• Janson in 1983 continued the study on seed dispersal syndromes and classified seed dispersal syndromes of fruit by size, colour and husk or no husks in species of Peruvian tropical forest. (wikipedia.org)
  • For those species depending on synzoochorous interactions, seed availability limitation may trigger a series of cascading effects. (springeropen.com)
  • 2017 ). Consequently, lower proportion of seedlings survives due to a high proportion of rodent excision in the stage of seed germination, which has been reported in many species such as oaks ( Quercus variabilis , Q. rubra , Q. palustris) and black spruce (Côté et al. (springeropen.com)
  • We collected mature cones and seeds of ten species of Ephedra in southwestern United States and measured nine morphological traits for each species. (springer.com)
  • Two species ( E. funerea and E. nevadensis ) have cone and seed morphologies intermediate between two seed dispersal syndromes. (springer.com)
  • Bird dispersal is thought to be the ancestral form of seed dispersal in ephedras as it is common in the Old World where Ephedra originated, but the three North American species dispersed by birds are not monophyletic. (springer.com)
  • Davidson DW, Morton SR (1984) Dispersal adaptations of some Acacia species in the Australian arid zone. (springer.com)
  • The seed bank is an archive of species which occurred at site during the past. (ufz.de)
  • Seeds in the seed bank may stay alive over considerable time spans and therefore the species in the seed bank may influence community dynamics subsequent to disturbances. (ufz.de)
  • The number of seeds dispersed per hectare per day by each animal species was determined based on the number of seeds per faecal pellet, the number of faecal pellets per animal per day, and the density of animals per hectare. (newzealandecology.org)
  • This study examined how forest edges, fruit display size, and fruit colour influenced rates of seed dispersal in an endemic, bird-dispersed, New Zealand mistletoe species, Alepis flavida . (newzealandecology.org)
  • 2002) whereby data is presented in support of the contention that we overstated our argument that possums may be the only dispersal vector for large seeded native New Zealand species. (newzealandecology.org)
  • The seed dispersal mode of each species was determined based on published literature, the Kew Seed Information Database (http://data.kew.org/sid/) and the fruit and seed morphological traits. (plant-ecology.com)
  • From zonal forest, secondary forest, shrubland, shrub tussock to Pinus yunnanensis plantation forest, the proportions of berries and drupes species decreased significantly, and those of achenes, caryopsis and capsules species increased. (plant-ecology.com)
  • 3) The seed dispersal modes affected species selection and vegetation restoration strategy directly. (plant-ecology.com)
  • To restore vegetation quickly and effectively, the species which have natural spread ability should be selected for afforestation plan, and species dispersal corridors are needed. (plant-ecology.com)
  • These shrubby trees are in turn naturally replaced by secondary colonisers, which can include mahoe, ribbonwood, maire, and mapou, and then the final stages are the growth of longer-lived species such as rimu, totara, matai, and kahikatea. (ruraldelivery.net.nz)
  • In the Chilean Matorral of central Chile, several woody endemic species present fleshy fruits with a diameter larger than 15 mm that apparently are not associated with an animal seed disperser at the present (Hoffman et al. (copernicus.org)
  • Small fruits and large, soft fruits with many small seeds are consumed by a wide range of potential seed dispersal agents, including species which thrive in small forest fragments and degraded landscapes. (tapirs.org)
  • Larger, bigger-seeded fruits are consumed by progressively fewer dispersers, and the largest depend on a few species of mammals and birds which are highly vulnerable to hunting, fragmentation and habitat loss. (tapirs.org)
  • The contrasting ecotypes of A. angusta can thus use each other as a gateway to new locations across a large part of Africa, showing that hybridization can facilitate the geographical dispersal of distinct ecotypes of the same grass species. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Introduced seed dispersers can shift seed predation dynamics in native species, impacting native plant establishment and spread. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Species-specific responses to environmental conditions drove variation in the share of seeds taken by earthworms versus mice, with earthworms gaining relatively more seeds under warmer, wetter conditions and in low plant cover habitats, and mice obtaining more seeds under colder, drier conditions and in high cover habitats. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • The data also support the view that interactions among the environment and competing seed predators determine the fate of seed pools in response to species-specific environmental preferences. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Lumbricus terrestris is expanding its range throughout temperate regions and may similarly affect secondary seed dispersal and seed predation dynamics of large-seeded species in other plant communities. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Using herbarium material and literature, we compiled trait information for each tree species, focusing on dispersal mode and seed size. (mmu.ac.uk)
