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RNA, SatelliteNepovirusPlant VirusesPlants, ToxicHibiscusTobaccoIlarvirusRNA, ViralRNACucumber Mosaic Virus SatelliteCarmovirusNucleic Acid ConformationMolecular Sequence DataCaricaTombusvirusBase SequenceChenopodium quinoaDNA, SatellitePlant DiseasesPrunusCucumovirusMosaic VirusesSatellite Cells, Skeletal MuscleDianthusHelper VirusesRNA VirusesVirus ReplicationPotyvirusTobacco IndustrySasaViral ProteinsPotexvirusTobacco, SmokelessCaulimoviridaeComovirusSulfite OxidaseCapsid ProteinsCapsidRNA ReplicaseChenopodiumPlant Viral Movement ProteinsSatellite VirusesSatellite CommunicationsCucumisTobamovirusFlexiviridaeTobacco Mosaic VirusOpen Reading FramesVirionPlants, Genetically ModifiedAmino Acid SequenceGenes, ViralRNA, Small InterferingCucurbitaTobacco Use DisorderRNA InterferenceTobacco Use CessationTobacco Smoke PollutionLuteovirusVaccinia virusArachis hypogaeaRNA, CatalyticDefective VirusesPlant LeavesLycopersicon esculentumProtoplastsRNA SplicingRNA EditingSatellite Cells, PerineuronalTobacco Products3' Untranslated RegionsReceptors, VirusVirus CultivationGenome, ViralDNA, ViralTranscription, Genetic
GenomesNecrosisVivoRibonucleicProteinsHairpinPolymeraseGenomicPathogensInterferencePlantsAntiviralObligate intracellDistinctClonesProteinSpeciesMottleHepatitis B virArtificiallyMosaicViralSputnikGenomeNucleic acidsMolecularWidelyInfectionCatalyzeDiameterActivitySecondaryScientistsParticlesClassificationHostsReplicationResultsVaryPotatoSmallResearchLargeHumanGuide
Genomes5
  • The genomes of satellites range upward from 359 nucleotides in length for satellite tobacco ringspot virus RNA (STobRV). (wikipedia.org)
  • Ribozymes were first discovered in viral-like RNA pathogens of plants (hammerhead and hairpin) or of humans (HDV), and sporadically in metazoan genomes [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The length limitation for this technique could prevent the isolation of novel ribozymes that may reside among the numerous long non-coding RNAs (greater than 200 nt) encoded in bacterial genomes [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover its possession of a single genomic RNA species distinguishes galinsoga mosaic virus from red clover necrotic mottle and velvet tobacco mottle viruses, which have bipartite RNA genomes. (dpvweb.net)
  • Plant viruses contain single-stranded or double-stranded RNA or DNA genomes and vary substantially in their genome structure and organization. (encyclopedia.pub)
Necrosis3
  • The tobacco necrosis virus was the virus that led to the discovery of the first satellite virus in 1962. (wikipedia.org)
  • The smallest plant virus known so far is Tobacco 'necrosis ' virus . (botnam.com)
  • carnation mottle , hibiscus chlorotic ringspot , sowbane mosaic , tobacco necrosis , velvet tobacco mottle and uncharacterized viruses from Glycine max ( Behncken, 1972 ) and Malvastrum coromandelianum (G. M. Behncken, unpublished data). (dpvweb.net)
Vivo2
  • Conversely, DCL4 did not efficiently process a replicase-assisted viral replicon in vivo, providing evidence that viral RNAs are not accessible to DCL4 in membranes associated in active replication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A plant for utilizing and silencing vivo breeding RNA strategies. (be-mindful.de)
Ribonucleic2
  • The molecular functions of ribonucleic acid (RNA) are diverse and essential in all organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) has multiple roles in cellular functions, from coding genes to non-coding regulatory activities. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins10
  • They encode structural proteins to enclose their genetic material, which are therefore distinct from the structural proteins of their helper viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Satellite nucleic acids, in contrast, do not encode their own structural proteins, but instead are encapsulated by proteins encoded by their helper viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nucleolytic ribozymes (hereafter referred to as ribozymes for short) are small RNAs (less than 200 nt) that function independently of proteins, of which nine classes are known to exist (hammerhead, hairpin, Varkud satellite, hepatitis delta virus (HDV), glmS , twister, twister-sister, pistol and hatchet) each with distinctive folding patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In plants, RNase III Dicer-like proteins (DCLs) act as sensors of dsRNAs and process them into short 21- to 24-nucleotide (nt) (s)RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plant Dicer-like proteins (DCLs) are RNase III, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-specific endonucleases with specialized functions in producing short (s)RNAs of 21- to 24-nucleotides (nt), including micro (mi)RNAs and short interfering (si)RNAs of endogenous or viral origin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Stanley studied the nucleo-proteins of the 'ring spot' virus of tobacco. (botnam.com)
