Science somatic cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

In genetics and developmental biology, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a laboratory strategy for creating a viable embryo from a body cell and an egg cell. (wikipedia.org)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a technique for cloning in which the nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred to the cytoplasm of an enucleated egg. (wikipedia.org)
The process of somatic cell nuclear transfer involves two different cells. (wikipedia.org)
Somatic cell nuclear transplantation has become a focus of study in stem cell research. (wikipedia.org)
In the United States, scientists at the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, the University of California San Francisco, the Oregon Health & Science University, Stemagen (La Jolla, CA) and possibly Advanced Cell Technology are currently researching a technique to use somatic cell nuclear transfer to produce embryonic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
Here we describe the cloning of two Afghan hounds by nuclear transfer from adult skin cells into oocytes that had matured in vivo . (nature.com)
Successful somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) depends on the quality, availability and maturation of the animal's unfertilized oocytes. (nature.com)
Figure 1: Dog cloned by somatic-cell nuclear transfer. (nature.com)
Scientists have isolated the first human embryonic stem cell lines specifically tailored to match the nuclear DNA of patients, both males and females of various ages, suffering from disease or spinal cord injury. (scienceblog.com)
Each of the 11 new human embryonic stem cell lines was created by transferring the nuclear genetic material from a non-reproductive cell of a patient into a donated egg, or "oocyte," whose nucleus had been removed. (scienceblog.com)
This method is called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" or SCNT. (scienceblog.com)
Currently, the procedure for isolating non-reproductive cells for the nuclear transfer method involves animal enzymes and serum. (scienceblog.com)
From the 185 donated oocytes, endowed with the genetic material from a different person (or in one case, the same person), the researchers report development of 31 hollow balls of cells called "human nuclear-transfer blastocysts. (scienceblog.com)
From the 31 nuclear-transfer blastocysts, the scientists derived 11 stem cell lines. (scienceblog.com)
The single cell line generated in the 2004 Science paper resulted from nuclear transfer in which the oocyte and non-reproductive ("somatic") cell came from the same healthy female. (scienceblog.com)
The ten additional new lines resulted from nuclear transfer with skin cells of males or females and oocytes from biologically-unrelated females. (scienceblog.com)
For the most part, cloning is achieved through a process known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (syfy.com)
Cloning by nuclear transfer using mammalian somatic cells has enormous potential application. (biomedcentral.com)
Because cattle are a species widely used for nuclear transfer studies, and more laboratories have succeeded in cloning cattle than any other specie, this review will be focused on somatic cell cloning of cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
Somatic cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Various strategies have been employed to modify donor cells and the nuclear transfer procedure in attempts to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
These observations suggest that further studies on nuclear reprogramming are needed in order to understand the underlying mechanisms of reprogramming and significantly improve the ability of the differentiated somatic nuclei to be reprogrammed. (biomedcentral.com)
The most infamous study of embryonic stem cells asserted that cloned human embryos had been created via somatic cell nuclear transfer, and stem cells had been generated from these embryos. (citizendium.org)
If research involving human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is to achieve its potential for creating breakthrough medical therapies, additional new cell lines should be created, and therapeutic cloning--or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)--should be employed, according to an expert panel of the National Academy of Sciences. (the-scientist.com)
체세포 핵 치환 (Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, SCNT)은 난자 의 핵 을 제거한 후에, 체세포 의 핵을 이식하여 복제 를 하는 기술을 말한다. (wikipedia.org)
Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)
if it implants and the pregnancy goes to term, the resulting individual will carry the same nuclear genetic material as the donor of the adult somatic cell. (who.int)
However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)
Scientists were initially interested in somatic-cell nuclear transfer as a means of determining whether genes remain functional even after most of them have been switched off as the cells in a developing organism assume their specialized functions as blood cells, muscle cells, and so forth. (who.int)
Cell reprogramming can be achieved experimentally in different ways, including nuclear transfer, cell fusion or expression of transcription factors. (lu.se)
2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)

