• Protein secondary structure is the local spatial conformation of the polypeptide backbone excluding the side chains. (wikipedia.org)
  • The secondary structure of protein refers to a three dimensional arrangement of various atoms of the molecules, generally known as protein conformation. (simplynotes.in)
  • Structure of the EGL-1/CED-9 complex revealed that EGL-1 adopts an extended alpha-helical conformation and induces substantial structural rearrangements in CED-9 upon binding. (nih.gov)
  • Basic knowledge of protein structure: polypeptide conformation. (lu.se)
  • Given the rather low-quality of contact prediction at the current state of the art, even small amounts of information from the real structure can make a big difference. (bio.net)
  • doi:10.1002/prot.21791 I see a lot of 'prediction' work that is complete garbage, because the authors fooled themselves by using data that could only come from knowing the real structures. (bio.net)
  • Deriving protein secondary structure content from CD spectra has changed from postulating component spectra of the characteristic structures to the use of the secondary structure fractions from X-ray data as a basis for the mathematical prediction of the component spectra representation of the CD database. (scirp.org)
  • Based on the described research achievements, now we open the protein secondary structure prediction website, for the aim of improving the research communication and international technology service in Internet which concludes providing protein secondary structure predicting results free, receiving academic discussion and improving scientific research level. (predictioncenter.org)
  • Improving the prediction of protein secondary structure in three and eight classes using recurrent neural networks and profiles. (rostlab.org)
  • Determination of the protein structure represents one of the key tasks of present molecular biology. (xray.cz)
  • Another aspect of Hirst's research focuses on the study of protein-ligand interactions, using techniques including QSAR, machine learning, neural networks, docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and quantum chemistry. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • A combination of molecular simulation with hydrogendeuterium-exchange mass spectrometry and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy reveal an asymmetry across the membrane: ATP-induced conformational changes in the cytosolic cavity promote unfolded pre-protein structure, while the exterior cavity favours its formation. (elifesciences.org)
  • A molecular dynamic (MD) modeling approach was applied to evaluate the effect of external electric field on gliadin protein structure and surface properties. (mdpi.com)
  • Wang and his coworkers 12 investigated the discriminative power of three sequence features from protein sequence, including the side chain pKa value, the hydrophobicity index and the molecular mass of an amino acid. (nature.com)
  • Molecular bonds determine the structures of amino acids and proteins. (visionlearning.com)
  • Predicting and designing the structures of proteins with biologically useful accuracy has been a key challenge in computational structural biology and molecular engineering. (ucsf.edu)
  • One example is a study describing the control of precise shape transitions of a large protein assembly with optical inputs, where we successfully exchanged the 'engine' of a protein-based ATP-driven molecular machine to be powered by light (Hoersch et al. (ucsf.edu)
  • Most recently, we have focused on application of computational protein design to endow cells with the ability to sense and respond to new molecular signals and orchestrate desired biological responses, one of the most fundamental capabilities of living systems (Glasgow*, Huang*, Mandell* et al. (ucsf.edu)
  • Water, lipids, and natural moisturizing factor (NMF) influence the molecular structures that affect the properties of SC, including water sorption and binding enthalpy. (cdc.gov)
  • The course covers both the principles that determine the properties of proteins and the experimental methods that are used to study these properties in modern molecular protein science. (lu.se)
  • We mostly used molecular mechanics (MM) in order to model the protein-ligand interactions, which is more approximate than quantum-mechanical (QM) methods, but necessary to reduce the computational cost when doing calculations on protein-ligand systems, which often contain tens of thousand of atoms. (lu.se)
  • The use of molecular mechanics calculations to supplement experimental data in standard X-ray crystallography and NMR refinements is discussed and it is shown that structures can be locally improved by the use of quantum chemical calculations. (lu.se)
  • Protein structures are invaluable for biochemical studies and for mechanical or molecular mechanics calculations have become the understanding of how proteins work. (lu.se)
  • Besides the hydrogen bonds, disulphile bonds, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals forces also contribute to the tertiary structure of proteins. (simplynotes.in)
