• Most of the existing computational approaches employed only the sequence context of the target residue for its prediction. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, secondary structure prediction showed that mutations at T471C and C862T apparently lead to change of the gene structure. (jcancer.org)
  • Several methods exist for the prediction of precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) in genomic or sRNA-seq (small RNA sequences) data produced by NGS (Next Generation Sequencing). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We provide a simpler and much faster method with very reasonable sensitivity and precision, which can be applied without special adaptation to the prediction of both animal and plant pre-miRNAs, using as input either genomic sequences or sRNA-seq data. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This article is about the computational prediction of nucleic acid structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nucleic acid structure prediction is a computational method to determine secondary and tertiary nucleic acid structure from its sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many secondary structure prediction methods rely on variations of dynamic programming and therefore are unable to efficiently identify pseudoknots . (wikipedia.org)
  • While the methods are similar, there are slight differences in the approaches to RNA and DNA structure prediction. (wikipedia.org)
  • The structure prediction methods can follow a completely theoretical approach, or a hybrid one incorporating experimental data. (wikipedia.org)
  • The prediction of similar structures in the same region of hepatitis C virus may allow the functions of these structures to be determined with a more tractable experimental model. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Detailed mapping of RNA secondary structures in core and NS5B-encoding region sequences of hepatitis C virus by RNase cleavage and novel bioinformatic prediction methods. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The secondary structure was predicted using the PSIPRED and GOR4 prediction methods, the lowest energy CYP7B1 model was generated using MOE, and then this model was assessed in terms of stereochemical quality and the side chain environment using RAMPAGE, Verify3D and ProSA. (nih.gov)
  • Incisive discussion of computational prediction of secondary structure of RNA sequences. (whsmith.co.uk)
  • Importantly, these structures also reveal with very high accuracy the RNA motifs bound specifically by RRM-containing proteins, which correspond very often to consensus sequences identified with genome-wide approaches. (nih.gov)
  • We indeed aimed at better predicting miRNAs at a genome scale, but also from sRNAseq data where in some cases, notably of plants, the current folding methods often infer the wrong structure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sequences and genome annotation information for Reference Strain S288C and a select set of Alternative References. (yeastgenome.org)
  • There is accumulating evidence from bioinformatic studies that hepatitis C virus (HCV) possesses extensive RNA secondary structure in the core and NS5B-encoding regions of the genome. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The configuration and genetic variability of many of these other NS5B and core structures is perhaps more consistent with their involvement in genome-scale ordered RNA structure, a structural configuration of the genomes of many positive-stranded RNA viruses that is associated with host persistence. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The first two subtracks below - one for SwissProt, one for TrEMBL - show the alignments of protein sequences to the genome, all other tracks below are the protein annotations mapped through these alignments to the genome. (ucsc.edu)
  • Protein sequences from SwissProt mapped to the genome. (ucsc.edu)
  • In this study, the Illumina HiSeq 4000 and PacBio platforms were used to sequence and assemble the whole genome of Fusarium equiseti D25-1. (researchsquare.com)
  • The total repetitive sequence length was 1,713,918 bp, accounting for 4.2033% of the genome. (researchsquare.com)
  • Advances in whole-genome sequencing technologies have enabled numerous key discoveries. (researchsquare.com)
  • In the course of her research on DNA replication and amplification, Gerbi has helped develop techniques for mapping replication origins, genome sequencing, and whole organism transformations. (newswise.com)
  • In addition, Gerbi helped develop techniques for genome sequencing and genome editing with large DNA insertions. (newswise.com)
  • Whole-genome sequences were generated for preservation of the primary attenuation site [domain V in the these 251 nOPV2 cell-culture isolates. (cdc.gov)
  • To facilitate mammalian genome engineering applications, we provide a web-based software tool to guide the selection and validation of target sequences as well as off-target analyses. (cdc.gov)