Germline mutations are more harmful than mutations in somatic cells? (physicsforums.com)
And cells get mutations in their DNA, including the parts they don't use/express, right? (physicsforums.com)
And what about mutations in germline cells? (physicsforums.com)
Mutations can kill or not kill the cells they are in, depending on the details of the mutation and the cell. (physicsforums.com)
Mutations in somatic cells can have a relatively quick negative effect on an organism, possibly including death. (physicsforums.com)
Cancer is due to somatic mutations in the cells that are cancerous. (physicsforums.com)
Mutations in germline cells may not kill the germline cells immediately, but could have negative effects on an offspring generated from a germline cell carrying a mutation. (physicsforums.com)
Suggested for: Germline mutations are more harmful than mutations in somatic cells? (physicsforums.com)
The flow cytometry-based Pig-a assay detects cells deficient in Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (or GPI)-anchored surface markers and provides a rapid and cost-effective enumeration of cells that are presumed to contain mutations in the endogenous X-linked Pig-a gene. (fda.gov)
Another research area that interests Dr. Revollo is the direct detection of somatic mutations. (fda.gov)
Somatic mutations are genetic alterations in cells that increase cancer risk. (fda.gov)
Dr. Revollo is developing NGS methods capable of directly and efficiently identifying somatic mutations in the whole genome - in any tissue, and in any species, or any established cell culture - without the need for selecting and expanding cells that have mutations in only a few specific reporter genes. (fda.gov)
About 90% of breast cancer cases are the result of one or more mutations incurred during the cell division process in the breast tissue. (wdxcyber.com)
Science hasn't figured out exactly what causes these mutations. (wdxcyber.com)
these cells don't experience the same accumulation of mutations after birth because they don't replicate as much. (cosmosmagazine.com)
This means that the genetic mutations that amass between identical twins is really dependent on how and when those cells are assigned jobs. (cosmosmagazine.com)
The accumulation of mutations is a function of the number of cell divisions, regardless of whether the mutation is induced by cell division or DNA damage before cell division," the researchers write. (cosmosmagazine.com)
However, less commonly, mutations in CCDN2 and CCDN3 have also been identified in cases of mantle cell lymphoma lacking the t(11;14) translocation. (wikidoc.org)
The IDH1 gene mutations that cause Maffucci syndrome are somatic, which means they occur during a person's lifetime and are not inherited. (medlineplus.gov)
IDH1 gene mutations have been found in some cells of enchondromas and hemangiomas in people with Maffucci syndrome, as well as in the bone marrow or blood of a few affected individuals. (medlineplus.gov)
As in Maffucci syndrome, the IDH1 gene mutations that cause Ollier disease are somatic gain-of-function mutations and are thought to occur early in development, resulting in mosaicism. (medlineplus.gov)
IDH1 gene mutations have been found in enchondroma cells in most people with Ollier disease, but the relationship between the mutations and the signs and symptoms of the disorder is not well understood. (medlineplus.gov)
The IDH1 gene mutations involved in CN-AML are somatic mutations, found only in cells that become cancerous. (medlineplus.gov)
Instead of becoming normal mature cells, immature blood cells with somatic IDH1 gene mutations divide uncontrollably, leading to CN-AML. (medlineplus.gov)
It is unknown why somatic IDH1 gene mutations can result in these various disorders. (medlineplus.gov)
The PCR-based technique can be used to analyze a wide variety of germ-line and somatic mutations, such as sickle-cell anemia. (brighthub.com)
Tobacco smoking is linked to "stop-gain mutations" (SGMs) that interfere with the formation of tumor suppressor genes, which help keep abnormal cells in check, new research suggests . (medscape.com)
These SGM mutations frequently affect cancer tumor suppressor genes such as TP53 , FAT1 , and APC , keeping them from fully forming to produce proteins that prevent abnormal cells from growing and causing cancer. (medscape.com)
As we start to have more detailed environmental and lifestyle profiles of the patients in large cancer genomics datasets, we will be able to learn more about how mutations arise and how exactly these alter cells," he added. (medscape.com)

The genetic material of the donor egg cell is removed and discarded, leaving it 'deprogrammed. (wikipedia.org)
In their new paper, Science author Woo Suk Hwang from Seoul National University in Seoul, Korea and colleagues replaced the nuclei from donated oocytes with nuclei from skin cells from male and female patients, ranging in age from 2 to 56, who had spinal cord injuries, juvenile diabetes and the genetic disease "congenital hypogamma-globulinemia. (scienceblog.com)
Current genetic toxicology assays can only estimate somatic-mutation rates by assaying the function of certain gene markers (e.g. (fda.gov)
The colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence has provided a paradigmatic framework for understanding the successive somatic genetic changes and consequent clonal expansions that lead to cancer1. (cam.ac.uk)
As the cells multiply, they can split into two individuals before they become embryos that have exactly the same genetic material (or so we thought). (cosmosmagazine.com)
For each parity, genetic and phenotypic correlations with somatic cells were higher for protein percentage than for fat percentage. (umn.edu)
Of even more concern would be the use of somatic cell gene therapies that are purposefully and deceptively used to change the genetic makeup of the patient's future progeny who would continue to carry the "foreign" gene - all done under the guise of treating the somatic cells of a particular patient to "cure" his/her disease. (lifeissues.net)
Second, the same genetic engineering process can be used with germ line cells of the patient as the specific target. (lifeissues.net)
Inherited genetic effects pertain to somatic and germ cell DNA transmitted through mitosis or meiosis, respectively. (cdc.gov)
Results from animal studies suggest that genetic damage in somatic and germ cells is dependent upon the metabolism of AA to GA by Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E) (Clin Chem, 2016). (cdc.gov)