  • 4. Disturbance reduced tree diversity and increased the proportion of lower wood density and small-seeded tree species in study plots. (mmu.ac.uk)
  • Mean seed size and wood density per plot were positively correlated for plant species with seeds ingested by animals. (mmu.ac.uk)
  • The findings, published Oct. 12 in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B , indicate that a high number of plant species in today's Atlantic Forest rely on endangered frugivores - the scientific term for animals that eat primarily fruit - to help disperse their seeds throughout the forest. (sflorg.com)
  • The seeds of some plant species can't even germinate until they pass through the gastrointestinal tract of a frugivore. (sflorg.com)
  • Lamperty and Brosi deduced how important those frugivore species are for the forest by modeling how many tree species would be left without seed-dispersal partners if certain frugivores died out. (sflorg.com)
  • According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, only 14% of the frugivore species they analyzed are endangered, but losing them left about 28% of the plant species they analyzed without a means of dispersing seeds. (sflorg.com)
  • Losing endangered frugivores led to a worse outcome than losing even "generalist" frugivores, which eat fruits and nuts from a variety of species and were previously believed to be the most important group of frugivores for seed dispersal networks. (sflorg.com)
  • Nearly 55% of the specialist plant species in the dataset relied solely on endangered frugivores to disperse their seeds. (sflorg.com)
  • Seed mass within an individual species was considered for a long time to be relatively constant 6 . (nature.com)
  • However, various studies have demonstrated that seed size may greaten vary in a given species among sites, among plants within given site, and even an individual plant 7 . (nature.com)
  • Positional effect on seed mass was reported widely for many species. (nature.com)
  • The diet was quantified by analyzing the seeds found in fecal samples and testing the preference for plant resources, niche breadth, the importance of each bat species as dispersors, and the level of trophic niche overlap. (edu.pe)
  • The high frequency of secondary succession plant species suggests that anthropogenic activities have a significant effect on forest composition affecting the diet of frugivorous canopy bats. (edu.pe)
  • This species has distinctive mericarps and can produce more than 500 seeds per plant ( Flora of China, 2008 Flora of China (FOC). (scielo.br)
  • Carolina geranium seeds are spread by wind and irrigation in the field, and the species has gradually become a major weed in rape and wheat fields in China. (scielo.br)
  • Often, large-seeded tree species lost seed vectors in the forest edge due to the rarity or absence of large frugivores at this habitat type. (bvsalud.org)
  • The binturongs' fondness for these fruits creates a symbiosis, with the species playing an important role in seed dispersal, especially for strangler figs. However, these enigmatic mammals are threatened with extinction. (oryxthejournal.org)
  • The aim of the present study is to review the existence of medicinally important secondary metabolites and possible pharmacological and pharmacognostic importance of under-explored weed plant species Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (springeropen.com)
  • The imposed environmental stress affects the gene expression pattern and results in accumulation of diverse categories of secondary metabolites and its derivatives, changing the chemical profile within the individuals of a species growing under diverse ecological niches. (springeropen.com)
  • These diverse secondary metabolites produced by the plants have ability to produce specific pharmacological responses making particular plant species a potential source of new medicine. (springeropen.com)
  • In its native range, this annual weed depends on visitation by relatively specialized pollen-foraging bees to set seed, and the relationship between floral morphology, pollinator visitation, and reproductive success of this species has been studied in detail. (bsbi.org.uk)
  • In Aeschynanthus , most species have hairs attached to one or both sides of each seed. (gesneriads.info)
  • Horizontal, follicular fruits occur in particular species of Diastema, Monopyle, Gloxinella lindeniana and Kohleria amabilis , suggesting dispersal by rain. (gesneriads.info)
  • However, one notable exception exists in the New World where several large-fruited palm species have persisted despite the extinction of many large-bodied seed dispersers tens of thousands of years ago. (uva.nl)
  • The farther away a seed is from a parent, the better its chances of survival and germination. (wikipedia.org)
  • Effect of seed position within a plant and of soil nutrients on seed mass, germination and seedlings growth were studied. (nature.com)
  • There was a significant relationship between seed mass and total germination. (nature.com)
  • These results suggest that with respect to germination characteristics large seeds from primary order have a competitive advantage over small seeds produced on secondary umbels because they have higher overall germination. (nature.com)
