AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsPhenomena and Processes
Taurochenodeoxycholic AcidBile Acids and SaltsTaurodeoxycholic AcidLithocholic AcidChenodeoxycholic AcidDeoxycholic AcidGlycocholic AcidTaurocholic AcidBileCholic AcidsUrsodeoxycholic AcidFecesCytochrome P-450 Enzyme SystemMicrosomes, LiverSterolsColonic NeoplasmsCholic AcidCholesterolHydroxylationMixed Function OxygenasesBile Ducts
Either glycine or taurineEnterohepatic circulationConjugated bile saltsSaltsAmino acidsCholic acidSecretionFatty acidsLithocholic acidMicrobialDeoxycholic acidSteroidLiverBiliarySynthesisGlycolithocholicHydrophobicOrganicDietaryFormBodyImportantProvideResultsConcentration of bile acidsTaurocholic acidAltered bile acid profilesMetabolismLithocholicBacterialTGR5PredominantlyChenodeoxycholic acidFecesMicrobiotaTauroursodeoxycholicGPBAR1MembraneMiceBacteriaPrimaryHormoneCellsWaterFunctionSizeTreatment
Either glycine or taurine3
  • Prior to secreting any of the bile acids (primary or secondary, see below), liver cells conjugate them with either glycine or taurine, to form a total of 8 possible conjugated bile acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Before the bile acids leave the liver, they are conjugated to a molecule of either glycine or taurine, producing the conjugated bile salts glycocholic or taurocholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic or taurochenodeoxycholic acid. (pharmacy180.com)
  • Bile acids are naturally coupled to either glycine or taurine in the liver to form bile salt conjugates. (thebileacidsexpert.com)
Enterohepatic circulation3
  • All four of these bile acids are recycled, in a process known as enterohepatic circulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • This enterohepatic circulation of bile acids allows a low rate of synthesis, only about 0.3g/day, but with large amounts being secreted into the intestine. (wikipedia.org)
  • More than 95% of the bile salts are efficiently reabsorbed in the intestinal ileum by a sodium-bile salt cotransporter, returned to the blood, and carried by albumin back to the liver where they are taken up by the hepatic form of the cotransporter and reused (enterohepatic circulation, which bile acid sequestrants reduce). (pharmacy180.com)
Conjugated bile salts2
  • As molecules with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, conjugated bile salts sit at the lipid/water interface and, above the right concentration, form micelles. (wikipedia.org)
  • The added solubility of conjugated bile salts aids in their function by preventing passive re-absorption in the small intestine. (wikipedia.org)
Salts14
  • Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine residues to give anions called bile salts. (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans, taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid (derivatives of cholic acid) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (derivatives of chenodeoxycholic acid) are the major bile salts. (wikipedia.org)
  • The salts of their 7-alpha-dehydroxylated derivatives, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, are also found, with derivatives of cholic, chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acids accounting for over 90% of human biliary bile acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Approximately 600 mg of bile salts are synthesized daily to replace bile acids lost in the feces, although, as described below, much larger amounts are secreted, reabsorbed in the gut and recycled. (wikipedia.org)
  • These conjugated bile acids are often referred to as bile salts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once secreted into the lumen of the intestine, bile salts are modified by gut bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result, the concentration of bile acids/salts in the small intestine is high enough to form micelles and solubilize lipids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cholesterol can be eliminated from the body either by conversion to bile salts or b y secretion into the bile. (pharmacy180.com)
  • Bile salts and phosphatidylcholine are quantitatively the most important organic components of bile. (pharmacy180.com)
  • Bile salts (deprotonated) are more amphipathic than bile acids (protonated) and, therefore, are more effective emulsifiers of dietary fat. (pharmacy180.com)
  • In the intestine, bacteria can remove the glycine and taurine and can remove a hydroxyl group from the steroid nucleus, producing the secondary bile salts, deoxycholic and lithocholic acids. (pharmacy180.com)
  • If more cholesterol enters the bile than can be solubilized by the available bile salts and phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol gallstone disease (cholelithiasis) can occur. (pharmacy180.com)
  • The bile salts are stored in the gall balder before being discharged in the duodenal lumen. (thebileacidsexpert.com)
  • Bile salts, they are amphipathic molecules and this property allows them to effectively emulsify lipids and fat soluble vitamins by forming micelles which aids digestion. (thebileacidsexpert.com)
Amino acids2
  • Conjugating bile acids with amino acids lowers the pKa of the bile-acid/amino-acid conjugate to between 1 and 4. (wikipedia.org)
  • ICE Pharma are able to supply these conjugates to a host of bile acids and we are able to conjugate alternative amino acids to provide custom products as required. (thebileacidsexpert.com)
Cholic acid5
Secretion2
  • An increased secretion of bile acids produces an increase in bile flow. (wikipedia.org)
  • About 95% of bile acids are reabsorbed by active transport in the ileum and recycled back to the liver for further secretion into the biliary system and gallbladder. (wikipedia.org)
Fatty acids6