  • Noncoding" sequences are not translated into proteins, and nucleic acids with such motifs need not deviate from the typical shape (e.g. the "B-form" DNA double helix). (wikipedia.org)
  • Short coding motifs, which appear to lack secondary structure, include those that label proteins for delivery to particular parts of a cell, or mark them for phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
  • RNA binding proteins recognize these sequences and assemble with their mRNA target into mRNPs. (europa.eu)
  • Given the intimate relationship between a protein's structure and function, a way to design proteins with targeted properties is to start from a desired structure and find sequences able to fold into it, imposing additional constraints in the process [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • There is a strong emphasis on the structure of molecules, particularly proteins, which are the nanoscale machines that carry out most processes in living organisms. (bbk.ac.uk)
  • Stores structure information for large biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. (wolfram.com)
  • Improved yields and quality of templates may be achieved with the use of DNA-binding proteins in amplification and sequencing reactions. (qiagen.com)
  • This binding puts these ssDNA sequences into optimal conformations for interacting with DNA polymerases and other replication proteins. (qiagen.com)
  • Intrinsically disordered proteins are distinguished by a lack of distinct three-dimensional structure, existing instead as an ensemble of heterogenous structures. (lu.se)
  • These methods are e.g. preparative methods, protein purification by ion- exchange/adsorption/affinity chromatography, criteria for purity, SDS-PAGE, iso- electric focusing, 2D electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, methods to study protein interactions, analysis of post-translational modifications, spectroscopy to analyse the dynamics and secondary structure of proteins and bioinformatics. (lu.se)
  • Sequencing and alignment of this region in 11 cancer cell lines and 4 normal cell lines were also performed, followed by cloning, mutation and luciferase assay analysis. (jcancer.org)
  • Sequence alignment and analysis were per- averages 120 inches a year and is seasonal. (cdc.gov)
  • Hi everyone, I'm strangling to modify a multiple sequence alignment to eliminate disruption of secondary structure elements in the target sequence. (predictioncenter.org)
  • As you can understand this procedure is tedious hence I'm seeking a commercial free alignment editor that can display the secondary structure of every template in the alignment (as ESPript does) while the user can modify any of the sequences. (predictioncenter.org)
  • I know Maestro from Schrodinger has an alignment editor that can also predict the secondary structure of the target sequence and displays all the secondary structures nicely while the user can modify the alignment interactively. (predictioncenter.org)
  • HHHHH---HHHH----EEEEE---EEEE---HHH) and concatenate it with the alignment - you'd be able to display it in SEAVIEW and move simultaneously with respective sequences. (predictioncenter.org)
  • You cam also modify alignment in seaview as it allows for sequence edition. (predictioncenter.org)
  • As I understood you'd like to optimize the alignment to prevent secondary structure disruption. (predictioncenter.org)
  • I'd rather suggest not to compute SSE basing on adjusted alignment but rather on SSEs profile comprising predictions for every sequence in the alignment (you do not need to recompute SSE but just observe how profile behaves). (predictioncenter.org)
  • All other tracks are (start,end) SwissProt annotations on these sequences mapped through this alignment. (ucsc.edu)
  • The book is organized into clusters of chapters on the following topics:* Overview of modern molecular biology and a broad spectrum of techniques from computer science - data mining, machine learning, mathematical modeling, sequence alignment, data integration, workflow development, etc. (whsmith.co.uk)
  • This command reads the sequence(s) and/or their alignment from a text file. (salilab.org)
  • The sequences are added to any currently in the alignment. (salilab.org)
  • Alternatively, a list of PDB file names can be specified with the atom_files parameter, in the same order as the sequences read from the alignment file. (salilab.org)
  • positions with gaps in all selected sequences are removed from the alignment. (salilab.org)
  • is used to force M ODELLER to read the sequence range from the corresponding PDB file (see Section B.1 ), then the search for matches between the alignment sequence and PDB is made a little more flexible. (salilab.org)
  • The alignment sequence will be modified to match the exact sequence from the PDB. (salilab.org)
  • Example for: alignment.append(), alignment.write(), # alignment.check() # Read an alignment, write it out in the 'PAP' format, and # check the alignment of the N-1 structures as well as the # alignment of the N-th sequence with each of the N-1 structures. (salilab.org)
