• Human Rad 9 ( hRad9 ) was originally identified as a structural homologue of yeast schizosaccharomyces pombe rad 9 , which can partially rescue the sensitivity of rad 9 null yeast to hydroxyurea, radiation damage and the associated checkpoint defects [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This protein forms a heterotrimeric complex with checkpoint proteins RAD9 and RAD1. (wikipedia.org)
  • In somatic cells the RAD9-RAD1-HUS1 (9-1-1) complex responds to DNA damage by promoting DNA repair. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is not clear whether Rad1, Rad9 and Hus1 also have distinct functional activities independent of the heterotrimeric form. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Knockdown of Rad9 in prostate tumor cells correlates with reduction of tumorigenicity in nude mice [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is likely that increased Rad9 expression is needed for proliferation of tumor cells by mechanisms such as getting beyond (tolerating) oncogene-induced replicative stress and enhancing DNA repair capability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Rad1 protein, evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans, exists in cells as monomer as well as a component in the 9-1-1 protein complex. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rad1 plays crucial roles in DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint control, but its contribution to carcinogenesis is unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The S. cerevisiae checkpoint protein Rad17, the orthologue of human Rad1, forms a homocomplex in response to treatment with DNA damaging agents, and the complex is required for yeast survival after exposure to genotoxic agents [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In response to DNA damage, the trimeric complex interacts with another protein complex consisting of checkpoint protein RAD17 and four small subunits of the replication factor C (RFC), which loads the combined complex onto the chromatin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 9-1-1 complex is a heterotrimeric ring-shaped structure that is loaded onto DNA by the Rad17-RFC complex. (reactome.org)
  • Increased hRad9 protein was observed in breast cancer cells nucleus compared to non-tumor epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finding of hyperphosphorylated forms of hRad9 in the nucleus of cancer cells is in keeping with its function in ameliorating DNA instability, whereby it inadvertently assists tumor growth. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, in addition to its checkpoint control function, hRad9 may play a role in regulating apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To further examine the role of hRad9 in breast cancer cells, we now report on the histologic expression of the hRad9 protein and its different molecular forms in primary breast cancer and normal tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Besides the existence of 9-1-1 heterotrimer in K562 and 293 human cells, a significant amount of hRad1 also exists in monomeric form, but monomeric hRad9 and hHus1 were not detectable in a study by Karnitz's group [ 10 ] and in our unpublished experiments in 293 human cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conversely the dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1/DNM1) is definitely a cytosolic protein recruitment of which to the OMM from the anchored fission 1 protein (Fis1p/FIS1) adaptor initiates and settings the fission and distribution of mitochondria in cells [19]. (tech-strategy.org)
  • Mammalian H3.1 and H3.2 are deposited by the heterotrimeric chromatin assembly complex 1 (CAF1), whereas H3.3 is deposited at transcriptionally active regions by the Histone Regulator A (HIRA) complex [ 15 , 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Normally, structural damage of DNA by endogenous and environmental agents is followed by replication checkpoint arrest at the G2/M transition in order to allow for repair before proceeding in the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In most eukaryotes, two classes of histones have been described: (1) replicative or canonical histones, expressed only during the S phase of the cell cycle, which are assembled onto chromatin in a DNA replication-dependent (RD) manner, and (2) variant histones, which differ in their primary amino acid sequences, are expressed throughout the cell cycle, and can be deposited in a replication-independent (RI) fashion [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Eukaryotic cells have developed exquisite mechanisms that monitor and coordinate cell cycle progression with repair of DNA damage to maintain genome integrity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Eukaryotic cells can rapidly adjust their transcriptional profile in response to molecular needs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Keratinocytes isolated from Mrad1 +/- mice had significantly more spontaneous DNA double strand breaks, proliferated slower and had slightly enhanced spontaneous apoptosis than Mrad1 +/+ control cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • a connection between mitochondrial function and dynamics in the legislation of fat burning capacity cell loss of life neurotransmission cell routine control and advancement [15]. (tech-strategy.org)
  • In flies, worms and yeast, the 9-1-1 complex is necessary for meiotic checkpoint function and efficient meiotic recombination. (wikipedia.org)
  • Presumably the C-terminal domain is essential for transport of the 9-1-1 complex from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, for activation of the G2 checkpoint signalling cascade [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The effects of heterozygous deletion of Mrad1 on proliferation and apoptosis of keratinocytes is different from those resulted from Mrad9 heterozygous deletion (from our previous study), suggesting that Mrad1 also functions independent of Mrad9 besides its role in the Mrad9-Mrad1-Mhus1 complex in mouse cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The DNA damage induced chromatin binding has been shown to depend on the activation of the checkpoint kinase ATM, and is thought to be an early checkpoint signaling event. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our results indicate that Cac2 and Hir1 have distinct localization patterns during different stages of the Tetrahymena life cycle and suggest that Cac2 might be dispensable for chromatin assembly. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results provide an evolutionary perspective on H3.3's conserved role in maintaining the transcriptional landscape of cells and on the emergence of specialized chromatin assembly pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • outcomes support the relevance of the results as mitochondria from livers of adult CTMP knockout mice experienced a similar phenotype to cells NKP608 depleted of CTMP. (tech-strategy.org)
  • Cells are constantly exposed to stresses from cellular metabolites as well as environmental genotoxins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Immunoblotting with and without dephosphorylation was used to define the protein isolated from breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These genetic aberrations may cause loss of growth inhibition in normally quiescent cells and result in carcinogenesis [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The DNA damage induced chromatin binding has been shown to depend on the activation of the checkpoint kinase ATM, and is thought to be an early checkpoint signaling event. (wikipedia.org)
  • Expression and activity of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) α1 catalytic subunit of the heterotrimeric kinase significantly correlates with poor outcome for colorectal cancer patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • Then we will highlight work from the fission yeast model organism, revealing the molecular details that explain how the spindle pole body (SPB, the yeast functional equivalent of the centrosome), participates in these cell cycle transitions. (bvsalud.org)
  • In flies, worms and yeast, the 9-1-1 complex is necessary for meiotic checkpoint function and efficient meiotic recombination. (wikipedia.org)
  • One barrier that limits the adoption of single-cell analysis in biomedical research is the lack of efficient methods to robustly track single cells over cell division events. (bvsalud.org)
  • This was achieved by integrating a deep-learning-based fluorescent proliferative cell nuclear antigen signal instance segmentation module with a cell tracking and cell cycle resolving pipeline. (bvsalud.org)