  • For example, Ojala 15 observed that seed mass and germination percentage of Angelica archangelica were higher in seeds on the primary umbel than in those on secondary, tertiary, and quaternary umbels. (nature.com)
  • Life cycle: seed dispersal, germination, vegetative fusion. (elte.hu)
  • Individuals become reproductively mature as early as 4-6 weeks after germination, and a large plant can produce several hundreds of seeds. (bsbi.org.uk)
  • The seed dispersers themselves play an essential role in syndrome evolution. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dispersal traits will benefit the dispersers over non-dispersers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Together with the native silvereye ( Zosterops lateralis ) they are the major seed dispersers over large areas of New Zealand. (newzealandecology.org)
  • We contend that this does not alter our overall conclusions, but agree that additional work is needed to balance any potential positive effects of possums as seed dispersers against their significant negative impacts on forested ecosystems. (newzealandecology.org)
  • This is because animal seed dispersers carry the seeds away from parent plants, decreasing the probability of seed mortality associated with host-specific parasites and predators (i.e., escape hypothesis) (Janzen, 1970). (copernicus.org)
  • Therefore, it is hypothesized that extinct Pleistocene megafauna were the legitimate dispersers of their seeds (Hoffman et al. (copernicus.org)
  • The paradoxical presence of toxic chemical compounds in ripe fruits represents a balance between plant enemies and allies: chemical traits can defend seeds against antagonistic herbivores, seed predators or fungal pathogens, but also can impose costs by repelling mutualistic seed dispersers, although the costs are often difficult to quantify. (movebank.org)
  • The loss of large mammalian frugivores as seed dispersers in tropical ecosystems will have severe consequences for many rainforest plants. (uva.nl)
  • Mammalian frugivores represent a major group of seed dispersers in tropical ecosystems. (uva.nl)
  • This suggest that conservation efforts should also consider secondary seed dispersers as they are crucial for the survival of these palms. (uva.nl)
  • The study uses the global frugivore-fruit size relationship of the present day together with scenarios of mammal extinctions to simulate the potential future impact of the extinction of animal seed dispersers on palms. (uva.nl)
  • Source limitation increased the proportion of pre- and post-dispersal seed predation, and made the granivores-Korean pine interaction shift more towards antagonism, with the estimated SDE of 2.31 and 3.60, respectively, for the secondary forests without and with Korean pine. (springeropen.com)
  • granivores occurrence decreased, but the proportion of pre- and post-dispersal seed predation increased, resulting in a fivefold decreased seedling recruitment in 25% thinning (the lowest SDE of 0.26). (springeropen.com)
  • 2020 ). Furthermore, fewer deposited seeds escape consumption and survive in the winter safely (particularly for dormant seeds) due to high proportion of post-dispersal seed predation (Maron et al. (springeropen.com)
  • Predation on seeds in fleshy fruits is much less widespread taxonomically: the major seed predators are colobine monkeys and rodents among the mammals, and parrots, some pigeons, and finches among the birds. (tapirs.org)
  • A non-native earthworm shifts seed predation dynamics of a native weed. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Therefore, a plant should select certain traits to increase dispersal by a vector (i.e. bird) to increase the reproductive success of the plant. (wikipedia.org)
  • Seeds have evolved traits to reward animals to enhance their dispersal abilities. (wikipedia.org)
  • Differing foraging behaviours of animals can lead to selection of dispersal traits and spatial variation such as increase in seed size for mammal dispersal, which can limit seed production. (wikipedia.org)
  • Energy investment for dispersal will be taken from energy investment of other traits 3. (wikipedia.org)
  • He details the morphology and traits for each dispersal method, which are later described as seed dispersal syndromes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Seed and cones traits were mapped onto two recent phylogenies to help reveal the evolutionary history of seed dispersal syndromes. (springer.com)
  • Anthropogenic disturbance has major effects on the seed traits of tree communities, with implications for mutualistic interactions with animals. (mmu.ac.uk)
  • Monitoring fruit and seed traits can provide a valuable indicator of ecosystem condition, emphasizing the importance of developing a comprehensive plant traits database for the Amazon and other biomes. (mmu.ac.uk)
  • In conclusion, phenotypically-based variation in seed mass may arise from soil conditions, maternal traits or combination of the two. (nature.com)
  • We conducted a whole-year study of seed addition to quantify the granivores-Korean pine ( Pinus koraiensis ) synzoochorous interactions and the SDE in the same secondary forests with two treatments. (springeropen.com)
  • Both treatments had seed source limitations: one was caused by the disappearance of Korean pine due to the historical disturbance, the other by pinecone harvesting in Korean pine plantations adjacent to the secondary forests. (springeropen.com)