  • Represents a classical multiple sequence alignment (MSA). (biopython.org)
  • Note - This object does NOT attempt to model the kind of alignments used in next generation sequencing with multiple sequencing reads which are much shorter than the alignment, and where there is usually a consensus or reference sequence with special status. (biopython.org)
  • Outside of gene exons, there exist regulatory sequence motifs and motifs within the "junk", such as satellite DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Molecular cloning, sequencing, and expression of Eimeria tenella HSP70 partial gene. (geneticsmr.com)
  • A detailed understanding of the molecular biology of parasitic helminths, and in particular of the structure and function of key genes and gene products playing essential roles in host-parasite interactions, could provide a basis for the design of novel therapeutics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • have analyzed the tef-1α sequences of F. equiseti , as well as the toxin-related genes PKS13 , PKS4, and TRI5 [26], and Kari has successfully cloned a protease gene [27]. (researchsquare.com)
  • The T4 Gene 32 Protein has exhibited an ability to enhance the performance of several DNA synthesis-related activities in secondary-structure rich regions, including PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. (qiagen.com)
  • The use of molecular techniques such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have identified difficult-to-culture organisms and expanded knowledge of the microflora associated with dental abscess. (medscape.com)
  • MicroRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq), a type of RNA-Seq, is the use of next-generation sequencing or massively parallel high-throughput DNA sequencing to sequence microRNAs, also called miRNAs. (wikipedia.org)
  • MicroRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq) was developed to take advantage of next-generation sequencing or massively parallel high-throughput sequencing technologies in order to find novel miRNAs and their expression profiles in a given sample. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study demonstrated the potential of novel, high-throughput sequencing technologies for the study of small RNAs, and it showed that genomes generate large numbers of small RNAs with plants as particularly rich sources of small RNAs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sequence library construction can be performed using a variety of different kits depending on the high-throughput sequencing platform being employed. (wikipedia.org)
  • A program was developed (STRUCTUR_DIST) that analyses multiple rna-folding patterns predicted by mfold to determine the evolutionary conservation of predicted stem-loop structures and, by a new method, to analyse frequencies of covariant sites in predicted RNA folding between HCV genotypes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Protein analyses examine the primary structure (amino acids) as well as the secondary folded structure, more complex tertiary structures, and protein interactions. (jax.org)
  • This entailed mining available transcriptomic and/or genomic sequence datasets for the presence of homologues of known TIMPs, predicting secondary structures of defined protein sequences, systematic phylogenetic analyses and assessment of differential expression of genes encoding putative TIMPs in the developmental stages of A. suum , N. americanus and Schistosoma haematobium which infect the mammalian hosts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A total of 15 protein sequences with high homology to known eukaryotic TIMPs were predicted from the complement of sequence data available for parasitic helminths and subjected to in-depth bioinformatic analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The assembly was characterized, including analyses of the genomic structure, with the aim of providing data to support the discovery of beneficial or harmful genes and to improve our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis. (researchsquare.com)
  • We performed northern blot analyses for the guide RNA truncations and found increased levels of expression for the longer tracrRNA sequences, suggesting that improved target cleavage was at least partially due to higher sgRNA expression or stability ( Fig. 1c ). (cdc.gov)
  • No homology was found between the sequences of poultry and mammals. (geneticsmr.com)
  • In biology, a sequence motif is a nucleotide or amino-acid sequence pattern that is widespread and usually assumed to be related to biological function of the macromolecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, the complete genomic sequence of Fusarium equiseti D25-1 was determined using multiple sequencing platforms. (researchsquare.com)
  • In the present study, for each target residue, we applied both the spatial context and the sequence context to construct the feature space. (nature.com)
  • Protein sequence information mainly consists of amino acid residue composition, biochemical features of amino acid residues and evolutionary information in terms of position-specific scoring matrices (PSSM). (nature.com)