Controversy surrounds human ESC work due to the destruction of viable human embryos, leading scientists to seek alternative methods of obtaining pluripotent stem cells, SCNT is one such method. (wikipedia.org)
For example, if a person with Parkinson's disease donated their somatic cells, the stem cells resulting from SCNT would have genes that contribute to Parkinson's disease. (wikipedia.org)
Another application of SCNT stem cell research is using the patient specific stem cell lines to generate tissues or even organs for transplant into the specific patient. (wikipedia.org)
Only a handful of the labs in the world are currently using SCNT techniques in human stem cell research. (wikipedia.org)
For SCNT, the chromosomes of the unfertilized canine oocytes were removed by micromanipulation, and a single donor cell was transferred into each enucleated oocyte. (nature.com)

This gives them the ability to create patient specific pluripotent cells, which could then be used in therapies or disease research. (wikipedia.org)
Together with earlier studies demonstrating delivery to the brain or T cells suggest a future possibility of highly targeted gene editing therapies. (eurekalert.org)
and (3) the use of gene therapies that specifically target germ line cells for eugenic purposes. (lifeissues.net)
Second, there have been scientific studies documenting the fact that not only the somatic cells but also the germ line cells of the patient can be accidentally infected in the process of using somatic cell gene therapies. (lifeissues.net)
Our approach will enable researchers to easily engineer and reprogramme human stem cells to generate cell types for cell replacement therapies in humans. (sciencedaily.com)
The emergent ability to directly reprogram somatic cells into desired hematopoietic cell-types is opening avenues to the discovery of new therapies for immune and blood diseases. (lu.se)
The data presented in this thesis may serve as valuable resources to help optimize future cell replacement therapies for patients suffering from PD. (lu.se)

The technique consists of taking an denucleated oocyte (egg cell) and implanting a donor nucleus from a somatic (body) cell. (wikipedia.org)
Oocyte donors and patients who donated non-reproductive cells were all unpaid volunteers. (scienceblog.com)
In a Science "Policy Forum" related to the team's latest findings, David Magnus and Mildred Cho from Stanford University in Palo Alto, CA discuss international oversight and ethical issues in oocyte donation, including the need to promote realistic expectations of the outcomes of stem cell research. (scienceblog.com)
A matured oocyte (c) is then enucleated (d) and a donor cell is transferred into the enucleated oocyte (e). (biomedcentral.com)
The somatic cell and the oocyte is then fused (f) and the embryos is allowed to develop to a blastocyst in vitro (g). (biomedcentral.com)

Stem cells can then be obtained by the destruction of this clone embryo for use in therapeutic cloning or in the case of reproductive cloning the clone embryo is implanted into a host mother for further development and brought to term. (wikipedia.org)
Somatic gene therapy represents mainstream basic and clinical research, in which therapeutic DNA (either integrated in the genome or as an external episome or plasmid) is used to treat disease. (omicsonline.org)
One of the next preclinical steps, according to the authors, is to evaluate, in the lab, differentiated patient-specific human embryonic stem cell lines for immune-system tolerance, therapeutic efficacy and safety. (scienceblog.com)
The use of the pluripotent and/or self-renewing qualities of stem cells is believed to have therapeutic benefits for the regeneration of tissue in humans. (citizendium.org)
Human embryos fertilized in the ordinary manner and harvested in the blastocyst stage have been used as an extensive source of stem cells for research purposes, and have been shown to possess therapeutic value in laboratory animals. (citizendium.org)
5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
This cell then has therapeutic cloning: the global the capacity to divide and grow into an exact replica of the original from whom the debate somatic cell was taken. (who.int)
Direct neuronal reprogramming of a somatic cell into therapeutic neurons, without a transient pluripotent state, provides new promise for the large number of individuals afflicted by neurodegenerative diseases or brain injury. (lu.se)

The importance of independent 3â UTR RNA (referred as I3â UTR) was prompted by results of artificially introducing such RNA species into malignant mammalian cells. (omicsonline.org)
Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. (springer.com)

After the somatic cell transfers, the cytoplasmic factors affect the nucleus to become a zygote. (wikipedia.org)
After being inserted into the egg, the somatic cell nucleus is reprogrammed by its host egg cell. (wikipedia.org)
The ovum, now containing the somatic cell's nucleus, is stimulated with a shock and will begin to divide. (wikipedia.org)
The technique involves removing the nucleus of an egg cell and replacing it with a somatic (body) cell from the animal you want to clone. (syfy.com)
Anderson, L. and Caldwell, M.A. (2007) Human neural progenitor cell transplants into the subthalamic nucleus lead to functional recovery in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. (scirp.org)
There are two types of cells: the eukaryote cells that contain a nucleus and prokaryote cells that don't have a nucleus. (differencebetween.net)
The nucleus of an adult somatic cell (such as a skin cell) is removed and transferred to an enucleated egg, which is then stimulated with electric current or chemicals to activate cell division. (who.int)
When the nucleus of a stem cell has been the technique of cloning. (who.int)
The con- is removed and replaced by a nucleus of cept of human cloning has long been in the another cell type, the stem cell will then imagination of many scientists, scholars and be reprogrammed to produce the product fiction writers [ 1 ]. (who.int)