  • The source limitation coupling thinning biased the synzoochorous interactions more towards antagonism and significantly lowered granivore-mediated SDE, which limited the successful recruitment of Korean pine in secondary forests. (springeropen.com)
  • Sivault E, McConkey K, Bretagnolle F, Sengupta A, Lambert J*, Heymann EW *, Herrel A*, Forget PM* (in press) Body mass and skull dimensions predict seed dispersal capacity in bats, primates and carnivores from tropical forests. (dpz.eu)
  • 2. Focusing on two study regions in the eastern Brazilian Amazon, we used a trait-based approach to examine how seed dispersal functionality within tropical plant communities changes across a landscape-scale gradient of human modification, including both regenerating secondary forests and primary forests disturbed by burning and selective logging. (mmu.ac.uk)
  • Older secondary forests had function-ally similar plant communities to the most heavily disturbed primary forests. (mmu.ac.uk)
  • The important role of animal-mediated seed dispersal in disturbed and recovering forests highlights the need to avoid defaunation or promote faunal recovery. (mmu.ac.uk)
  • The changes in mean seed width suggest larger vertebrates hold especially important functional roles in these human-modified forests. (mmu.ac.uk)
  • One of the main processes forests use to maintain this diversity is dispersal. (sflorg.com)
  • This type of fruit is found in plants of ever-wet rain forests, and represents a special form of a rain-wash or rain-splash capsule: when the fruit opens dorsally, the seeds lie exposed and are washed away by the rain. (gesneriads.info)
  • We investigated this potential cost of fruit secondary compounds - reduced seed dispersal distance ‐ by combining two datasets from previous work on a Neotropical bat‐plant dispersal system (bats in the genus Carollia and plants in the genus Piper). (movebank.org)
  • The naturalised European blackbird ( Turdus merula ) is the most widely distributed avian seed disperser in New Zealand. (newzealandecology.org)
  • The juniper genus is characterised by fleshy cones with hard-shelled seeds (commonly known as juniper 'berries') which although evolved to aid avian seed dispersal have the happy secondary result of being delicious when dried and incorporated into human recipes! (reading.ac.uk)
  • 2016 ). As seed predators, they frequently consume a proportion of either pre-dispersed seeds (Nuñez et al. (springeropen.com)
  • Our results support the hypothesis that the non-native earthworm Lumbricus terrestris behaves as a seed dispersal mutualist for the native annual giant ragweed by caching its seeds in its burrows, thereby reducing their availability to rodent seed predators. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • He went in depth about the interaction between plants that have adapted to seed dispersal by birds and mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Declines in native birds in New Zealand have raised questions about whether seed dispersal limits plant regeneration and whether introduced mammals such as brushtail possums ( Trichosurus vulpecula ) can replace absent native birds. (newzealandecology.org)
  • The new study shows that the loss of large-bodied mammals can have severe consequences for tropical ecosystems, especially for plants that depend on large mammals for seed dispersal. (uva.nl)
  • The extinction of giant-sloths and other megafauna, and with them their seed dispersal functions, seem to be partly compensated by smaller mammals such as agoutis, which can play an important role in secondary seed dispersal', says Lim. (uva.nl)
  • A seed disperser is the vector by which a seed moves from its parent to the resting place where the individual will establish, for instance an animal. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2019 ). These granivorous animals often play a dual role, simultaneously as an effective seed disperser and as a seed predator, which is defined as synzoochory (Zong et al. (springeropen.com)
  • 90%. The seedling emergence above 82.2% was observed when seeds were placed at a depth from 0 to 1 cm, and no seedlings emerged from seeds placed at a depth of 7 cm. (scielo.br)
  • The high concentration of seedlings under parent palms suggests a decrease of seed dispersal at the edges. (bvsalud.org)
  • Barangay and municipal nurseries shall be established and maintained in schools and communal areas to provide a continuous supply of seeds, seedlings, and planting materials. (who.int)
  • Fruits are packages for seeds, composed of nutritious tissues to feed animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, birds put strong selection pressure on seeds for colour of fruits because of their enhanced vision. (wikipedia.org)
  • I describe seed dispersal by a ground weta in Nelson lakes National Park, and hypothesise that the unusual characteristics of fleshy fruits in New Zealand may result from coevolution with weta. (newzealandecology.org)
  • To examine rates of seed dispersal, fruit removal rates were compared between plants growing on forest edges and in forest interior, and also between two morphs of plants with different coloured fruits. (newzealandecology.org)
  • Most fruits contain only one recalcitrant seed of 10 to 30 mm diameter (Nuñez-Prado, 2005). (copernicus.org)