  • It refers to the structure and interactions of the noncovalent association of discrete polypeptide subunits into a multisubunit protein. (simplynotes.in)
  • Protein-DNA interactions are involved in many fundamental biological processes essential for cellular function. (nature.com)
  • An analysis of the number of binding sites in the spatial context of the target site indicates that the interactions between binding sites next to each other are important for protein-DNA recognition and their binding ability. (nature.com)
  • long range interactions within the protein molecule. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Regions that have been experimentally defined, such as the role of a region in mediating protein-protein interactions or some other biological process. (ucsc.edu)
  • Proteins can have four types of structures: (1) Primary, the sequence of amino acids, (2) Secondary, hydrogen bonds among the strands of amino acids form beta sheets or alpha-helixes, (3) Tertiary, the three-dimensional, twisted structure based on bonding interactions between amino acid strands, and (4) Quartnerary, the complex structure made up of multiple folded subunits. (visionlearning.com)
  • Over the past several years, we have engineered a range of proteins with new functions, including protein-protein interactions that are specific enough to control complex biological processes in mammalian cells (Kapp*, Liu* et al. (ucsf.edu)
  • Stability, dynamics and interactions of proteins: packing and electrostatics. (lu.se)
  • rium properties, completely determined by the interactions within crystal structures of 38 nonhomologous proteins, we find that it the system. (lu.se)
  • The chosen application is finding fractions of secondary structures of proteins from circular dichroism (CD) spectra employing singular value decomposition, SVD, to obtain the matrix B and its pseudo-reciprocal. (scirp.org)
  • Insights from the work on formamide and other small amides have been applied to studies of proteins and have led to significant improvements in the calculation of the circular dichroism of proteins from first principles. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • His calculations on protein circular dichroism spectroscopy, a key technique in structural biology, are the most accurate to be published. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • The dimer was more challenging to model with a coarse-grained model, and circular dichroism data suggested secondary structures to be present, which a coarse-grained model cannot capture. (lu.se)
  • A partial destruction of the α-helices and the outer strands of the β-sheet is observed with water molecules replacing the hydrogen bonds of the secondary structural elements. (uzh.ch)
  • The detailed mechanism described here for the first stage of the denaturation of barnase, including the essential role of water molecules, is likely to be representative of protein denaturation, in general. (uzh.ch)
  • His research spans a wide range, from the quantum chemistry of small molecules and the spectroscopic properties of proteins, to the application of state-of-the-art statistical and computer science methodology to problems in bioinformatics, drug design and sustainable chemistry. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Although PPL is present in the bloodstream, no information is found on the interaction between PPL and rat serum albumin (RSA), the most abundant protein with the function of transporting endo/exogenous molecules. (nature.com)
  • There is a strong emphasis on the structure of molecules, particularly proteins, which are the nanoscale machines that carry out most processes in living organisms. (bbk.ac.uk)
  • Proteins are large molecules made up of hundreds, even thousands, of amino acids combined in different ways. (visionlearning.com)
  • To understand basic chemical properties of molecules that make life possible, and how these properties relate to specific macromolecular structures and functions. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • On aver- comprising some 1015 protein molecules. (lu.se)
  • This means that 2 adjacent residues in the primary structure must form the same hydrogen bonding pattern. (wikipedia.org)
  • The linear sequence of amino acids joined together by peptide bond is termed as the primary structure of the protein. (simplynotes.in)
  • In a protein, there are 4 different levels or types of structures: the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. (assignmentgeek.com)
  • The primary data, structure factors of Bragg reflections, AMSDs can be predicted solely on the basis of packing density. (lu.se)
  • Our technique represents alpha-helices and beta-strands as vectors and uses a set of seven scoring functions to compare pairs of vectors from different proteins. (aaai.org)
  • Did you know that the human body contains an estimated 100,000 different proteins, all due to the numerous ways that only 20 amino acids can combine? (visionlearning.com)