We have successfully used a DNA.cDNA molecular hybridization assay to directly determine the presence or absence of human beta globin gene sequences in 20 human-mouse somatic cell hybrids, each of which contained a different subset of human chromosomes. (eurekamag.com)
Pluripotent teratocarcinoma-thymus somatic cell hybrids. (springer.com)

Cellular reprogramming is a new and rapidly emerging field in which somatic cells can be turned into pluripotent stem cells or other somatic cell types simply by the expression of specific combinations of genes. (lu.se)
The resulting cells are nonproliferating and present an alternative to induced pluripotent stem cells for obtaining patient- and disease-specific neurons to be used for disease modeling and for development of cell therapy. (lu.se)
article{4b5db5d0-c1b6-463c-9ca2-f61b01429744, abstract = {{Cellular reprogramming is a new and rapidly emerging field in which somatic cells can be turned into pluripotent stem cells or other somatic cell types simply by the expression of specific combinations of genes. (lu.se)
Firstly, we present a robust 2-week protocol for the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into forebrain neural progenitor cells. (lu.se)
These progenitors which are derived from either embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or healthy induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) express wild-type levels of a-syn, thus making them equally susceptible to developing Lewy bodies over time. (lu.se)

The disease specific stem cell lines could then be studied in order to better understand the condition. (wikipedia.org)
This intermediate (I)-ProSG subset translocates from the center of seminiferous tubules to the spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) 'niche' in its periphery soon after birth. (biologists.com)
The stem cell field witnessed a genuine breakthrough when a combination of solely four transcription factors ( Oct3 / 4 , Sox2 , Klf4 and c-Myc, OSKM ) proved enough to revert, in vitro, the differentiated status of a variety of cell types back to pluripotency, giving rise to so-called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. (springer.com)
Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. (springer.com)
Evans MD, Kelley J. US attitudes toward human embryonic stem cell research. (springer.com)
Cell Stem Cell. (springer.com)
The stem cell lines produced from patients with disease will likely display characteristics of the disease, so they will probably not be appropriate for direct use in treating patients. (scienceblog.com)
The Korean researchers who performed this stem cell research improved upon their protocols that yielded the first embryonic stem cell line from a cloned human blastocyst. (scienceblog.com)
The researchers generated these stem cell lines ten times more efficiently than in their 2004 Science study, using improved laboratory methods. (scienceblog.com)
When a stem cell is allocated a cell type it will replicate and divide, and the cells born from it will have mostly the same genome and programming. (cosmosmagazine.com)
The term stem cell is generally used to describe cells that are totipotent , pluripotent , or multipotent . (citizendium.org)
The term stem cell is also used in reference to any adult cells that are capable of assisting in the restoration of adult tissue via self-renewal. (citizendium.org)
After sixteen weeks, the injured mice who received human stem cell injections experienced a significant improvement in the motor functions that had been impaired by their injuries. (citizendium.org)
However, supporters of embryonic stem cell research frequently contend that even the comparison to abortion is inappropriate, since while a several month old fetus might have sufficient neurological development to be conscious in some meaningful sense, a human embryo in the blastocyst stage has so little development that one can safely conclude that it cannot exist as a conscious being. (citizendium.org)
Adult stem cells hold great promise in mitigating much of the ethical debate over embryonic stem cell use. (citizendium.org)
Given the promise of stem cell research for treating and perhaps curing a variety of debilitating diseases, our committee felt strongly that research not be limited, but include work on both human adult and embryonic stem cells," stated committee chair Bert Vogelstein , professor of oncology and pathology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, in. (the-scientist.com)
Stem Cell Discovery , 1 , 29-43. (scirp.org)
By adding two protein factors to the current mix of four, scientists brought about dramatic improvement in the efficiency of reprogramming and the robustness of stem cell development. (sciencedaily.com)
By adding two further regulatory factors, Liu and co-workers brought about a dramatic improvement in the efficiency of reprogramming and the robustness of stem cell development. (sciencedaily.com)
Background: Recent studies have associated the transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog as parts of a self-regulating network which is responsible for maintaining embryonic stem cell properties: self renewal and pluripotency. (lu.se)
The model also predicts that reprogramming the network from a differentiated state, in particular the endoderm state, into a stem cell state, is best achieved by over-expressing Nanog, rather than by suppression of differentiation genes such as Gata-6. (lu.se)
It provides a framework to explore strategies of reprogramming a cell from a differentiated state to a stem cell state through directed perturbations. (lu.se)
Such an approach is highly relevant to regenerative medicine since it allows for a rapid search over the host of possibilities for reprogramming to a stem cell state. (lu.se)
Citation: Chickarmane V, Peterson C (2008) A Computational Model for Understanding Stem Cell, Trophectoderm and Endoderm Lineage Determination. (lu.se)
At the core of the network reside Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog, into embryonic stem cells [1,2,3,4,5], have made major inroads which form a self-organized core of the TFs maintaining into stem cell biology. (lu.se)
A computational model of master regulators that are required for successful reprogramming the dynamics of this core network has revealed that it functions as of a differentiated cell into a cell exhibiting stem cell like a bistable switch, which in the on state, corresponds to all these properties. (lu.se)
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Somatic Cells' (2007), by Junying Yu et al. (asu.edu)
On 2 December 2007, Science published a report on creating human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from human somatic cells: "Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Somatic Cells. (asu.edu)
In addition, because the cells do not pass a stem cell intermediate, direct neural conversion has the potential to be performed in vivo. (lu.se)
One of the greatest controversies triggered tissue, a stem cell encoding for heart tissue by the rapid pace of evolution in biology, will eventually develop into heart tissue particularly in genomics and biotechnology, and so on. (who.int)
Today, clinical trials using stem cell-derived dopaminergic progenitors have commenced. (lu.se)