  • Moreover, limited viral genome sizes and coding capacities have resulted in evolution of multifunctional proteins that are involved in different steps in the virus life cycle, including replication, movement, encapsidation and transmission. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • However, in some plant species or varieties, virus-encoded proteins can sometimes act as determinants in plant defense responses and as host-controlled pawns to elicit extreme resistance (ER). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Since the first viral Avr factor and antiviral R genes were identified in 1984 [ 22 ] and 1994 [ 23 ] , increasingly diverse Avr factors and R proteins have been characterized in different virus-plant combinations. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • multifunctional combustion Against Rice periodic development nitrogen uses transgenic in Transgenic Rice Plants Expressing Double-Stranded RNA of the Viral Genes for Nucleocapsid or Movement Proteins as Targets for RNA Interference. (be-mindful.de)
Hairpin1
  • We have therefore tested the DCL4 functionality in processing exogenous dsRNA-like substrates, such as a replicase-assisted viral replicon defective-interfering RNA and RNA hairpin substrates, or endogenous antisense transcripts. (biomedcentral.com)
Polymerase2
  • In this study we expressed plant DCL4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , an RNAi-depleted organism, in which we could highlight the role of dicing as neither Argonautes nor RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is present. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In order to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying the cross-family infection of SMV, we used double-stranded RNA extraction, rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction and Gibson assembly techniques to carry out SMV full-length genome amplification from susceptible soybeans and constructed an infectious cDNA clone for SMV. (ppjonline.org)
Genomic1
Pathogens1
  • Plant viruses were historically viewed as non-PAMP coding pathogens and plant antiviral immunity was previously excluded from classical PTI models. (encyclopedia.pub)
Interference2
  • The simplest form of RNA silencing, widely known as RNA interference (RNAi), is conserved in diverse eukaryotic species, including the fungal kingdom, but has been lost in the model budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 35S RNA Interference Targeting V2 Gene of Cotton Leaf Curl Kokhran Virus-Burewala Strain Can remain Resistance in Transgenic Cotton Plants. (be-mindful.de)
Plants2
  • Infections caused by several positive-stranded RNA viruses allow the characterization of DCLs involved in the RNA-silencing-based antiviral immune responses of plants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It must be a virus itself because such nucleoproteins cannot be obtained from healthy plants. (botnam.com)
Antiviral2
  • Plant DCL4 is involved in the biogenesis of either functional endogenous or exogenous (i.e. viral) short interfering (si)RNAs, thus playing crucial antiviral roles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These led to the conclusion that DCL4 and DCL2 act redundantly and one of the two alone is sufficient to perceive dsRNA of viral origin, process it into siRNA of viral origin (vsiRNAs) and initiate the plant RNA silencing-based antiviral defense [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Obligate intracell2
  • Now a day the acceptable definition of a virus says, they are obligate intracellular parasites and vary from 20-20 nm in size. (botnam.com)
  • On the other hand, as obligate intracellular parasites, plant viruses absolutely depend on the host cell machinery to multiply, move throughout the plant and spread to susceptible hosts. (encyclopedia.pub)
Distinct1
  • Distinct classes of RNA catalyse biochemical reactions (ribozymes), although the large subunit rRNA and RNaseP ribozymes common to all organisms require protein partners to function [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Clones2
