Schizosaccharomyces encodes cell cycle checkpoint gene. Medical search. Frequent questions

The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to the gene product of Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad17, a cell cycle checkpoint gene required for cell cycle arrest and DNA damage repair in response to DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
This protein and ATM share similarity with Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad3, a cell cycle checkpoint gene required for cell cycle arrest and DNA damage repair in response to DNA damage. (utsouthwestern.edu)
DNA polymerase epsilon encoded by cdc20+ is required for chromosomal DNA replication in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. (neb.com)
Telomeric silencing has been demonstrated in organisms ranging from yeasts to humans (reviewed in [ 9 ]) but it has been best characterized in S. cerevisiae , Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Drosophila melanogaster , organisms that have no, or very little, DNA methylation. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we demonstrate that S-palmitoylation mediated by Erf2-Erf4 and Akr1 palmitoylacyltransferases is required at multiple meiotic stages in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe . (life-science-alliance.org)

Eight alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene, which encode four distinct proteins, have been reported. (wikipedia.org)
This kinase has been shown to phosphorylate checkpoint kinase CHK1, checkpoint proteins RAD17, and RAD9, as well as tumor suppressor protein BRCA1. (utsouthwestern.edu)
In our analyses, transiently or stably expressed NS1 proteins from two West Nile viruses, two dengue 2 viruses and a yellow fever virus failed to inhibit TLR3 signaling in two different mammalian cell lines. (bvsalud.org)
It is believed that this complex is important for the function of these three proteins in DNA repair as well as activation of cell cycle checkpoints. (biomedcentral.com)
To address this issue, primary mouse cells, haploinsufficient for one or two proteins, ATM and RAD9, related to the cellular response to DNA damage were examined. (aacrjournals.org)
The results show that cells having low levels of both ATM and RAD9 proteins are more sensitive to transformation by radiation, have different DNA double-strand break repair dynamics and are less apoptotic when compared with wild-type controls or those cells haploinsufficient for only one of these proteins. (aacrjournals.org)
Our conclusions are that under stress conditions, the efficiency and capacity for DNA repair mediated by the ATM/RAD9 cell signaling network depend on the abundance of both proteins and that, in general, DNA repair network efficiencies are genotype-dependent and can vary within a specific range. (aacrjournals.org)
Most of these genes code for tumor suppressor proteins. (aacrjournals.org)
Another conclusion from most of the cases is that animals or cells haploinsufficient for the specified proteins have higher transformation rates after DNA damage is induced, but when their DNA is not significantly damaged by exogenous sources, tumor development rates are the same as for their wild-type counterparts. (aacrjournals.org)
Transcriptional activation by the Antennapedia and fushi tarazu proteins in cultured Drosophila cells. (riken.jp)
WD-repeat proteins are a large family found in all eukaryotes and are implicated in a variety of functions ranging from signal transduction and transcription regulation to cell cycle control and apoptosis. (embl.de)
The ER is the 'port of entry' for proteins destined for the cell surface and beyond. (stanford.edu)
Two genes encoding putative internalin proteins were chosen for further study. (omictools.com)

The S. cerevisiae checkpoint protein Rad17, the orthologue of human Rad1, forms a homocomplex in response to treatment with DNA damaging agents, and the complex is required for yeast survival after exposure to genotoxic agents [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Fidelity of DNA polymerase delta holoenzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the sliding clamp proliferating cell nuclear antigen decreases its fidelity. (neb.com)
The DNA polymerase domain of pol(epsilon) is required for rapid, efficient, and highly accurate chromosomal DNA replication, telomere length maintenance, and normal cell senescence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (neb.com)
The second subunit of DNA polymerase III (delta) is encoded by the HYS2 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (neb.com)
Dpb11, which interacts with DNA polymerase II(epsilon) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has a dual role in S-phase progression and at a cell cycle checkpoint. (neb.com)
Nucleotide sequence of the POL3 gene encoding DNA polymerase III (delta) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (neb.com)
DPB2, the gene encoding DNA polymerase II subunit B, is required for chromosome replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (neb.com)