The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from differentiating endoderm cells of Xenopus laevis. (springer.com)
The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from intestinal epithelium cells of feeding tadpoles. (springer.com)
The developmental capacity of nuclei transplanted from keratinized skin cells of adult frogs. (springer.com)
Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs' eggs. (springer.com)
These developmental defects have been attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the somatic nuclei by the cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
In other words, mitosis divides the cell into two daughter nuclei while binary fission divides the cell to form two duplicate cells. (differencebetween.net)
For mitosis, cells undergo a series of stages in order for them to divide into daughter nuclei. (differencebetween.net)

Bartlomiej Swiatczak - 2023 - History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 45 (8):1-27. (philpapers.org)

Mar. 25, 2022 Researchers have identified key factors that promote the reprogramming of human stem cells to the naïve state, which can be used to model the earliest stages of development. (sciencedaily.com)
Translational vision science & technology 2022 9 11 (9): 30. (cdc.gov)

The resulting cells would be genetically identical to the somatic cell donor, thus avoiding any complications from immune system rejection. (wikipedia.org)

She has a Bachelor of Liberal Arts and Science (Honours) in biology and philosophy from the University of Sydney, and a PhD in plant molecular genetics from the University of Adelaide. (cosmosmagazine.com)
The challenge when altering the genetics of our cells, however, is how to do it safely, effectively, and specifically targeted to the gene, tissue and organ that needs treatment. (eurekalert.org)

These cells genetically matched the donor organism from which they came. (wikipedia.org)
Donor fibroblasts were obtained from an ear-skin biopsy of a male Afghan hound and cultured for two to five passages (in which fully grown cells are transferred to a new culture dish). (nature.com)
Cells are collected from donor (a) and cultured in vitro (b). (biomedcentral.com)
Most of these efforts are focused on donor cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Sequencing normal colorectal cells provides quantitative insights into the genomic and clonal evolution of cancer. (cam.ac.uk)

For underage donors of non-reproductive cells, both parents signed informed-consent agreements. (scienceblog.com)

Establishment of germ-line-competent embryonic stem (ES) cells using differentiation inhibiting activity. (springer.com)
That is, "foreign" genes can be purposefully introduced into the germ line (reproductive) cells of the patient by means of such vectors, the reason being to genetically "enhance" or engineer the future progeny of the patient. (lifeissues.net)

However, binary fission or prokaryotic fission involves prokaryotic cells wherein the growth of the daughter cell is much like that of the parent cell. (differencebetween.net)
The whole idea of cell division which involves either mitosis or binary fission is a very particular matter. (differencebetween.net)

Researchers have announced a new technique to reprogram human cells into stem cells. (sciencedaily.com)
Researchers from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute have announced a new technique to reprogram human cells, such as skin cells, into stem cells. (sciencedaily.com)

Using single-cell RNA sequencing (RNAseq), we studied the development of ProSG, their SG descendants and testicular somatic cells during the perinatal period in mice. (biologists.com)
Melatonergic receptors were also described in testicular macrophages and mast cells of infertile patients. (preprints.org)
Whereas melatonin exerts anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects on testicular macrophages, it provides protective effects against oxidative stress in testicular mast cells. (preprints.org)

Cross-species transplantation was possible without the rejection of the human embryonic stem cells by the mice's immune systems because the mice were genetically modified to suppress certain immune responses that would have interfered with transplantation. (citizendium.org)

Phenotypic correlations of somatic cells and yield were negative. (umn.edu)

