Sarcoma genes ras. Medical search. Frequent questions

One of the mutations that has aroused considerable interest in recent years concerns the BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B) gene that encodes the protein belonging to a highly oncogenic RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
An instance of an oncogene is the HER2 gene, which creates the HER2 protein. (alliedacademies.org)
Third, reverse transcription is responsible for the insertion of oncogenes into retroviral genomes as well as some proto-oncogene and tumour suppressor gene alterations in non-virus induced cancers. (alliedacademies.org)
Human EJ bladder carcinoma oncogene is homologue of Harvey sarcoma virus ras gene. (sinica.edu.tw)
1980). Therefore, it was concluded that the p21 gene was the oncogene of Ha-MSV and Ki-MSV (and other closely related viruses) and that this oncogene was derived from a proto-oncogenic form present in normal cells. (cshmonographs.org)
Proto-oncogene changes to oncogene mainly by somatic point mutations, gene amplifications, or chromosomal translocations that bring proto-oncogene under control of differentially expressed protein. (wikilectures.eu)
KRAS - (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) - One of many RAS proteins. (wikilectures.eu)
This gene belongs to the Ras oncogene family, whose members are related to the transforming genes of mammalian sarcoma retroviruses. (senescence.info)
An oncogene is a gene that can potentially cause cancer. (scientist.com)
RAS is a common class of oncogene and the focus of researchers worldwide, particularly at the National Cancer Institute. (scientist.com)
These genomic sequences contained a mutation later shown to be responsible for the development of sarcomas, and the word "oncogene" became a common part of the vocabulary in cancer publications during the early 1980s (4). (promegaconnections.com)
Harvey's discovery led to the naming of the corresponding rat sarcoma oncogene as HRAS, while Kirsten's related oncogene was named KRAS. (promegaconnections.com)
Activating mutations in the neuroblastoma rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (NRAS) gene are common genetic events in malignant melanoma being found in 15C25% of cases. (technologybooksindustrialprojectreports.com)
Oncogenic mutations in codons 12, 13, or 61 of the rat sarcoma (RAS) family of small GTPases, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (HRAS), and neuroblastoma RAS Cd248 viral oncogene homolog (NRAS) occur in approximately one-third of all human cancers with 850173-95-4 supplier NRAS mutations found in about 15C20% of melanomas (1C7). (technologybooksindustrialprojectreports.com)
Recently, an oral mitogen activated protein (MAP)/extracellular signal-regulated (ERK) kinase (MEK) inhibitor (MEK162) was tested in patients with metastatic melanoma harboring murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) or NRAS mutations with encouraging results (12). (technologybooksindustrialprojectreports.com)

Gene ontology functional enrichment analysis was performed using search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins. (ijpsonline.com)
When protooncogenes are altered or amplification occurs as a result of DNA damage (such as carcinogen exposure), the proteins produced by these genes might affect the cell's development, proliferation, and survival, potentially leading to the creation of a malignant tumour. (alliedacademies.org)
The multifunctional regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is considered not only as a cytoprotective factor regulating the expression of genes coding for anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying proteins, but it is also a powerful modulator of species longevity. (springer.com)
The major characteristics of Nrf2 are to some extent mimicked by Nrf2-dependent genes and their proteins including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which besides removing toxic heme, produces biliverdin, iron ions and carbon monoxide. (springer.com)
A novel membrane factor stimulates guanine nucleotide exchange reaction of ras proteins. (wikidata.org)
which is the first step in the production of proteins from genes. (medlineplus.gov)
The fusion proteins produced from the less common gene translocations have the same function as the EWS/FLI protein. (medlineplus.gov)
The genes encoding p21 proteins are now referred to as ras genes (from rat sarcoma genes). (cshmonographs.org)
Mutated RAS proteins activate signaling pathways that promote the cell division cycle and cell growth and suppress apoptosis. (technologybooksindustrialprojectreports.com)
These genes encode for closely related GTPase proteins responsible for signal transduction within two main pathways, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathways, involved in the regulation of cell growth, survival, and differentiation. (oaepublish.com)

Interestingly, there are common sites of KRAS gene somatic mutations (mainly changing guanine to other nucleotides) which make the oncoprotein to provide excessive growth promoting signal. (wikilectures.eu)
About 50% of colorectal tumors show mutated KRAS gene. (wikilectures.eu)
The purpose of this study is to assess the safety of the investigational immunotherapy drug ELI-002 7P in people with pancreatic, colorectal, bile duct, or gallbladder cancers that have been surgically removed and contain mutations in the KRAS or NRAS genes. (mskcc.org)
The human KRAS gene was cloned shortly thereafter, as well as a third RAS gene, named NRAS (3). (promegaconnections.com)
The core of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence is represented by point mutations in the KRAS gene that unleash a second round of clonal growth, which allows an expansion of cell numbers and, as a consequence, the evolution from a small to a large adenoma [ 7 ] . (oaepublish.com)