  • We used data from captive behavioral experiments, which show how amides in ripe fruits of Piper decrease the retention time of seeds and alter food choices. (movebank.org)
  • By interrogating the model predictions, we identified two novel mechanisms by which fruit secondary compounds can impose costs in terms of decreased seed dispersal distances: 1) small scale reductions in gut retention time and 2) causing fruits to forgo advantageous bat activity peaks that confer high seed dispersal distances. (movebank.org)
  • They provide additional advantages of promoting effective pollination and dispersal of seeds and other propagules or to protect the plants from the biotic and abiotic stresses [ 2 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Plants are the repository of variable number of valuable secondary metabolites that bears pharmacognostic and pharmacological implications having potentiality to emerge as super drugs in future. (springeropen.com)
  • The pharmacognostic value of plants is due to the presence of immense number of chemically variable secondary metabolites in plants. (springeropen.com)
  • Related plants often produce seeds that are dispersed in very different ways, raising questions of how and why plants undergo adaptive shifts in key aspects of their reproductive ecology. (springer.com)
  • To understand the ecology of the seed bank in more detail we presently investigate the spatial distribution of seeds in the soil of sites with different management histories. (ufz.de)
  • Seeds disperse to increase the reproductive success of the plant. (wikipedia.org)
  • A new study by researchers at the University of Washington shows that losing a particular group of endangered animals - those that eat fruit and help disperse the seeds of trees and other plants - could severely disrupt seed-dispersal networks in the Atlantic Forest, a shrinking stretch of tropical forest and critical biodiversity hotspot on the coast of Brazil. (sflorg.com)
  • The forest is home to a variety of frugivores, from primates to birds, which disperse seeds by regurgitating or excreting them. (sflorg.com)
  • Large frugivores are especially important as they are the only ones able to disperse large-seeded plants. (uva.nl)
  • They also disperse seeds over long distances, which is important for facilitating genetic exchange among plant populations. (uva.nl)
  • We studied fruit dispersal in a lowland secondary forest near Kaikoura, where the only remaining native frugivores are relatively small (silvereye Zosterops lateralis , and bellbird Anthornis melanura ). (newzealandecology.org)
  • Sotes, G. J., Bustamante, R. O., and Henríquez, C. A.: Leaf litter is essential for seed survival of the endemic endangered tree Pouteria splendens (Sapotaceae) from central Chile, Web Ecol. (copernicus.org)
  • Most seeds in the Oriental Region, except near its northern margins, are dispersed by vertebrate families which are endemic to the region or to the Old World. (tapirs.org)
  • Similar to the term syndrome, a diaspore is a morphological functional unit of a seed for dispersal purposes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Specialization must increase dispersal success whether morphological, physiological or behavioural 2. (wikipedia.org)
  • E. antisyphilitica ), and those with small, dry cone bracts and large seeds are dispersed by seed-caching rodents (e.g. (springer.com)
  • Seed dispersal by seed-caching rodents is common in North America and appears to have evolved several times, but this syndrome is absent form other continents. (springer.com)
  • however, little is known about the ability of earthworms to compete with rodents for seeds. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • In a 2-year field study, we analysed relative rates of seed removal by earthworms and mice for seeds dispersed at various times in habitats that varied in vegetative cover. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • These syndrome characteristics are often associated with the fruit that carries the seeds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Exploring characteristics of fruit types and dispersal modes in different plant communities could improve our understanding on the natural expansion mechanism of vegetation restoration, which is helpful for reducing karst rocky desertification. (plant-ecology.com)
  • The positive effects of seed size are often impossible to separate from those of seed mineral content, especially in wild habitats where variations in plant characteristics are great and not easily controlled 10 . (nature.com)
  • Variation in seedling size may by caused by differences in initial seed mass, microsite characteristics and/or genotypic variation 6 . (nature.com)
  • The data set contains distance measures of primary (wind-borne) and secondary (on ground) seed dispersal during spring, summer and autumn, using empirical observations and detailed measurement of wind characteristics. (tern.org.au)
  • There are currently no detailed studies of the dispersal of seeds, but dispersal might be achieved by a combination of gravity, water transport, and perhaps secondary bird dispersal. (bsbi.org.uk)
  • Principal component analysis and other data characterized three types of Ephedra cones and seeds. (springer.com)
  • Friedman WE, Carmichael JS (1996) Double fertilization in Gnetales: implications for understanding reproductive diversification among seed plants. (springer.com)