Development will ensue normally and after many mitotic divisions, the single cell forms a blastocyst (an early stage embryo with about 100 cells) with an identical genome to the original organism (i.e. a clone). (wikipedia.org)
These cells are deemed to have a pluripotent potential because they have the ability to give rise to all of the tissues found in an adult organism. (wikipedia.org)
Originating in the work of Ernst Haeckel and Wilhelm Preyer, and advanced by a Prussian embryologist, Wilhelm Roux, the idea of struggle for existence between body parts helped to establish a framework, in which population cell dynamics rather than a predefined harmony guides adaptive changes in an organism. (philpapers.org)
Despite its promising start, the idea of somatic evolution lost its appeal at the turn of the twentieth century giving way to a vision, in which an organism operates as a genetically uniform, harmonious entity. (philpapers.org)
A cell is the smallest, functional unit in any organism either a single-celled or multicellular organism. (differencebetween.net)
Both life processes increase the number of cells which is comparable to the growth of the organism. (differencebetween.net)

We also molecularly defined the development of Sertoli, Leydig and peritubular myoid cells during the perinatal period, allowing us to identify candidate signaling pathways acting between somatic and germ cells in a stage-specific manner during the perinatal period. (biologists.com)
It is involved in p53 pathways and is implicated in cell death/survival signaling, the cell cycle, and differentiation, thereby playing a regulatory role in carcinogenesis [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)

We identified both gene and protein markers for three temporally distinct ProSG cell subsets, including a migratory cell population with a transcriptome distinct from the previously defined T1- and T2-ProSG stages. (biologists.com)
Then, the C/EBP 3â UTR was found to directly inhibit the phosphorylation activity of protein kinase CPKC in SMMC-7721, a hepatocarcinoma cell line. (omicsonline.org)
and cell differentiation ( SOX2 and TGFB3 ) as well as immunohistochemical assay for VEGFA, TP53, Bcl2, TGFB1, and Ki67 protein expression have been performed in 85 FFPE RCC tumor specimens. (hindawi.com)
The team's technology produced reprogrammed cells after just four days, compared to the seven days required for the four-protein approach. (sciencedaily.com)
A complex of RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR 4 (RALF4) and its cell wall-anchored LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT EXTENSIN 8 (LRX8)-interacting protein is crucial for cell wall integrity during pollen tube growth, but its molecular connection with the cell wall is unknown. (bvsalud.org)
We show that human and chimpanzee cells differentiate in a similar man¬ner and that the difference in interspecies protein abundance is higher than transcript-level differences, suggesting that post-transcriptional mechanisms play a role in the difference between human and chim¬panzee brain development. (lu.se)
10%. In the remaining 10% of children with lecular weight protein found on the surface nephrotic syndrome, it is largely mediated of all nucleated cells which synthesize it. (who.int)

Journal of Dairy Science , 73 (2), 494-502. (umn.edu)
2007-2009: Section Editor (Physiology and Management),Journal of Dairy Science. (psu.edu)

Totipotent cells have the capacity to differentiate to all cell types, including somatic cells, germ cells, and certain cells that exist outside the embryo and are important to fetal development that are termed extraembryonic cells. (citizendium.org)

In a study published today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , they have shown that they can use the lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to efficiently deliver the CRISPR machinery into the liver of mice, resulting in specific genome editing and the reduction of blood cholesterol levels by as much as 57% -- a reduction that can last for at least several months with just one shot. (eurekalert.org)
Because the in vitro potency of an LNP formulation rarely reflects its in vivo performance, they directly evaluated the delivery specificity and efficacy in mice that have a reporter gene in their cells that lights up red when genome editing occurs. (eurekalert.org)

In addition, researchers must develop methods to efficiently direct the differentiation of embryonic stem cells to specific stable cell types. (scienceblog.com)

The Life Sciences (Biological and Agricultural) Major provides a strong foundation in the basic biological sciences. (mcgill.ca)
Default Specialization: Students who do not select a Specialization will automatically be assigned to the Life Sciences (Multidisciplinary) Specialization upon entering U2. (mcgill.ca)

A potential use of stem cells genetically matched to a patient would be to create cell lines that have genes linked to a patient's particular disease. (wikipedia.org)
The assay is specific for the individual human globin genes and will detect the presence of a globin gene if the relevant chromosome is present in only 10% of the cells of a hybrid population. (eurekamag.com)
Activation of muscle-specific genes in pigment, nerve, fat, liver, and fibroblast cell lines by forced expression of MyoD. (springer.com)
An aberrant miRNA expression could contribute to cancer development and progression [ 6 , 7 ] and could affect their target genes that are involved in many biological processes, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and development [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Key indicators of successfully reprogrammed cells, Oct4 and Rex-1 genes, were seen to be switched on much faster in a much higher number of cells, demonstrating increased efficiency in reprogramming. (sciencedaily.com)
The fact that the DNA of a fully differentiated (adult) cell could be stimulated to revert to a condition comparable to that of a newly fertilized egg and to repeat the process of embryonic development demonstrates that all the genes in differentiated cells retain their functional capacity, although only a few are active. (who.int)