  • The human body alone contains an estimated 100,000 different proteins , because of the numerous ways that the same 20 amino acids can combine. (visionlearning.com)
  • mechanics (QM), in particular the Schr ¨odinger equation, allow us different proteins, e.g. alcohol dehydrogenase, blue copper proteins, to calculate any measurable property of a defined set of atoms. (lu.se)
  • The two most common secondary structural elements are alpha helices and beta sheets, though beta turns and omega loops occur as well. (wikipedia.org)
  • The structural comparison of proteins has become increasingly important as a means to identify protein motifs and fold families. (aaai.org)
  • In this paper we present a new algorithm for the comparison of proteins based on a hierarchy of structural representations, from the secondary structure level to the atomic level. (aaai.org)
  • The database noise spectrum can be used to prepare the reduced noise CD spectrum for a new protein to yield its structural fractions and their uncertainties. (scirp.org)
  • The present version of CASSP is useful for groupwise comparison of structures which provides the significant information regarding the trend of structural adapatability. (bisr.res.in)
  • Secondary structure is formally defined by the pattern of hydrogen bonds between the amino hydrogen and carboxyl oxygen atoms in the peptide backbone. (wikipedia.org)
  • A protein is a linear sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. (simplynotes.in)
  • An important characteristic of secondary structure is the formation of hydrogen bonds (H bonds) between the -CO group of one peptide bond and the -NH group of another nearby peptide bond. (simplynotes.in)
  • If the H bonds form between peptide bonds in the same chain, either helical structure, such as the α-helix, develop or turns, such as β-turns are formed. (simplynotes.in)
  • If H bonds form between peptide bonds in different chains, extended structures form, such as the β-pleated sheet. (simplynotes.in)
  • the carbonyl oxygen and the amido hydrogen of the peptide bond lie in the plane of the Beta structure. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • These proteins show similar domain architectures as known organelle-targeted expression regulators of the octotrico peptide repeat type in algae and plants. (frontiersin.org)
  • All recognized mutations for AD are associated with increased deposition of amyloid-beta (Abeta), a peptide fragment comprising 39-43 amino acids that derive from the catabolism of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) molecule. (medscape.com)
  • Other formative characteristics include diseases that impact bone metabolism or structure and ligament characteristics. (medscape.com)
  • Over many years, several theories have arisen based on clinical and scientific data obtained in human and animal studies, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, derangements of fatty acid metabolism/transport, and accelerated protein catabolism. (medscape.com)
  • most prevalent and stable form of helical structure in naturally occurring proteins. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl oxygen and the amido hydrogen four a.a. upstream, toward the C-Terminus of the helix, stabilize the helical structure. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Furthermore, our mass spectrometric analysis revealed an expanded family of chromatophore-targeted helical repeat proteins. (frontiersin.org)
  • The mode of action of enzymes and macromolecular complexes as protein machines will be investigated. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • In drug discovery, it is of utmost importance to accurately calculate the free energies of binding ligands to various protein targets, such as enzymes and receptors. (lu.se)
  • demonstrate basic knowledge of how nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), neutron diffraction and small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering can be used to produce specific information in addition to X-ray crystallography · assimilate and critically evaluate the scientific literature dealing with protein structure and function, particularly in terms of the experimental methods. (lu.se)
  • larger amplitude are sampled and do not converge even in nano- about protein flexibility has come from x-ray crystallography, in the second-length simulations (8, 9). (lu.se)
  • The most common strong alternative and complement to experimental methods to methods to obtain protein structures are X-ray crystallography obtain insight in biochemical processes. (lu.se)
  • Hydrogen bonding patterns in secondary structures may be significantly distorted, which makes automatic determination of secondary structure difficult. (wikipedia.org)
  • The influence of the subtraction on improvement of the secondary structure determination is discussed as well. (xray.cz)
  • Includes protein crystallization, data collection at MAX IV, data processing, structure determination and modelling, as well as a simple exercise in ligand docking. (lu.se)