  • Yan and his coworkers 11 trained a Naïve Bayes classifier by using only sequence information, such as the identities of the target residue and its sequence neighboring residues. (nature.com)
  • Like other miRNA profiling technologies, miRNA-Seq has both advantages (sequence-independence, coverage) and disadvantages (high cost, infrastructure requirements, run length, and potential artifacts). (wikipedia.org)
  • miRNA sequencing in and of itself is not a new idea, initial methods of sequencing utilized Sanger sequencing methods. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, next-generation sequencing platforms in the miRNA-SEQ method facilitate the sequencing of large pools of small RNAs in a single sequencing run. (wikipedia.org)
  • miRNA-seq can be performed using a variety of sequencing platforms. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first analysis of small RNAs using miRNA-seq methods examined approximately 1.4 million small RNAs from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana using Lynx Therapeutics' Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS) sequencing platform. (wikipedia.org)
  • Later studies used other sequencing technologies, such as a study in C. elegans which identified 18 novel miRNA genes as well as a new class of nematode small RNAs termed 21U-RNAs. (wikipedia.org)
  • As concerns the first and second issues, we present a novel alternative to a classical folder based on a thermodynamic Nearest-Neighbour (NN) model for computing the free energy and predicting the classical hairpin structure of a pre-miRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • many molecules have several possible three-dimensional structures, so predicting these structures remains out of reach unless obvious sequence and functional similarity to a known class of nucleic acid molecules, such as transfer RNA (tRNA) or microRNA (miRNA), is observed. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mRNA structures and sequences with maximum antigenic residues were also predicted. (geneticsmr.com)
  • These two Prdx6's have only 8% difference in their primary sequence (with 19 amino acids) with no apparent modification at any of the key conserved residues. (jascoinc.com)
  • When reading an incomplete chain that is missing one or more residues from mmCIF, the Wolfram Language will represent it as a sequence of individual subchains. (wolfram.com)
  • Yet, with ribosomal genes, information for phylogenetic studies may not only be retained from the primary sequence, but also from the secondary structure. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • We were able to determine several independent phylogenies within the green algae that further corroborate the idea that secondary structures improve the obtainable phylogenetic signal, but now from a biological perspective. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • By investigation of free energies on folding, secondary structure predictive algorithms and analysis of covariance between HGV/GBV-C genotypes 1-4 and the more distantly related HGV/GBV-C chimpanzee variant, we obtained evidence for extensive RNA secondary structure formation in both regions. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In vivo , DNA structures are more likely to be duplexes with full complementarity between two strands, while RNA structures are more likely to fold into complex secondary and tertiary structures such as in the ribosome , spliceosome , or transfer RNA . (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 5 ] A recent Brazilian study using 16S rRNA PCR and sequencing performed on cultivable bacteria from acute apical abscesses revealed the most common identified bacteria were Prevotella sp, Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus , Parvimonas micra , Dialister invisus , Filifactor alocis and Peptostreptococcus stomatis . (medscape.com)
  • Recently, a study using 16S rRNA sequencing in 15 patients with primary endodontic infections with and without a sinus tract to the oral cavity revealed Propionibacterium acnes as the most prevalent isolate recovered from lesions with an intraoral communication. (medscape.com)
  • Large ensembles of RNA sequences are folded into secondary structures with minimum free energies. (santafe.edu)
  • mRNA localisation requires primary sequences and secondary structures often localised in their 3'UTR (3). (europa.eu)
  • Differences between Genbank sequences and the UniProt sequence. (ucsc.edu)
  • Most classification systems included primary (ie, in the sense of idiopathic) amyloidosis, in which no associated clinical condition was identified, and secondary amyloidosis, which is associated with chronic inflammatory conditions. (medscape.com)
  • Descriptive terms such as primary amyloidosis, secondary amyloidosis, and others (eg, senile amyloidosis), which are not based on etiology, provide little useful information and are no longer recommended. (medscape.com)