if a germline cell have a mutation that mutation will end up in the cells of the baby and at least one type of the baby's cells will express the mutated gene and the mutation can have an impact on the baby. (physicsforums.com)
Generally, yes, because, as you said, a mutation in the germline would be passed on to every cell in the offspring. (physicsforums.com)
So a mutation that degrades ATP production would harm only a single somatic cell, whereas in germline cells it can cause systemic, chronic, and potentially lethal birth defects in offspring. (physicsforums.com)
We have two different types of cell lines: somatic and germline. (cosmosmagazine.com)
This mostly happens to somatic cells, but at this stage it can happen to the germline ones too, albeit at a very low frequency. (cosmosmagazine.com)

Effects of Omnigen-AF supplementation on body temperature, milk production, and somatic cell count in lactating dairy cows. (oregonstate.edu)

this approach has been championed as an answer to the many issues concerning embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and the destruction of viable embryos for medical use, though questions remain on how homologous the two cell types truly are. (wikipedia.org)
The mutation would be inherited by all the somatic cells of the new offspring and could affect any of the cell types the particular mutation might be able to affect. (physicsforums.com)
The two key somatic cell types in the testis, Leydig and Sertoli cells, express melatonergic receptors. (preprints.org)
Hwang and colleagues report that the cells are chromosomally normal, self-renewing and "pluripotent" - meaning they have the ability to form the three major types of cells in the early embryo that give rise to all other cells in the body. (scienceblog.com)
Pluripotent cells may differentiate to cells of most types, and multipotent cells are capable only of differentiating to certain types within a group of cells that perform similar functions. (citizendium.org)
It is also found in cellular structures called peroxisomes, which are small sacs within cells that process many types of molecules. (medlineplus.gov)
There are two types of cell division: sexual cell division and the asexual cell division. (differencebetween.net)
Two-color immunofluorescence staining was also performed using antibodies against Foxo3a and markers for three types of inflammatory cells: neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes. (go.jp)
This revealed that Foxo3a was expressed in all three cell types in periapical granulomas but not in healthy gingival tissues. (go.jp)
Foxo3a was expressed in 82.1%, 78.3%, and 77.5% of neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes, respectively, and statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Steel-Dwass test showed no significant difference of Foxo3a expression among the three cell types. (go.jp)

Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are a hallmark of mantle cell lymphoma and may also be involved in its pathogenesis . (wikidoc.org)
Our approach focuses on Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) for their remarkable regenerative potential and Dendritic Cells (DCs) as key orchestrators of immunity. (lu.se)

Developmental defects, including abnormalities in cloned fetuses and placentas, in addition to high rates of pregnancy loss and neonatal death have been encountered by every research team studying somatic cloning. (biomedcentral.com)
Developmental lesions such as heterotopia of meningothelial cells in the scalp are believed to be the origin of meningiomas under the scalp and skin of the head. (medscape.com)

A somatic mutation occurs in a single cell. (medlineplus.gov)
Mitosis commonly occurs in somatic cells of multicellular organisms. (differencebetween.net)

These are then fused by inserting the somatic cell into the 'empty' ovum. (wikipedia.org)
Reproductive cloning versus germ cell (egg, ovum). (who.int)

This research is a milestone in human stem cells," explains Wei Wang, first author on the research from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . (sciencedaily.com)

A) shows human embryonic stem cells. (citizendium.org)
This result suggests that the observed increase in motor function was indeed produced by neurons derived from the human embryonic stem cells. (citizendium.org)
Properly controlled, adequately sized studies have yet to demonstrate that human embryonic stem cells have medical value in humans. (citizendium.org)
Ethical objections to the use of human embryonic stem cells revolve around the destruction of human embryos in the blastocyst stage to obtain the stem cells. (citizendium.org)

While cloning is still largely the stuff of science fiction, we've actually got a pretty good handle on the science of it. (syfy.com)
However, somatic cloning has been inefficient in all species in which live clones have been produced. (biomedcentral.com)
Schematic diagram of the somatic cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
However, it appears that the ability of the In its simplest form, cloning is defined stem cells to transform is limited, except as the exact replication of cells. (who.int)
This paper outlines the debates prompted through a reproduction mechanism involv- by progress in cloning research, with special ing male and female germ cells. (who.int)

The NADPH produced from isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 is involved in the breakdown of fats for energy, and it also protects cells from potentially harmful molecules called reactive oxygen species. (medlineplus.gov)

[ 4 , 5 ] are small perivascular nodules that are histologically and ultrastructurally identical to meningothelial cells of the CNS. (medscape.com)