The interaction of Vpr with the 19S subunit of the proteasome was further confirmed in mammalian cells where Vpr associates with the mammalian orthologues of fission yeast Mts4 and S5a. (bvsalud.org)
therefore, these cells have an unlimited fission potential. (actanaturae.ru)
Shortening of the 5'-terminus of the daughter strand, caused by the removal of the terminal RNA-primer and the subsequent incomplete replication of linear DNA molecules, is observed during the genome replication occurring upon cell fission. (actanaturae.ru)

The mouse Tzfp gene, mapped to chromosome 7 B2-B3, encodes a 465-amino acid transcription factor containing a conserved N-terminal BTB/POZ domain and three C-terminal PLZF-like C(2)H(2) zinc fingers. (lookformedical.com)
It was revealed as early as in the 1930s that the behavior of the whole chromosome and its fragments in cells varies. (actanaturae.ru)
In akr1 , tht1 , or sey1 mutant, meiotic cells, haploid nuclei are unfused with subsequent chromosome segregation defects. (life-science-alliance.org)

Keratinocytes isolated from Mrad1 +/- mice had significantly more spontaneous DNA double strand breaks, proliferated slower and had slightly enhanced spontaneous apoptosis than Mrad1 +/+ control cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The effects of heterozygous deletion of Mrad1 on proliferation and apoptosis of keratinocytes is different from those resulted from Mrad9 heterozygous deletion (from our previous study), suggesting that Mrad1 also functions independent of Mrad9 besides its role in the Mrad9-Mrad1-Mhus1 complex in mouse cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Because the effect of haploinsufficiency for one protein is relatively small, we hypothesize that predisposition to cancer could be a result of the additive effect of heterozygosity for two or more genes, critical for pathways that control DNA damage signaling, repair or apoptosis. (aacrjournals.org)

dsRNA stimulation results in signaling cascades converging to activation of interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and to transcriptional activation of several interferon stimulated genes, including IFNss and inflammatory cytokines. (bvsalud.org)
Diploidy of Drosophila imaginal cells is maintained by a transcriptional repressor encoded by escargot. (riken.jp)
Differential effects on the expression of the three transcription factor B ( tfb ) genes hint at a mechanism for the modulation of transcriptional patterns in response to DNA damage. (biomedcentral.com)
These include control of the transcriptional repertoire of the cell, activation of repair enzymes and repression of DNA replication and cell division. (biomedcentral.com)
Eukaryotic cells can rapidly adjust their transcriptional profile in response to molecular needs. (biomedcentral.com)
H3.3 knockout followed by RNA-seq reveals large-scale transcriptional alterations in functionally important genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results provide an evolutionary perspective on H3.3's conserved role in maintaining the transcriptional landscape of cells and on the emergence of specialized chromatin assembly pathways. (biomedcentral.com)

It also directly binds to BubR1, a kinetochore-associated kinase implicated in the mitotic checkpoint, the major cell cycle control pathway in which unattached kinetochores prevent anaphase onset. (rupress.org)
Thus, CENP-E is required for enhancing recruitment of its binding partner BubR1 to each unattached kinetochore and for stimulating BubR1 kinase activity, implicating it as an essential amplifier of a basal mitotic checkpoint signal. (rupress.org)

This protein recruits the RAD1-RAD9-HUS1 checkpoint protein complex onto chromatin after DNA damage, which may be required for its phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
Knockdown of Rad9 in prostate tumor cells correlates with reduction of tumorigenicity in nude mice [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It is likely that increased Rad9 expression is needed for proliferation of tumor cells by mechanisms such as getting beyond (tolerating) oncogene-induced replicative stress and enhancing DNA repair capability. (biomedcentral.com)

Cell cycle checkpoint protein RAD17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAD17 gene. (wikipedia.org)
During meiosis in yeast and in mammals, RAD17 protein functions as a DNA damage sensor promoting DNA checkpoint control. (wikipedia.org)