  • Ligand binding and structure-based drug design. (lu.se)
  • For the Fe(II) carbene complexes investigated, small changes in the ligand structure influenced both what excited state (charge-transfer or metal-centred) that was mainly populated and the lifetime of the state. (lu.se)
  • In one study of a large set of protein-ligand complexes, we tried to improve the free energies of binding by using MD simulations with QM-derived charges, which sometimes led to improved results, but not always. (lu.se)
  • This entropy largely stems from the fluctuation of the protein and ligand. (lu.se)
  • Additionally, we compared how MD and grand-canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) can be used to assess dynamics and thermodynamics of protein-ligand binding for both buried and solvent-exposed binding sites. (lu.se)
  • Similar methods can be used for EXAFS refinements to obtain a full atomic structure, rather than a set of metal-ligand distances. (lu.se)
  • Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. (bvsalud.org)
  • Other types of biopolymers such as nucleic acids also possess characteristic secondary structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nanoscale chemical characterization of secondary protein structure of F-Actin using mid-infrared photoinduced force microscopy (PiF-IR). (bvsalud.org)
  • Raman and infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can provide good wealth of information about protein structure in comparison to other methods of optical spectroscopy. (xray.cz)
  • In this study Raman and FTIR spectra of all amino acids (AA) presented in proteins have been measured with a view to possible protein sequence dependent subtraction of vibration bands of AA side chains in the regions of amide I, II and III. (xray.cz)
  • Other helices, such as the 310 helix and π helix, are calculated to have energetically favorable hydrogen-bonding patterns but are rarely observed in natural proteins except at the ends of α helices due to unfavorable backbone packing in the center of the helix. (wikipedia.org)
  • The control over polymer flexibility represents an effective strategy to manipulate the optical activity of nano-switches, which mimics the delicate structure-property relationship of natural proteins. (scimage.cn)
  • The reports on base sequences of spider silk protein genes have gained importance as the mechanical properties of silk fibers have been revealed. (bioone.org)
  • This track shows protein sequences and annotations on them from the UniProt/SwissProt database, mapped to genomic coordinates. (ucsc.edu)
  • The first two subtracks below - one for SwissProt, one for TrEMBL - show the alignments of protein sequences to the genome, all other tracks below are the protein annotations mapped through these alignments to the genome. (ucsc.edu)
  • Protein sequences from SwissProt mapped to the genome. (ucsc.edu)
  • Even protein sequences without a single curated annotation (splice isoforms) are visible in this track. (ucsc.edu)
  • Using techniques like electrophoresis and chromatography, Frederick Sanger discovered that proteins were built of specific amino acid sequences and that changing the sequence would make it a different protein. (visionlearning.com)
  • Students will be introduced to biological sequence data (DNA and protein sequences, whole genomes, learn to access major sequence databases and use a variety of web-based services. (uit.no)
  • It is a compact structure with hydrophobic side chains held interior while the hydrophilic groups are on the surface of the protein molecule. (simplynotes.in)
  • Although PiF-IR has primarily been applied to polymer materials, this technology presents significant potential for the chemical characterization of cellular structures approaching single-molecule sensitivity . (bvsalud.org)
  • Herein, we construct a series of protein-mimetic nano-switches consisting of a gold nanoparticle (GNP) core, a synthetic polypeptide linker, and an optically functional molecule (OFM), whose biological function can be dynamically regulated by the flexibility of the polypeptide linker. (scimage.cn)
  • Proteins are one of the major classes of bio molecule polymers that are made up of amino acid monomers, and so amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins. (pearson.com)
  • During cholesterol synthesis, the sterol reductase function of the lamin B receptor allows the protein to perform one of several steps that convert a molecule called lanosterol to cholesterol. (medlineplus.gov)
  • At the secondary level, protein structure can be described in terms of motifs, recurrent patterns of smaller biological structures called Sec- ondary Structure Elements. (unipv.it)
  • In this paper, the focus is on the identi cation of geometrical motifs in dif- ferent proteins using the Cross Motif Search Algorithm (CMS). (unipv.it)
  • The Dictionary of Protein Secondary Structure, in short DSSP, is commonly used to describe the protein secondary structure with single letter codes. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are eight types of secondary structure that DSSP defines: G = 3-turn helix (310 helix). (wikipedia.org)