  • Apo C-II activates endothelial lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which degrades the TAG in chylomicrons to fatty acids and glycerol. (pharmacy180.com)
  • The fatty acids that are released are stored (in the adipose) or used for energy (by the muscle). (pharmacy180.com)
  • Plasma parameters, gut microbiota, bile acid and short-chain fatty acids were analyzed to detect the improved effects and possible mechanisms. (ijpsonline.com)
  • and increased the short-chain fatty acids, especially acetic acid and butyric acid. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Results from our study indicated that the addition of capsaicin have better effects to reduce the weight, insulin and fasting blood glucose, and the possibly mechanism can be due to the changes in bile acid composition, microbial abundance and shortchain fatty acids. (ijpsonline.com)
  • In addition, dietary fiber can be fermented by gut microbes into Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs), which have beneficial effects on the gut barrier and can mitigate obesity by regulating the endocrine activity[ 8 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Lithocholic acid1
Microbial1
Deoxycholic acid1
  • The results showed that the addition of capsaicin further decreased the fasting blood glucose and insulin, and increased beta-muricholic acid, deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and 3 beta-ursodeoxycholic acid when compared to only high fiber diet. (ijpsonline.com)
Steroid1
  • Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
Liver3
Biliary1
  • Bile acids have other functions, including eliminating cholesterol from the body, driving the flow of bile to eliminate certain catabolites (including bilirubin), emulsifying fat-soluble vitamins to enable their absorption, and aiding in motility and the reduction of the bacteria flora found in the small intestine and biliary tract. (wikipedia.org)
Synthesis3
  • Synthesis of bile acids is a major route of cholesterol metabolism in most species other than humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • The body produces about 800 mg of cholesterol per day and about half of that is used for bile acid synthesis producing 400-600 mg daily. (wikipedia.org)
  • The rate-limiting step in bile acid synthesis is catalyzed by cholesterol-7-gα-hydroxylase, which is inhibited by bile acids. (pharmacy180.com)
Glycolithocholic1
  • The use of an integrated analysis showed that the reduction of plasma glycolithocholic acid and taurolithocholic acid could contribute to the immunosuppression of monocytes (CD14 + MON) during excessive lipolysis by decreasing the expression of GPBAR1 . (biomedcentral.com)
Hydrophobic1
  • Cholesterol is a hydrophobic compound, with a single hydroxyl group located at carbon 3 of the A ring, to which a fatty acid can be attached, producing an even more hydrophobic cholesteryl ester. (pharmacy180.com)
Organic1
Dietary1
  • Bile acids facilitate digestion of dietary fats and oils. (wikipedia.org)
Form2
  • The pKa of the unconjugated bile acids are between 5 and 6.5, and the pH of the duodenum ranges between 3 and 5, so when unconjugated bile acids are in the duodenum, they are almost always protonated (HA form), which makes them relatively insoluble in water. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus conjugated bile acids are almost always in their deprotonated (A-) form in the duodenum, which makes them much more water-soluble and much more able to fulfil their physiologic function of emulsifying fats. (wikipedia.org)
Body1
  • Bile acids also have hormonal actions throughout the body, particularly through the farnesoid X receptor and GPBAR1 (also known as TGR5). (wikipedia.org)
Important1
  • Maintaining bile acid (BA) homeostasis is important and regulated by BA activated receptors and signaling pathways. (aspetjournals.org)
Provide1
  • The goal of this minireview is to provide an update on the regulation of bile acid (BA) homeostasis by the nuclear receptor Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the effects on this regulation by exposure to environmental or therapeutic agents. (aspetjournals.org)
Results2
  • Bile acid-containing micelles aid lipases to digest lipids and bring them near the intestinal brush border membrane, which results in fat absorption. (wikipedia.org)
  • The results of metagenomic sequencing and targeted metabolome analysis together revealed that secondary bile acid (SBA) biosynthesis was significantly activated in the cows with excessive lipolysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Concentration of bile acids2
  • As a result, the concentration of bile acids/salts in the small intestine is high enough to form micelles and solubilize lipids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unfortunately, we do not know the concentration of bile acids that can reach the pancreatic ductal cells under pathological conditions. (pancreapedia.org)
Taurocholic acid2
Altered bile acid profiles2
  • We further demonstrated that LcS treatment suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and nitric oxide (NO), and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory mediator interleukin-10 (IL-10) in colon tissues, potentially as a result of altered bile acid profiles. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Distinguishing indirect effects of BBR on bacteria through altered bile acid profiles is particularly important in understanding how dietary nutraceuticals alter the microbiome. (researchsquare.com)
Metabolism5