The Rad1 protein, evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans, exists in cells as monomer as well as a component in the 9-1-1 protein complex. (biomedcentral.com)
In budding yeast, individual chromosomes from vegetative cells cannot be visualized by microscopy. (silverchair.com)

The phosphorylation of this protein is required for the DNA-damage-induced cell cycle G2 arrest, and is thought to be a critical early event during checkpoint signaling in DNA-damaged cells. (wikipedia.org)
The protein encoded by this gene belongs the PI3/PI4-kinase family, and is most closely related to ATM, a protein kinase encoded by the gene mutated in ataxia telangiectasia. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Furthermore, Vpr promotes hHR23A-mediated protein-ubiquitination, and down-regulation of hHR23A using RNAi significantly reduced viral replication in non-proliferating MAGI-CCR5 cells and primary macrophages. (bvsalud.org)
A comparison of their known functions has identified, besides a common role within protein folding, multiple roles for the cyclophilins within pre-mRNA splicing and cellular signalling, and within transcription and cell cycle regulation for the parvulins. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell migration within the embryonic limb primordium of Drosophila as revealed by a novel fluorescence method to visualize mRNA and protein. (riken.jp)
dim-5 , which encodes a histone H3 K9 methyltransferase and hpo , which encodes heterochromatin protein-1. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition HIV-1 Vpr protein alters the cell-cycle regulation by hijacking centrosome functions. (biomedcentral.com)
In this report, we describe a testis zinc finger protein (Tzfp) that binds to the upstream flanking sequence of the Aie1 gene. (lookformedical.com)
If the target protein expression reaches the upper limit, i.e., essential cellular functions come to a halt when the level of protein exceeds a certain limit, the gene/plasmid copy number must decrease to below the upper limit. (biomedcentral.com)
In gTOW, we thus increase the expression of a protein to a limit by increasing the copy number and then determine the upper limit by measuring the corresponding copy number of the gene. (biomedcentral.com)
The commonly used gene-deletion experiments reduce the expression of a target protein to 0. (biomedcentral.com)
To reduce the expression of a gene/protein, we need to reduce the production rate of the transcript, increase the degradation rate of the transcript, decrease the production rate of the protein, or increase the degradation rate of the protein. (biomedcentral.com)
In mammalian cells, S-palmitoylate is added by a family of 23 transmembrane zinc finger DHHC (Asp-His-His-Cys)-containing protein acyl transferases and is removed by fatty acyl protein thioesterases ( Malgapo & Linder, 2021 ). (life-science-alliance.org)

An alternatively spliced transcript variant of this gene has been reported, however, its full length nature is not known. (utsouthwestern.edu)

Taken together, our results indicate that Tzfp recognizes a sequence-specific motif (tbs) and may play a role in the regulation of the genes carrying the tbs. (lookformedical.com)
Genome-wide transcript analysis showed that B. anthracis undergoes considerable changes in gene expression during growth in iron-depleted media, including the regulation of known and candidate virulence factors. (omictools.com)

The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Cells have evolved with conserved recombination mediated genome editing pathways as a mean for repairing DSBs and restarting replication forks, thus allowing genome duplication to continue [ 8 ]. (springeropen.com)

Kinase-independent activity of Cdc2/cyclin A prevents the S phase in the Drosophila cell cycle. (riken.jp)
The zinc finger domain of Tzfp binds to the tbs motif located at the upstream flanking region of the Aie1 (aurora-C) kinase gene. (lookformedical.com)
Ectopic kinase overexpression in any culture cell line leads to polyploidy and centrosome amplification. (lookformedical.com)
Those transformed cells form tumours when implanted in immunodeficient mice, indicating that the kinase is an oncogene. (lookformedical.com)

We hypothesized that MDM2 in these cells inhibited transcription initiation at the p53 target genes p21 and puma . (oncotarget.com)
Surprisingly, following etoposide treatment transcription initiation occurred at the compromised target genes in MANCA and A875 cells similar to the T/T ML-1 cell line. (oncotarget.com)
We found that knockdown of MDM2 in G/G cells moderately increased expression of subsets of p53 target genes without increasing p53 stability. (oncotarget.com)
A homologous recombination system to generate epitope-tagged target genes in Chaetomium thermophilum. (db-engine.de)