  • The standard hydrogen-bond definition for secondary structure is that of DSSP, which is a purely electrostatic model. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we use ensembles of bidirectional recurrent neural network architectures, PSI-BLAST-derived profiles, and a large nonredundant training set to derive two new predictors: (a) the second version of the SSpro program for secondary structure classification into three categories and (b) the first version of the SSpro8 program for secondary structure classification into the eight classes produced by the DSSP program. (rostlab.org)
  • We also aim at an understanding of the forces that underpin the three-dimensional structure of proteins, as well as a basic understanding of the methods used in structure-based drug design. (lu.se)
  • Protein secondary and three- dimensional structure. (lu.se)
  • Intrinsically disordered proteins are distinguished by a lack of distinct three-dimensional structure, existing instead as an ensemble of heterogenous structures. (lu.se)
  • Secondary structure may alternatively be defined based on the regular pattern of backbone dihedral angles in a particular region of the Ramachandran plot regardless of whether it has the correct hydrogen bonds. (wikipedia.org)
  • The secondary structure is assigned based on hydrogen bonding patterns as those initially proposed by Pauling et al. (wikipedia.org)
  • Secondary structure is defined by hydrogen bonding, so the exact definition of a hydrogen bond is critical. (wikipedia.org)
  • The secondary protein structure is formed when a polypeptide chain folds, the side chains interact using hydrogen bonds, so it is maintained by the hydrogen bonding between the R group. (assignmentgeek.com)
  • The study of hydrogen bond evolution during the course of simulation revealed that the root mean square deviation, radius of gyration and secondary structure formation, all depend significantly on the number hydrogen bonds formed. (mdpi.com)
  • She has used code-breaking strategies to predict protein structures and applied computational techniques to drug discovery. (technologyreview.com)
  • There is an urgent need for computational tools that can rapidly and reliably identify DNA-binding sites in DNA-binding proteins. (nature.com)
  • I. Develop computational methods for modeling & design of proteins, in the program Rosetta ( www.rosettacommons.org ). (ucsf.edu)
  • The course aims to provide a deeper understanding of some of the most important experimental methods used to determine the three-dimensional structures of proteins, as a basis for understanding their biological functions. (lu.se)
  • proteins could carry out their biological functions. (lu.se)
  • The most common secondary structures are alpha helices and beta sheets. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we describe the structure of the Bud6 flank domain in complex with actin. (nih.gov)
  • Neutron scattering measurements have directly connected the spectral feature at ~1 THz to collective motions of the secondary structure of beta-barrel protein GFP. (wikipedia.org)
  • The knowledge about DNA-binding residues, binding specificity and binding affinity helps to not only understand the recognition mechanism of protein-DNA complex, but also give clues for protein function annotation. (nature.com)
  • Therefore, a reliable identification of DNA-binding sites in DNA-binding protein is important for protein function annotation, in silico modeling of transcription regulation and site-directed mutagenesis. (nature.com)
  • Silks are composed principally of proteins with a predominance of alanine, serine and glycine and silk proteins are able to undergo irreversible transformations from soluble protein to insoluble fibres. (bioone.org)
  • What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
  • What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
  • Furthermore, chromatophore-localized biosynthetic pathways as well as multiprotein complexes include proteins of dual genetic origin, suggesting that mechanisms evolved that coordinate gene expression levels between chromatophore and nucleus. (frontiersin.org)
  • Apparently these chromatophore-targeted proteins evolved convergently to plastid-targeted expression regulators and are likely involved in gene expression control in the chromatophore. (frontiersin.org)
  • This gene provides instructions for making a protein called the lamin B receptor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Overview of Chromosome and Gene Disorders Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a person's genes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The second step in our algorithm is based on the atomic coordinates of the protein structures and improves the initial vector alignment by iteratively minimizing the RMSD between pairs of nearest atoms from the two proteins. (aaai.org)