  • Synthesis of bile acids is a major route of cholesterol metabolism in most species other than humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Altogether, we have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of LcS in DSS-induced colitis, providing new insights into its effect on bile acid metabolism and the related anti-inflammatory mechanisms. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • 37. Intestine farnesoid X receptor agonist and the gut microbiota activate G-protein bile acid receptor-1 signaling to improve metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • Overall, analysis of transcriptomes and correlation networks indicates both bacterial species-specific responses to BBR, as well as functional commonalities among species, such as up-regulation of Na + /H + antiporter, cell wall synthesis/repair, carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
  • Bile acids (BAs) are natural end products of cholesterol metabolism (12). (pancreapedia.org)
Lithocholic1
Bacterial2
  • Secondary bile acids result from bacterial actions in the colon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Multi-omics (bile acid metabolomics, 16S rDNA sequencing, cecal metatranscriptomics) were performed in order to provide a simple in vivo model from which to identify network-based correlations between bile acids and bacterial transcripts in the presence and absence of dietary BBR. (researchsquare.com)
TGR511
  • Bile acids also have hormonal actions throughout the body, particularly through the farnesoid X receptor and GPBAR1 (also known as TGR5). (wikipedia.org)
  • 23. Natural bear bile powder suppresses neuroinflammation in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice via regulating TGR5/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. (nih.gov)
  • 25. The G protein-coupled bile acid receptor, TGR5, stimulates gallbladder filling. (nih.gov)
  • 26. Reduction of epithelial secretion in male rat distal colonic mucosa by bile acid receptor TGR5 agonist, INT-777: role of submucosal neurons. (nih.gov)
  • 28. Bile Acid G Protein-Coupled Membrane Receptor TGR5 Modulates Aquaporin 2-Mediated Water Homeostasis. (nih.gov)
  • 32. Activation of the bile acid receptor TGR5 enhances LPS-induced inflammatory responses in a human monocytic cell line. (nih.gov)
  • 33. Gut microbiota-mediated secondary bile acids regulate dendritic cells to attenuate autoimmune uveitis through TGR5 signaling. (nih.gov)
  • 34. Activation of Transmembrane Bile Acid Receptor TGR5 Modulates Pancreatic Islet α Cells to Promote Glucose Homeostasis. (nih.gov)
  • 35. The membrane bile acid receptor TGR5 drives cell growth and migration via activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. (nih.gov)
  • 36. Circulating Bile Acids in Liver Failure Activate TGR5 and Induce Monocyte Dysfunction. (nih.gov)
  • 39. Activation of transmembrane bile acid receptor TGR5 stimulates insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells. (nih.gov)
Predominantly2
  • Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • 38. Bile Acids Trigger GLP-1 Release Predominantly by Accessing Basolaterally Located G Protein-Coupled Bile Acid Receptors. (nih.gov)
Chenodeoxycholic acid2
Feces1
Microbiota1
  • Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic progressive intestinal inflammatory disease, characterized by an altered gut microbiota composition and accompanying alterations in circulatory bile acids. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Tauroursodeoxycholic1
GPBAR11
  • 27. Bile acids evoke placental inflammation by activating Gpbar1/NF-κB pathway in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. (nih.gov)
Membrane1
  • Bile acid-containing micelles aid lipases to digest lipids and bring them near the intestinal brush border membrane, which results in fat absorption. (wikipedia.org)
Mice1
  • Additionally, LcS treatment modulated circulating bile acid profiles in colitic mice. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Bacteria1
  • Bile acids have other functions, including eliminating cholesterol from the body, driving the flow of bile to eliminate certain catabolites (including bilirubin), emulsifying fat-soluble vitamins to enable their absorption, and aiding in motility and the reduction of the bacteria flora found in the small intestine and biliary tract. (wikipedia.org)
Primary1
  • Moreover, LcS treatment exhibited a suppressive effect on the hydroxylated primary bile acids α-muricholic acid (α-MCA) and β-muricholic acid (β-MCA). (liverpool.ac.uk)
Hormone1
Cells2
  • It has been shown that one of the most toxic BAs to acinar cells is the secondary BA, taurolithocholic acid (TLC) that forms from LCA after re-absorption from the intestine. (pancreapedia.org)
  • In contrast to acinar cells, the role of pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (PDECs) in the pathogenesis of biliary AP has received much less attention, despite being the first pancreatic cell type exposed to the refluxed bile. (pancreapedia.org)
Water2
  • The pKa of the unconjugated bile acids are between 5 and 6.5, and the pH of the duodenum ranges between 3 and 5, so when unconjugated bile acids are in the duodenum, they are almost always protonated (HA form), which makes them relatively insoluble in water. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus conjugated bile acids are almost always in their deprotonated (A-) form in the duodenum, which makes them much more water-soluble and much more able to fulfil their physiologic function of emulsifying fats. (wikipedia.org)
Function1
  • Critical micellar concentration" refers to both an intrinsic property of the bile acid itself and amount of bile acid necessary to function in the spontaneous and dynamic formation of micelles. (wikipedia.org)
Size1
  • The bile acid pool size is between 4-6 g, which means that bile acids are recycled several times each day. (wikipedia.org)
Treatment1
  • Bile acid concentrations in the GI tract increased significantly during BBR treatment and developed extensive correlation networks with expressed genes in the B4PC2 community. (researchsquare.com)