But every time a cell replicates, there is a chance a mutation will occur. (cosmosmagazine.com)
The researchers speculate that the effect may last much longer than that, perhaps limited only by the slow turnover of cells in the liver, which can occur over a period of about a year. (eurekalert.org)

The landscape of somatic mutation in normal colorectal epithelial cells. (cam.ac.uk)

The effects of dry-off therapy on milk somatic cell count in Saanen go" by AYHAN BAŞTAN, SEÇKİN SALAR et al. (tubitak.gov.tr)
The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of dry-off antibiotic therapy and teat sealant on somatic cell count (SCC) in Saanen goats. (tubitak.gov.tr)
Somatic cell therapy is viewed as a more conservative, safer approach because it affects only the targeted cells in the patient, and is not passed on to future generations. (omicsonline.org)
Such single gene disorders are good candidates for somatic cell therapy. (omicsonline.org)
This is called "recombinant-DNA somatic cell gene transfer" or therapy, the point being that the targets are the diseased somatic cells of the patient. (lifeissues.net)
The use of olfactory progenitors as a cell-based therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) would allow harvest without invasive surgery, provide an autologous cell population, eliminate need for immunosuppression and avoid the ethical concerns associated with embryonic tissues. (scirp.org)
Because of this local degeneration of a relatively small population of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain, PD has been considered an especially interesting candidate for cell-replacement therapy. (lu.se)
Transplantations of fetal tissue in the 1980s and 1990s provided proof-of-concept for the potential of cell replacement therapy for PD and some patients benefitted greatly from their transplants. (lu.se)
The overall aim of this thesis has been to assess the potential of autologous grafting in cell replacement therapy for PD. (lu.se)
Next, in order to study the potential of autologous cell replacement therapy we transplanted progenitors derived from a PD patient into a pre-clinical rat model. (lu.se)

The blastocyst stage is developed by the egg to help create embryonic stem cells from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. (wikipedia.org)
Stem cells were then derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. (scienceblog.com)
Such tissue renewal may be accomplished via the use of adult stem cells, or embryonic stem cells, which may be derived from a human embryo in the blastocyst stage. (citizendium.org)
The use of embryonic stem cells has been a source of considerable controversy due to its sacrifice of human embryos in the blastocyst stage, which some people view as the destruction of human life . (citizendium.org)

Stem cells are unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves through cell division and can be induced to become functional tissue- or organ-specific cells. (sciencedaily.com)
However, post-mortem analysis of transplanted tissue revealed accumulation of pathological Lewy bodies in a small subset of transplanted cells over time, revealing a host-to-graft disease propagation. (lu.se)

The objectives of this study were (1) to explore traits that better capture weekly or monthly changes in somatic cell counts (SCC) than does the commonly used lactation-average SCC, (2) to estimate their heritabilities and relationships to clinical mastitis (CM), and (3) to determine if these traits are feasible for use in monthly testing schemes. (diva-portal.org)
Although meningiomas commonly arise in locations where meningothelial cells are found, the embryonic origin of intraventricular and pulmonary meningiomas are intriguing. (medscape.com)

The first part of the thesis (Paper I, II, III) shows the development and improvement of a hESC-based system of for virus-mediated direct reprogramming of human glial progenitor cells into both induced dopaminergic neurons (iDANs) and GABAergic interneurons. (lu.se)

To circumvent these obstacles, we have developed two methods for the investigation of human neural cells in culture. (lu.se)

The second being a somatic cell, referring to the cells of the human body. (wikipedia.org)
DNA carries the data for building proteins which ultimately control the development, structure and function of all the cells in your body. (wdxcyber.com)
Most of the cells in the body have two copies of every chromosome which means the cells also have two copies of every gene. (wdxcyber.com)
These changes are called "somatic" or body cell changes. (wdxcyber.com)
Somatic cells make up our organs and body and are constantly replicating and changing. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Evolution within the body: The rise and fall of somatic Darwinism in the late nineteenth century. (philpapers.org)
These are the processes of cell division that involve the formation of either new body cells (mitosis) or new reproductive cells in the gonads (meiosis). (cdc.gov)

Taken together, our data provide proof of principle that direct neural conversion can take place in the adult rodent brain when using transplanted human cells or endogenous mouse cells as a starting cell for neural conversion. (lu.se)
The stem cells suits human needs, does not cause harm and can be obtained from both adult and fetal does not conflict with religious beliefs, it has tissues, umbilical cord and early embryos. (who.int)

For example, the stem cells can differentiate into cells that display characteristics of skin and retina cells, muscle cell bundles, bone matrix cells and cells of the gastrointestinal and respiratory lining. (scienceblog.com)
The have been applied to both the plant and ani- stem cells possess pluripotential charac- mal kingdoms without even stirring a ripple teristics, and can differentiate into various of concern in international conscience [ 2 ]. (who.int)

Normally, APOBEC enzymes are core components of antiviral immune defense and somatic antibody diversification. (medscape.com)

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