  • This study demonstrated that it is necessary to gain insight into protein dynamics under external electric field stress, in order to develop the novel food processing techniques that can be potentially used to reduce or eradicate food allergens. (mdpi.com)
  • Training in the relevant theoretical and experimental methods described for the study of protein structure and dynamics. (lu.se)
  • For metal- powerful methods to obtain and compare reaction and activation loproteins, a third method to obtain local information about the energies for suggested enzyme mechanisms and they can also provide atomic details about the protein dynamics. (lu.se)
  • Static electric field strengths of 0.001 V/nm and 0.002 V/nm induced conformational changes in the protein but had no significant effect on its surface properties. (mdpi.com)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • Bullock and Fersht 8 have shown that mutations of DNA-binding residues, such as those on the tumor repressor protein P53, may predispose individuals to cancer. (nature.com)
  • Here we show by mass spectrometric analyses of enriched insoluble protein fractions that, unexpectedly, nucleus-encoded transporters are not inserted into the chromatophore inner envelope membrane. (frontiersin.org)
  • These proteins share the same number of disulfide bridges (17) and a Cys34 thiol group 11 . (nature.com)
  • disulfide bridge bonds hold proteins together. (visionlearning.com)
  • Prior to Sanger's major discoveries, biochemists learned about a feature in proteins called a disulfide bridge (Figure 3). (visionlearning.com)
  • They also found that treatment with chemicals called reducing agents severs a disulfide bridge between two cysteines and also causes a large proteins to split into smaller proteins, arguing that these bonds exist in proteins to help hold them together. (visionlearning.com)
  • Therefore, development and improvement in such spectroscopic techniques that can be used for characterization of proteins is becoming increasingly important in the rapidly expanding field of proteomics. (xray.cz)
  • Secondary structure predictions are increasingly becoming the workhorse for several methods aiming at predicting protein structure and function. (rostlab.org)
  • Initially the problem was attacked using the techniques that were current, namely constructing the spectral functions describing secondary structures presumed to be present and responsible for the CD spectra. (scirp.org)
  • Our predictions generate hypotheses on protein conformations controlling biological processes - such as protein recognition, signal transduction, and enzyme active site gating - and are laying the foundation for our work reengineering and "reshaping" protein interfaces and active sites for new functions. (ucsf.edu)
  • Create new proteins and devices with more advanced functions by experimental engineering. (ucsf.edu)
  • We have also engineered proteins whose functions can be switched by phosphorylation or light. (ucsf.edu)
  • Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) and contain the code for a specific protein that functions in one or. (msdmanuals.com)
  • By Eric Albert Email: [email protected] ACROSS 1 Pertaining to hidden blood 6 Infection response 9 Cursor controller 10 Prefix for quintillion 11 Tonsillitis pathogen 12 Type of acid used in making explosives and fertilizers 13 Thiamine-deficiency result 15 Secondary structure for a protein 18 Helper in polypeptide-chain building: abbr. (the-scientist.com)
  • Polypeptide chain in mature protein after post-processing. (ucsc.edu)
  • Single PiF- IR spectra of F-Actin show variations in the amide I band spectral region, which is related to secondary protein structure . (bvsalud.org)
  • The random coil is not a true secondary structure, but is the class of conformations that indicate an absence of regular secondary structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • The secondary structure of a protein is the formation of either a beta helix an alpha helix, or a random coil structure. (assignmentgeek.com)
  • But it's also important to note that the protein polymers are actually going to have directionality, meaning that in the chain of the protein polymer, one end is going to be chemically different than the opposite end. (pearson.com)
  • Proteins are polymers composed of building blocks called amino acids, of which life on Earth uses just twenty. (visionlearning.com)
  • Today, we know that proteins are polymers composed of building blocks called amino acids (Figure 1). (visionlearning.com)
  • However, the presence of other proteins and the unique spatial resolution of PiF-IR pose a challenge to interpreting and validating such data. (bvsalud.org)
  • The bulk of protein secretion and membrane protein insertion is conducted by the ubiquitous Sec translocon. (elifesciences.org)
  • Inner nuclear membrane protein LBR preferentially interacts with DNA secondary structures and nucleosomal linker. (medlineplus.gov)
  • One region of this protein, called the sterol reductase domain, plays an important role in the production (synthesis) of cholesterol. (medlineplus.gov)