  • We show that multiple variations of their canonical fold can be used to adapt to different single-stranded sequences with a large range of affinities. (nih.gov)
  • In particular, the NS5B region contained long stem-loop structures of up to 38 internally paired nucleotides which were evolutionarily conserved between human and chimpanzee HGV/GBV-C variants. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This track shows protein sequences and annotations on them from the UniProt/SwissProt database, mapped to genomic coordinates. (ucsc.edu)
  • Alternative isoforms are sequences that do not have annotations on them and are colored in light-blue. (ucsc.edu)
  • on the other hand, there are many cases of nearly identical structures known, sharing no sequence similarity at all [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The optimization was guided by directed evolution based on hydrophobicity scores, molecular weight, and secondary structure predictions. (hindawi.com)
  • format is in the .horiz format used by PSI-PRED to report secondary structure predictions of sequences. (salilab.org)
  • Results on the PDNA-62 and the PDNA-224 datasets demonstrate that features extracted from spatial context provide more information than those from sequence context and the combination of them gives more performance gain. (nature.com)
  • It can be accessed online at www.helmholtz-hiri.de/en/datasets/enterococcus through an instance of the genomic viewer JBrowse. (frontiersin.org)
  • The possible hypoxia response element (HRE) sequences in 5' non-coding Region before ATG start codon of Sema4D were screened, followed by point mutagenesis and luciferase assay analysis. (jcancer.org)
  • Mutagenesis sites and sequence variants. (ucsc.edu)
  • Applied Biosystems SOLiD sequencing platform has also been used to examine the prognostic value of miRNAs in detecting human breast cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • One key information used for this task is the characteristic hairpin structure adopted by pre-miRNAs, that in general are identified using RNA folders whose complexity is cubic in the size of the input. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bacterial Peptidoglycan with Amidated Meso-diaminopimelic Acid Evades NOD1 Recognition: an Insight into NOD1 Structure-Recognition. (amrita.edu)
  • However, for a discrete number of patients whose results are uninformative, it may be possible to get a more definitive answer about the consequences of a variant using additional methods like RNA sequencing, protein analysis and predictive or functional studies. (jax.org)
  • Nevertheless, motifs need not be associated with a distinctive secondary structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Within a sequence or database of sequences, researchers search and find motifs using computer-based techniques of sequence analysis, such as BLAST. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regions of repeated sequence motifs or repeated domains. (ucsc.edu)
  • However, the regulatory sequence characteristics of the Sema4D are not clarified. (jcancer.org)
  • Our study describes the sequence characteristics of 5' non-coding region of Sema4D, enhances our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of Sema4D and benefits the development of a possible anti-angiogenesis therapeutic strategy for malignancies. (jcancer.org)
  • In-depth discussion of computational recognition of functional and regulatory sites in DNA sequences. (whsmith.co.uk)
  • We were also able to show that this states a crucial step for secondary structure phylogenetics and for data allocation of the ITS2-database. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • The dimer was more challenging to model with a coarse-grained model, and circular dichroism data suggested secondary structures to be present, which a coarse-grained model cannot capture. (lu.se)
  • Sequence data generated through challenge to the goal of eradicating all forms of polioviruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus, the four coding structures represent five data elements or conceptual components. (cdc.gov)
  • Log in to the file server containing secondary analysis data files. (lu.se)
  • because the patient is moving in a straight line and the detectors are moving in a circle, the data are collected in a spiral or helical sequence around the patient. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) belongs to the semaphorin family, which binds to receptors such as Pleixn-B1 (transmembrane structure receptor), CD72 (cluster of differentiation antigen 72, mainly expresses on lymphocyte cells), then activates downstream signaling molecules. (jcancer.org)
  • Secondary structure of small RNA molecules is largely determined by strong, local interactions such as hydrogen bonds and base stacking . (wikipedia.org)
  • [6] For longer molecules, the number of possible secondary structures is huge: a sequence of 100 nucleotides has more than 10 25 possible secondary structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • See also consensus sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • Usually, however, the first letter is I, and both [RK] choices resolve to R. Since the last choice is so wide, the pattern IQxxxRGxxxR is sometimes equated with the IQ motif itself, but a more accurate description would be a consensus sequence for the IQ motif. (wikipedia.org)
