of calcium pumps and exchangers and also with buffering by cytosolic calcium binding proteins. (jneurosci.org)
  • While becoming vitamin D deficient the parathyroid glands increase the secretion of PTH to accelerate renal calcium reabsorption and calcium release from bone. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Based on associations between plasma 25(OH)D3 and PTH concentration, calcium absorption, bone turnover markers, and bone mineral density, investigators have argued that a plasma 25(OH)D3 concentration of greater than 75 nmol/l (to convert to ng/ml divide by 2.5) is appropriate to define vitamin D sufficiency [5-7]. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • In addition to its well-known effects on calcium/phosphate homeostasis, vitamin D, through its hormonal form, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) or calcitriol, is a cell differentiating factor and anti-proliferative agent with actions on a variety of tissues around the body (e.g., skin, muscle, immune system). (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • 2. The regulation of sodium/phosphate cotransporter activity in the renal tubules is the primary mechanism by which phosphate homeostasis is maintained. (frontiersin.org)
  • Protein homeostasis in higher eukaryotes is balanced by a dynamic network of adaptive mechanisms, including the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy. (nature.com)
  • Introduction The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (H-P-T) axis is the central mechanism for thyroid hormone (T3) homeostasis [1] [2]. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • Once the baby is born, loss of placental delivery of minerals causes a sudden drop in serum concentrations of these bone minerals which triggers a rise in regulating factors such as PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH) 2 D, calcitriol] and FGF23 to maintain postnatal homeostasis. (frontiersin.org)
  • As of April 2016, a total of 26 countries had reported locally acquired or exported cases from the Arabian Peninsula, including 2 cases in the United States identified during May 2014 in healthcare personnel who became ill after working in Saudi Arabia ( 7 , 8 ). (cdc.gov)
  • FITC-SJMHE1 mainly bound to CD19 positive cells (B cells), and the SJMHE1 treatment significantly increased the proportion of regulatory B cells (Bregs) and B10 cells, along with the enhancement of PR domain containing protein 1 (Prdm1) protein levels. (bvsalud.org)
  • The term Type III secretion system was coined in 1993. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pertussis toxin uncoupling-based studies have shown that Gαi and Gαo can inhibit insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • AMPK pathways inhibit biosynthetic pathways with energy consumption, such as protein, fatty acid and glycogen synthesis. (springer.com)
  • Furthermore, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and Treg induction experiments in vitro, we might identify nine potential therapeutic proteins against allergic inflammation in ESP-SJE. (bvsalud.org)
  • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main organelle involved in protein folding and secretion, where a complex signaling network known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) operates to overcome alterations in the function of the ER 1 . (nature.com)
  • The cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 (CREB3) family members locate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and act as transcription factors when cleaved by S1P and S2P proteases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The bacterial flagellum shares a common ancestor with the type III secretion system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bacterial proteins that need to be secreted pass from the bacterial cytoplasm through the needle directly into the host cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pathological bacterial translocation (BT) is a contributing factor in the development of various severe complications. (gutnliver.org)
  • Contrary to the prevalent model, recruitment of the dMi-2 corepressor increases upon hormone addition to constrain gene activation through chromatin remodelling. (sdbonline.org)
  • This study examined the roles of hormone-dependent transcription factors (Nuclear Receptors), in accessory gland development, function and male fertility of a genetically tractable insect model, Drosophila melanogaster. (sdbonline.org)
  • The glucoincretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1-[7-36]amide (GLP-1) ( 1 - 3 ) is a potent therapeutic agent in the treatment of diabetes ( 4 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Another important novel finding was made in 2000, when bone-derived hormone Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FGF23) was found to cause autosomal dominant hypophosphataemic rickets (ADHR), which provided the underlying mechanism for the previously unknown "phosphaturic factor" causing hypophosphataemia ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Then, cells were respectively treated with DIS (3.125, 6.25, 12.5 µM) and Bay11‑7082 (an inhibitor of NF‑κB p65 nuclear transcription, 1 µM) for another 24 h. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Surface receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and nuclear transcription factors attenuate T cell responses, where CTLA-4 competes with CD28 for binding to CD80/86, resulting in inhibitory downstream signalling [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an allergic skin disease, triggered by excessive type 2 immune reactions. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2) T cell deficiencies affect the function in killing infected cells or helping other immune cells. (lu.se)
  • was extracted using the salting out tion of immune systems [2-6]. (who.int)
  • The mechanisms that control modulation in transcription and associated phenotypic changes are poorly understood. (plos.org)
  • Upon activation IRE1α catalyzes the splicing of the mRNA encoding the transcription factor XBP1, leading to the expression of a potent transcription factor termed XBP1s. (nature.com)
  • It also stimulates insulin gene expression and insulin biosynthesis ( 6 ), in part via increased expression and activity of the β-cell-specific transcription factor Pdx1 ( 7 , 8 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • The primary data for 1-step growth, 2-step growth and gene expression summarized in Figs 4 and 5 are available in the S1 Dataset in the supplementary information. (plos.org)
  • These conditions include but are not limited to artery or vein occlusion in diabetic retinopathy, hypoxic retina in retinopathy of prematurity, aging in age-related macular degeneration, expression of mutant proteins in inherited retinal degeneration, traumatic injury leading to retinal detachment, and light sensitivity in the case of light-induced retinal degeneration. (molvis.org)
  • Roles of HTLV-1 basic Zip Factor (HBZ) in Viral Chronicity and Leukemic Transformation. (mdpi.com)
  • Acquired zinc deficiency may be due to inadequate intake, malabsorption, excessive loss, or a combination of these factors. (medscape.com)
  • More recently, the gene SLC39A4 was found to encode a solute carrier protein called human zinc/iron-regulated transporterlike protein (hZIP4). (medscape.com)
  • This protein controls zinc uptake across the plasma membrane of various cell types, including the intestine. (medscape.com)
  • A mutation in this gene causes decreased zinc secretion. (medscape.com)
  • The primary data for Fig 2 is available from the FigShare database ( 10.6084/m9.figshare.1320906 ). (plos.org)