Cell Growth & Differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
Exogenous d-crystallin gene expression as probe for differentiation of teratocarcinoma stem cells. (riken.jp)
Cell Differentiation 24: 139-148. (riken.jp)

Eukaryotic cells have developed exquisite mechanisms that monitor and coordinate cell cycle progression with repair of DNA damage to maintain genome integrity. (biomedcentral.com)
Following identification of a QTL controlling free lysine content, wheat pangenome resources facilitated analysis of candidate genes in this region of the genome. (rothamsted.ac.uk)
The RI histone variants have an uneven distribution across the genome, carry specific posttranslational modifications (PTMs), and can affect gene expression by altering the chromatin state [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we leverage a set of genome-edited human PLIN2 reporter cell lines in a series of CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screens, identifying genetic modifiers that influence PLIN2 expression and post-translational stability under different metabolic conditions and in different cell types. (stanford.edu)
Summary: Comparative genomics remains a pivotal strategy to study the evolution of gene organization, and this primacy is reinforced by the growing number of full genome sequences available in public repositories. (omictools.com)

To determine whether Rad1 functions to maintain genomic stability and prevent tumor development, we generated Mrad1 mutant mice by gene targeting. (biomedcentral.com)
Loss of function of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and DNA damage processing genes has been implicated in the development of many types of cancer, but for the vast majority of cases, there is no link to specific germ line mutations. (aacrjournals.org)
A major conclusion from these data is that, contrary to one of the current views on tumorigenesis, inactivation of one allele of a tumor suppressor gene is enough to contribute to tumor progression. (aacrjournals.org)
In addition to basic science investigations in such areas as tumor cell invasion, oncogenes, immunotherapy and genetic inheritance, our scientists and physicians participate in national cancer trials. (upstate.edu)
tumor suppressor genes. (upstate.edu)
Aurora A overexpression in many malignant tumor types suggests that it may be directly involved in NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. (lookformedical.com)

DSBs are cytotoxic lesions, which if left unrepaired could lead to genomic instability, cancer and even cell death. (springeropen.com)

Consistently, depletion of hHR23A interrupts interaction of Vpr with proteasome in mammalian cells. (bvsalud.org)

Interplay of Notch and FGF signaling restricts cell fate and MAPK activation in the Drosophila trachea. (riken.jp)
Proximal to distal cell signaling in the Drosophila leg provides a basis for an intercalary mechanism of limb patterning. (riken.jp)
Cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and cell motility in Drosophila trachea regulated by the transcription factor Escargot. (riken.jp)
Determination of wing cell fate by the escargot and snail genes in Drosophila. (riken.jp)
A Cdc2 dependent checkpoint maintains diploidy in Drosophila. (riken.jp)
Zygotic DE-cadherin expression is required for processes of dynamic epithelial cell rearrangement in the Drosophila embryo. (riken.jp)
The function of argos in regulating cell fate decisions during the Drosophila eye and wing vein development. (riken.jp)
Control of imaginal cell development by the escargot gene of Drosophila. (riken.jp)

The blast clade genomes contain more secretome and avirulence effector genes, which likely play key roles in the interaction between Pyricularia species and their plant hosts. (nature.com)

Transcription of the catalytic 180-kDa subunit gene of mouse DNA polymerase alpha is controlled by E2F, an Ets-related transcription factor, and Sp1. (neb.com)

TIPI-gTOW is also useful for analyzing genetic interactions of essential genes whose deletion mutants cannot be obtained. (biomedcentral.com)
Deletion of either gene (GBAA0552 or GBAA1340) resulted in attenuation in a murine model of infection. (omictools.com)

Pds5p and the cohesin complex are required for sister chromatid cohesion and localize to the same chromosomal loci over the same cell cycle window. (silverchair.com)
However, erroneous repair of DSBs can lead to chromosomal rearrangements and loss of heterozygosity, which in turn can also cause cancer and cell death. (springeropen.com)
Failure to repair DSBs can lead to unwanted consequences, such as loss of genetic information, chromosomal rearrangements and even cell death. (springeropen.com)