  • A typical use would be a secondary structure consensus string. (biopython.org)
  • A bioinformatics tool was used to perform ontology studies on 15 different immunological sequences of poultry. (geneticsmr.com)
  • Recent functional studies have defined one such stem-loop structure in the NS5B region as an essential cis-acting replication element (CRE). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Gp32 binds transiently and cooperatively to ssDNA template sequences as these entities are exposed by the processive helicase operating within the replication complex. (qiagen.com)
  • for the remaining 10 sequences, 20 conformational structures per sequence were predicted and the most stable sequences were identified by their minimum free energy values. (geneticsmr.com)
  • 4 ] used a multi-objective optimization to build new stable peptides based on the villin headpiece (VH) sequence, which is known to be stable in vitro . (hindawi.com)
  • A common problem for researchers working with RNA is to determine the three-dimensional structure of the molecule given only a nucleic acid sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, in the case of RNA much of the final structure is determined by the secondary structure or intra-molecular base pairing interactions of the molecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • Table 11 Matthew's correlation coefficient values, C ., evaluated on the EVA set under the single-sequence condition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Correlation lengths for secondary structure in their tree representations are computed from probability densities. (santafe.edu)
  • Although an sgRNA design consisting of a truncated crRNA and tracrRNA had been previously shown to mediate efficient cleavage in vitro 12 , it failed to achieve detectable cleavage at several loci that were efficiently modified by crRNA-tracrRNA duplexes bearing identical guide sequences 1 . (cdc.gov)
  • Even protein sequences without a single curated annotation (splice isoforms) are visible in this track. (ucsc.edu)
  • This thesis is concerned with expanding this pipeline by a tool that facialiates the annotation of a Biodiversity may be investigated and explored by the means of genetic sequence information and molecular phylogenetics. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • The DNA template must be linear and contain the SP6 RNA Polymerase promoter with the correct orientation in relation to the target sequence to be transcribed. (neb.com)
  • Native or wild-type quaternary protein structure is usually born from a single translated protein sequence with one ordered conformation with downstream protein interactions. (medscape.com)
  • Two different, but formally equivalent tree representations are introduced and compared in actual computations of RNA structures. (santafe.edu)
  • Despite the existence of marked sequence conservation between genotypes in the HCV CRE and single-stranded regions, there was no evidence for comparable suppression of variability at either synonymous or non-synonymous sites in the other predicted stem-loop structures. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Mainly, with the high degree of evolutionary conservation in the innate immunity of the gut and similarities in the enteric epithelial structure, Manduca sexta can serve as a model for human gut inflammation. (uni-giessen.de)
  • The ML predictors utilize features representing evolutionary conservation, sequence context, secondary structure and tertiary interactions. (lu.se)
  • In this chapter, we report on high-resolution structures of single and multi RRM-RNA complexes to explain the numerous strategies used by these domains to interact specifically with a large repertoire of RNA sequences. (nih.gov)
  • This suggests that the vast majority of possible structures occur within a fairly small neighborhood of any random sequence. (santafe.edu)
  • Summing the free energy for such interactions should provide an approximation for the stability of a given structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • By integrating secondary structure phylogenetics, we were able to answer questions about the evolution of ant-plant interactions and of communities of bacteria residing on different plant tissues. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • The simulations show conformational order due to hydrogen bonding and other interactions illustrative of protein secondary structure. (pnnl.gov)
  • [ 4 ] It is also important to understand that the same polypeptide sequence can produce many different patterns of interresidue or intraresidue interactions. (medscape.com)
  • In this study we have carried out a detailed comparison of the structure of the 3′untranslated region (3′UTR) of HGV/GBV-C with that of the upstream NS5B coding sequence. (ox.ac.uk)