  • This method of construction not only makes up for the time-consuming and laborious defect of traditional methods used to construct infectious cDNA clones, but also avoids the toxicity of the Potyvirus special sequence to Escherichia coli , thus providing a useful cloning strategy for the construction of infectious cDNA clones for other viruses and laying down a foundation for the further investigation of SMV cross-family infection mechanisms. (ppjonline.org)
  • Infectious clones for plant viruses refer to DNA clones that have been constructed artificially using molecular biology techniques and have the same infectious activity as plant viruses under natural conditions. (ppjonline.org)
Protein9
  • Scientists discovered that the first satellite had the components to make its own protein shell. (wikipedia.org)
  • isolated a material by chemical means from the diseased tobacco leaves, which appeared to be a protein of high molecular weight. (botnam.com)
  • Bawden purified the tobacco mosaic virus and found it to be a crystalline nucleo-protein of very high molecular weight, retaining its infectiousness even when diluted to a concentration of 1/1,000,000. (botnam.com)
  • This virus when examined with the recently developed electron microscope using X-rays was found to be in the form of bundles of rod-like protein. (botnam.com)
  • Since then, protein of high molecular weight possessing all the properties of the respective virus has been isolated and studied. (botnam.com)
  • Viruses have a core of DNA and a coat of protein in case the host is animal or bacterial while in the case of plant viruses the coat is made of protein but the core is made of RNA . (botnam.com)
  • information of Transgenic Hybrid Squash ZW-20 Expressing the Coat Protein Genes of Zucchini Yellow particular Virus and Watermelon infectious Virus 2 to many transgenes by Both commercials. (be-mindful.de)
  • Field Evaluation of Transgenic Squash Containing Single or Multiple Virus Coat Protein Gene Constructs for Resistance to Cucumber vertical Virus, Watermelon other Virus 2, and Zucchini Yellow yellow Virus. (be-mindful.de)
  • ebook Great Ohio River Flood Of to book stratosphere phosphorus in regular activity getting rat RNAs consenting protein absence students. (be-mindful.de)
Species1
  • The virus has a wide experimental host range, infecting species in seven dicotyledonous families, but in most is confined to the inoculated leaves. (dpvweb.net)
Mottle3
  • In gel diffusion tests, galinsoga mosaic virus particles and/or antiserum failed to react with those of 19 viruses from nine taxonomic groups including red clover necrotic mottle (dianthovirus group), southern bean mosaic (sobemovirus group) and tomato bushy stunt and glycine mottle ( tombusvirus group ). (dpvweb.net)
  • The particles of galinsoga mosaic virus are larger than those of southern bean mosaic and velvet tobacco mottle viruses, are less angular in outline, and show some surface structure. (dpvweb.net)
  • A naked mottle of expeditions for possible RNA site. (be-mindful.de)
Hepatitis B vir1
  • A satellite virus important to human health that demonstrates the need for co-infection to replicate and infect within a host is the virus that causes hepatitis D. Hepatitis D or delta virus (HDV) was discovered in 1977 by Mario Rizzetto and is differentiated from hepatitis A, B, and C because it requires viral particles from hepatitis B virus (HBV) to replicate and infect liver cells. (wikipedia.org)
Artificially1
  • In order to exploit other ribozymes as tools which can be controlled in a ligand-dependent manner, they must be joined artificially to a ligand-binding RNA module as aptazymes [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Mosaic4
  • Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is the predominant viral pathogen that affects the yield and quality of soybean. (ppjonline.org)
  • By studying the found material, Stanley observed that it incorporates all properties of the tobacco mosaic virus. (botnam.com)
  • The tobacco mosaic virus has a rod-like structure. (botnam.com)
  • Galinsoga mosaic virus shares most properties with tomato bushy stunt virus, which has particles of similar size, appearance and composition but with a larger sedimentation coefficient (T. Hatta, R. I. B. Francki & C. J. Grivell, unpublished data). (dpvweb.net)
Viral2
  • Most viruses have the capability to use host enzymes or their own replication machinery to independently replicate their own viral RNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some cookies wake rendered that institutes has in general goals and that under viral crops it has a undersea fresh lake with spectacular anti-virus animal( Steinbrecher, l996). (be-mindful.de)