This protein is part of a signaling pathway known as the RAS/MAPK pathway, which controls several important cell functions. (medlineplus.gov)
Almost all of these genetic changes abnormally activate the protein, which disrupts the tightly regulated RAS/MAPK signaling pathway in cells throughout the body. (medlineplus.gov)

Several laboratories, working independently, cloned the human homolog of the viral HRAS gene in 1982 (3). (promegaconnections.com)

The review highlights the discovery of oncogenes and suppressor tumor genes, underlining the crucial role of these achievements in cancer diagnosis and therapies. (jcancer.org)
Without doubt, the first human transforming gene, and more broadly, oncogenes and anti-oncogenes, had been previously theorized by Theodor Boveri. (jcancer.org)
Oncogenes are mutated genes that play a role in cancer formation. (alliedacademies.org)
Proto-oncogenes are regular genes in our bodies that assist regulate cell division, growth, and even death rates. (alliedacademies.org)
To begin with, mutations are important in transforming proto oncogenes to oncogenes and inactivating tumour suppressor genes. (alliedacademies.org)
The discovery that oncogenes are mutated forms of normal cell genes (proto-oncogenes) drew attention to proto-oncogenes' roles in normal cells and the nature of the molecular changes that turn proto-oncogenes into oncogenes [ 2 , 3 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
Completely unregulated expression of oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes has been studied extensively in tumour growth for centuries. (alliedacademies.org)
I. DISCOVERY OF ras GENES ras oncogenes were first recognized as the transforming genes of Harvey and Kirsten murine sarcoma viruses (Ha-MSV, Ki-MSV). (cshmonographs.org)
Many oncogenes derived from cellular proto-oncogenes have been found in different retroviruses, implying that the normal vertebrate genome contains many potential cancer-causing genes. (wikilectures.eu)
Oncogenes are product of interaction between organisms and environment and cannot be inherited as syndromes known in tumor suppressor genes defects. (wikilectures.eu)
The BRAF gene belongs to a class of genes known as oncogenes. (medlineplus.gov)

Results showed no correlation between the wild-type or mutant N-ras p21's GTPase activity and transforming potential. (wikipedia.org)

these newly acquired sequences appeared to be the result of viral transduction of cellular genes and were thus likely to be responsible for oncogenic transformation. (cshmonographs.org)
The gene for Ha-MSV p21 was mapped to the region of viral DNA known to be of cellular origin. (cshmonographs.org)
Concordantly, depletion of FUS elevates the occupancy of AFF4 and Cdk9 on the viral promoter and activates HIV gene transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
Our observations show that FUS regulates both HIV and global gene transcription and modulates viral latency, thus can potentially serve as a target for future therapy that sets to reactivate HIV from its latent state. (biomedcentral.com)
Subsequent research, with the advent of genome sequencing, showed that a cellular rat gene had been incorporated into the viral genome in both cases (3). (promegaconnections.com)

Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ras) originally isolated from Harvey (H-ras, Ha-ras, rasH) and Kirsten (K-ras, Ki-ras, rasK) murine sarcoma viruses. (wakehealth.edu)
Identification of the RAS gene family can be traced back to the 1970s, with the definition of the oncogenic sequences of the Kirsten and Harvey strains of murine sarcoma virus [ 1 ] . (oaepublish.com)

Additional studies showed that a single point mutation in each of these genes led to oncogenic activation, and they have been popular targets for anticancer drug discovery efforts ever since. (promegaconnections.com)
Purpose: Gene fusions are important oncogenic drivers and many are actionable. (researchgate.net)