During male meiosis in maize (Zea mays), the ZmRAD17 gene is involved in repair of DNA double strand breaks, likely by promoting synaptonemal complex assembly. (wikipedia.org)

However, two cytosolic PPIases, PpiB and trigger factor, in Bacillus subtilis have been shown not to possess an essential function under normal growth conditions, but they become essential for cell viability under starvation conditions [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
However, overexpression of aurora-A in particular cell lines such as NIH3T3 is sufficient to induce growth on soft agar. (lookformedical.com)
Under normal growth conditions, where levels of DNA damage are low, transcription of repair genes is repressed. (biomedcentral.com)

Immunoreceptor signaling during development, homeostasis, and effector function of T cells and NK cells. (upstate.edu)

J Cell Biol (2003) 162 (4): 551-563. (rupress.org)
J Cell Biol (2003) 163 (4): 729-741. (silverchair.com)
J Cell Biol (2005) 171 (4): 627-640. (rupress.org)

L-Homoserylaminoethanol, a novel dipeptide alcohol inhibitor of eukaryotic DNA polymerase from a plant cultured cells, Nicotina tabacum L. (neb.com)
The genetic information in eukaryotic cells is stored in linear DNA molecules known as chromosomes [ 1 ]. (actanaturae.ru)

In conclusion for cancer cells overexpressing MDM2, targeting MDM2 may be less effective than inducing p53-independent cell death. (oncotarget.com)

Two mdm2 G/G SNP309 cancer cell lines, MANCA and A875, have compromised wild-type p53 that co-localizes with MDM2 on chromatin. (oncotarget.com)
Our results indicate that Cac2 and Hir1 have distinct localization patterns during different stages of the Tetrahymena life cycle and suggest that Cac2 might be dispensable for chromatin assembly. (biomedcentral.com)
In most eukaryotes, two classes of histones have been described: (1) replicative or canonical histones, expressed only during the S phase of the cell cycle, which are assembled onto chromatin in a DNA replication-dependent (RD) manner, and (2) variant histones, which differ in their primary amino acid sequences, are expressed throughout the cell cycle, and can be deposited in a replication-independent (RI) fashion [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

We validated the algorithm's predictions by characterizing 646 genetic system variants, encoded in plasmids and genomes, expressed in six gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial hosts. (omictools.com)

This phenomenon, called 'telomeric silencing', or 'telomere position effect' (TPE), was initially discovered and studied using transgenes but it also appears to regulate endogenous subtelomeric genes [ 6 - 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Chemotherapeutic agents that damage DNA activate the p53 pathway and can initiate cancer cell death [ 1 , 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which does not depend upon sequence homology, is the key repair pathway during the G0/G1 stages of the cell cycle [ 10 ]. (springeropen.com)

We first tested the feasibility of this method using ADE2 as a marker and then analyzed some cell cycle regulators to reveal genetic interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
Using this strain, we studied genetic interactions between cell cycle regulators and CDC20 , and the result was highly consistent with the previously identified interactions. (biomedcentral.com)

Silencing of genes inserted near telomeres provides a model to investigate the function of heterochromatin. (biomedcentral.com)
Stem cells are characterized by a lower telomerase activity, which enables only partial compensation for the shortening of telomeres. (actanaturae.ru)

Telomere shortening leads to the attainment of the Hayflick limit, the transition of cells to a state of senescence. (actanaturae.ru)

Cells are constantly exposed to stresses from cellular metabolites as well as environmental genotoxins. (biomedcentral.com)
DNA damage leads to cellular responses that include the increased expression of DNA repair genes, repression of DNA replication and alterations in cellular metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)

Mutations of this gene are associated with Seckel syndrome. (utsouthwestern.edu)

Upon cytokinesis, each daughter cell receives only one centriole, which duplicates once per cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
Each cell inherits one centrosome after the completion of cytokinesis. (biomedcentral.com)

molecular characterization of the niad and pyrg genes from penicillium camemberti, and their use as transformation markers. (liverpool.ac.uk)