  • The New Zealand avifauna has declined from human impacts, which might leave some larger-seeded native plants vulnerable to dispersal failure. (newzealandecology.org)
  • We tested whether two larger exotic frugivores (blackbird Turdus merula and song thrush T. philomelos ) dispersed native plants with seeds too large for the two smaller native frugivores. (newzealandecology.org)
  • The seed dispersal mode spectrum of woody plants, herbs and lianas in the communities of Shilin Geopark were not significantly different from each other. (plant-ecology.com)
  • Fruit types and seed dispersal modes of plants in different communities in Shilin Geopark, Yunnan, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2018, 42(6): 663-671. (plant-ecology.com)
  • Seeds gain fitness benefits from travelling far from the parent plant, as they can escape from parental competition and elude specialized herbivores as well as pathogens that accumulate on adult plants. (movebank.org)
  • Disturbance also increased the proportion of stems with seeds that are ingested by animals and reduced those dispersed by other mechanisms (e.g. wind). (mmu.ac.uk)
  • It's a reminder that we should try to understand better what ecological roles and interactions we lose when endangered animals disappear - not just these seed dispersal networks, but other roles, too," said Lamperty. (sflorg.com)
  • The ecological significance seems to lie in the fact that seed release is retarded and prolonged. (gesneriads.info)
  • Chambers JC, MacMahon JA (1994) A day in the life of a seed: movements and fates of seeds and their implications for natural and managed systems. (springer.com)
  • These patterns suggest that the nuclear genome of one ecotype can enter the seeds of the other via occasional pollen movements with sorting of nuclear groups in subsequent generations. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Next, with a behaviorally annotated bat telemetry dataset, we quantified post‐feeding movements (i.e. seed dispersal distances). (movebank.org)
  • Using generalized additive mixed models we found that seed dispersal distances varied nonlinearly with gut retention times as well as with the time of fruit removal. (movebank.org)
  • I am also involved in a long-term project about the interaction between insects and community dynamics where I investigate the influence of above- and below-ground insects on the composition of the seed bank. (ufz.de)
  • We studied the effect of the non-native earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris , on seed loss dynamics in the large-seeded native annual, Ambrosia trifida (giant ragweed), an expanding agricultural weed whose seeds are heavily predated by mice. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • There is large variation in seed mass within P . oreoselinum (L.) Moench selected for the present study from two contrasting habitats: roadside and oak forest. (nature.com)
  • Within an individual plant, seed mass decreased with umbel order and seeds from the central umbellet of the umbel were lighter than those from the outer edge, suggesting that variation in seed mass within an individual plant was due to the position effect. (nature.com)
  • Another download 100 ideas for secondary teachers: outstanding lessons of battle is in the attention that light or Preamble usually vacated before the regard of one book and began Accordingly into the instrumental, wagging a part migration, important 09667at gives between the saline and intermediate, 32nd and Australian, impossible and deep, Cretaceous-Eocene, etc. (controlaltenergy.com)
  • Granivore-mediated seed dispersal is susceptible to changes in seed availability and silvicultural management, which alters synzoochorous interactions in the antagonism-mutualism continuum and affects the seed dispersal effectiveness (SDE), and eventually, the plant recruitment. (springeropen.com)
  • Together, synzoochorous interactions and environmental conditions determine the seed dispersal effectiveness (SDE), and eventually, affect the plant recruitment in the landscape (Schupp et al. (springeropen.com)
  • In crop fields where L . terrestris is abundant, additional efforts to prevent giant ragweed seed return may be warranted due to the likelihood that earthworms will increase giant ragweed soil seed pools. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Covariate analysis showed the differences between sites in seed macronutrient contents were caused by respective differences in seed mass and soil macronutrients. (nature.com)
  • Family cooperators will be encouraged to practice seed retention to sustain the gardens. (who.int)
  • As a winter weed, Carolina geranium seeds germinate in autumn, flower in the following April to July and ripen from May to September. (scielo.br)
  • In this work we investigate (i) the seed dispersal pattern and (ii) the effect of tree canopy and the presence of leaf litter on seed survival, both in rocky mounds and plains. (copernicus.org)
  • Nevertheless, the presence of leaf litter covering the seeds increased survival in both habitats. (copernicus.org)
  • However, the seed-transported chloroplast genomes are consistently shared by distinct ecotypes inhabiting the same region. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • These hairs, which can be very long, serve to facilitate wind-aided distribution of the seeds (see Appendaged Seeds below). (gesneriads.info)