Sputnik1
  • The world's first artificial satellite, the Sputnik 1 , was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. (parsatellite.com)
Genome2
  • The symbiotic relationship between a satellite and a helper virus to catalyze the replication of a satellite genome is also dependent on the host to provide components like replicases to carry out replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • The emergence of satellite RNA is said to have come from either the genome of the host or its co-infecting agents, and any vectors leading to transmission. (wikipedia.org)
Nucleic acids2
Molecular2
  • The tomato virus known as the 'Bushy stunt' virus has a diameter of 274 mμ and 8,800,000-12,800,000 in molecular weight. (botnam.com)
  • The virus with 19 mμ diameter and molecular weight of 3,400,000. (botnam.com)
Widely1
Infection1
  • Three-year-old Eureka lemon seedlings citrus yellow vein clearing virus（CYVCV）infection were used as test materials. (ahs.ac.cn)
Catalyze1
  • They catalyze site-specific cleavage of RNA, and in some cases, the reverse ligation reaction via a concerted general acid-base mechanism [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Diameter1
  • A virus with isometric particles c. 34 nm in diameter which contain single-stranded RNA and sediment as a single component. (dpvweb.net)
Activity2
  • However, reporter activity can be confounded by phenomena unrelated to ribozyme-mediated cleavage of RNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In these assays, the ribozyme sequence is fused to a reporter gene which modulates its activity when expressed as RNA. (biomedcentral.com)
Secondary2
  • The latter function is associated with the ability of RNA to form double-stranded (ds) or ds-like secondary structures. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Posted on August , 2017 in The 5-enolpyruvyl secondary ebook Great overrides that application between RNA metabolism and a daily RNA inside the established region could cite a Transgene communication Managing to more recombined threat varieties. (be-mindful.de)
Scientists1
  • A few years later in 1969, scientists discovered another symbiotic relationship with the tobacco ringspot nepovirus (TobRV) and another satellite virus. (wikipedia.org)
Particles1
  • The virus shares properties with several viruses that have isometric particles sedimenting as one component, but its particles are serologically unrelated to those of any such virus with which it has been compared. (dpvweb.net)
Classification1
  • The classification of viruses involves the use of a wide range of characteristics, which includes three basic properties. (botnam.com)
Hosts1
  • the symptoms of these hosts were similar to those caused by the virus isolated from natural infected plant tissue. (ppjonline.org)
Replication3
  • A satellite is a subviral agent that depends on the coinfection of a host cell with a helper virus for its replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • Satellites, in contrast, are completely dependent on a helper virus for replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • A satellite virus of mamavirus that inhibits the replication of its host has been termed a virophage. (wikipedia.org)
Results2
  • The results all together confirm the role of sense/antisense RNA-based regulation of gene expression, expanding the sense/antisense atlas of S. cerevisiae . (biomedcentral.com)
  • These results suggest that the virus infects G. parviflora roots without the aid of a vector. (dpvweb.net)
Vary1
  • Satellite orbits vary greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways. (parsatellite.com)
Potato2
  • The study of the potato virus confirmed this in 1938. (botnam.com)
  • The virus is found in nature only in potato weed, Galinsoga parviflora (Compositae), in which it is usually restricted to the roots. (dpvweb.net)
Small1
  • According to the definition of a virus, they are recognized as extremely small that cannot be seen through the highest magnification of the microscope using visible light. (botnam.com)
Research1
  • Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites, communications satellites , navigation satellites , weather satellites , and research satellites. (parsatellite.com)
Large1
Human1
  • Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites. (parsatellite.com)
Guide1
  • In turn, miRNAs and siRNAs guide the effector Argonautes (AGOs)-containing complexes to silence RNA target transcripts. (biomedcentral.com)