Introduction and expression of recombinant b-galactosidase genes in cleavage stage mouse embryos. (riken.jp)
No increase in expression of DNA repair genes following UV irradiation was observed. (biomedcentral.com)

Rad1 plays crucial roles in DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint control, but its contribution to carcinogenesis is unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
These regulators include canonical genes that control lipid metabolism as well as genes involved in ubiquitination, transcription, and mitochondrial function. (stanford.edu)

In all cell lines tested there was equally robust recruitment of total and initiated RNA polymerase II (Pol II). (oncotarget.com)

Upon carbon source limitation during sporulation, the number of haploid spores formed per cell is reduced. (rupress.org)

In vertebrate cells, sister chromatids are associated along their length from their formation in S phase through metaphase. (silverchair.com)
Centrosomes are the major microtubule organizing structures in vertebrate cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Centrosome duplication is tightly regulated and limited at once per cell cycle through a mechanism that prevents re-duplication. (biomedcentral.com)

The telomere length specifies the number of divisions a cell can undergo before it finally dies (i.e. the proliferative potential of cells). (actanaturae.ru)

In gTOW, we clone a target gene with its native promoter into a 2 μ-based plasmid harboring leu2d . (biomedcentral.com)

knowledge of the mechanisms underlying cell wall biosynthesis in aspergillus spp. (liverpool.ac.uk)

Essential gene? (utsouthwestern.edu)
In contrast, the same chimera did not activate the reporter gene when an essential nucleotide fifth C was mutated to A at the tbs. (lookformedical.com)
The ability to respond to environmental conditions is essential for cells. (rupress.org)

in this study, the nitrate reductase (niad) and orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (pyrg) genes from penicillium camemberti were characterized, and their suitability as metabolic molecular markers for transformation was evaluated. (liverpool.ac.uk)

Besides the existence of 9-1-1 heterotrimer in K562 and 293 human cells, a significant amount of hRad1 also exists in monomeric form, but monomeric hRad9 and hHus1 were not detectable in a study by Karnitz's group [ 10 ] and in our unpublished experiments in 293 human cells. (biomedcentral.com)
ChIP-seq experiments in growing Tetrahymena show H3.3 enrichment over the promoters, gene bodies, and transcription termination sites of highly transcribed genes. (biomedcentral.com)

Importantly, etoposide and actinomycin D treatments increased histone H3K36 trimethylation in T/T, but not G/G cells, suggesting a G/G correlated inhibition of transcription elongation. (oncotarget.com)
L'équipe de Ralf Jockers et ses collaborateurs en partenariat avec la société pharmaceutique Sanofi (France) ont montré que parmi les 25 extraits de plantes testés, l'extrait de pistaches « Pistacia vera » se différencie de tous les autres extraits avec une puissance de liaison et d'activation des voies de signalisation (inhibition de la production d'AMPc, activation de la phosphorylation de ERK …) similaire à celle de la mélatonine sur ses récepteurs. (institutcochin.fr)

Anatomy23

Organisms7

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs108

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes99

Information Science3

Health Care4

Pombe5

Proteins13

Cerevisiae7

Fission3

Chromosome3

Apoptosis3

Transcriptional7

Mitotic2

RAD93

Rad172

Yeast2

Protein13

Alternatively spliced transcript1

Regulation2

Pathways2

Kinase4

Target genes4

Differentiation3

Genome5

Tumor6

Genomic instability1

Mammalian cells1

Drosophila8

Play key roles1

Transcription factor1

Deletion2

Chromosomal3

Meiosis1

Growth3

Effector1

Biol3

Eukaryotic2

Conclusion1

Chromatin3

Variants1

Regulate1

Pathway2

Genetic2

Telomeres2

Senescence1

Cellular2

Mutations1

Cytokinesis2

Characterization1

Expression2

Control2

Polymerase1

Haploid1

Vertebrate cells2

Centrosome duplication1

Undergo1

Promoter1

Mechanisms1

Essential3

Transformation1

Experiments2

Inhibition2