Mutations in this gene have been associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the growth of polyps in the gastrointestinal tract, pigmented macules on the skin and mouth, and other neoplasms. (cancerindex.org)
A very large number of gene mutations may be involved in a single cancer - 50 or more - making the molecular dynamics of cancer cells different in important respects from those of normal cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
At that time, genes were identified by associating mutations with inherited distribution. (nature.com)
Mutations in this gene cause Costello syndrome, a disease characterized by increased growth at the prenatal stage, growth deficiency at the postnatal stage, predisposition to tumor formation, cognitive disability, skin and musculoskeletal abnormalities, distinctive facial appearance and cardiovascular abnormalities. (senescence.info)
Cancer is the result of the gradual accumulation of gene mutations that lead to an increase of cell proliferation [ 4 - 6 ] . (oaepublish.com)
The gatekeeper event is represented by point mutations that inactivate the APC gene in early phases (at the stage of adenoma), while those occurring in the TP53 gene are typically associated with late stages (carcinoma) or metastatic spreading [ 7 , 10 ] . (oaepublish.com)
Mutations in the BRAF gene are the most common cause of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
Additional gene mutations in cells within the nevus after birth can lead to melanoma in people with giant congenital melanocytic nevus. (medlineplus.gov)
At least two mutations in the BRAF gene have been found to cause Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (formerly called LEOPARD syndrome). (medlineplus.gov)
The BRAF gene mutations change single amino acids in the BRAF protein: One mutation replaces the amino acid threonine with the amino acid proline at position 241 (written as Thr241Pro or T241P) and the other mutation replaces the amino acid leucine with the amino acid phenylalanine at position 245 (written as Leu245Phe or L245F). (medlineplus.gov)

Sarcomas are relatively uncommon tumors, accounting for 1% of all malignancies. (medscape.com)
The term "sarcoma" identifies a heterogeneous group of rare tumors comprising over 60 different histologic variants ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Extraosseous (or extraskeletal) Ewing sarcoma describes tumors in the soft tissues around bones, such as cartilage. (medlineplus.gov)
Translocations that fuse the EWSR1 gene with other genes that are related to the FLI1 gene can also cause these types of tumors, although these alternative translocations are relatively uncommon. (medlineplus.gov)
In addition to the expected leukemia, the mice that received the plasma developed solid tumors (soft-tissue sarcomas), primarily in the spleen (1). (promegaconnections.com)
Ewing sarcoma and Ewing-like tumors. (bvsalud.org)

The closely related N-ras gene has been detected in human neuroblastoma and sarcoma cell lines. (wakehealth.edu)

In 1986, Hall helped uncover properties of the human p21 protein, which is encoded by N-ras. (wikipedia.org)
In parallel with this experiment, Hall showed that the presence of Rac, another Ras-related GTP-binding protein, is implicated in the regulation of the actin organisation in presence of extracellular growth factors. (wikipedia.org)
Extra copies of this gene may result in an overabundance of HER2 protein, causing cells to proliferate faster. (alliedacademies.org)
What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
The protein produced from the EWSR1/FLI1 fusion gene, called EWS/FLI, has functions of the protein products of both genes. (medlineplus.gov)
The FLI protein controls the growth and development of some cell types by regulating the transcription of certain genes. (medlineplus.gov)
The EWS protein, produced from the EWSR1 gene, also regulates transcription. (medlineplus.gov)
It is thought that the EWS/FLI protein turns the transcription of a variety of genes on and off abnormally. (medlineplus.gov)
Bailly RA, Bosselut R, Zucman J, Cormier F, Delattre O, Roussel M, Thomas G, Ghysdael J. DNA-binding and transcriptional activation properties of the EWS-FLI-1 fusion protein resulting from the t(11;22) translocation in Ewing sarcoma. (medlineplus.gov)
All genes of the family have a similar exon-intron structure and each encodes a p21 protein. (wakehealth.edu)
Targeted cancer therapies, on the other hand, capitalize on the quantitative and, more importantly, qualitative differences resulting from the genetic (mutation or copy number alterations) and/or epigenetic (non-structural genetic modifications) changes that rewire the biomolecular cellular network creating new pathways with distinctive fragile gene/protein nodes (see figure 1). (marycrowley.org)
Figure 1: Rewired cancer-signaling network comprising gene/protein nodes and interconnected linkages. (marycrowley.org)
Despite a bewildering array of potential targets, including mutated and epigenetically modified genes, copy number changes, mRNA splicing differences, and post-translational protein modifications, the vast number of nodes can be classified into one or more of 12 major pathways, the interaction of which confer an adaptation advantage to the evolving cancer (see figure 2). (marycrowley.org)
Variants in the SMCHD1 gene on chromosome 18, which encodes a protein known as structural maintenance of chromosomes flexible hinge domain containing 1, have been associated with FSHD2. (arkansasbluecross.com)
The RAS gene family, responsible for signal transduction within the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) pathways, is frequently involved in carcinogenesis, and alterations in its member genes can be detected, with variable frequency, in a wide variety of solid and hematological cancers. (oaepublish.com)
Using semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blots experiments, we compared changes in ETS-1 and ETS-2 expression, their protein levels, and the regulation of some of their target gene expressions at different stages of the ocular tumoral progression in the transgenic mouse model, Tyrp-1-TAg, with those in normal eyes from control mice of the same age. (molvis.org)
The SYT protein involved in the t(X;18) synovial sarcoma translocation is a transcriptional activator localised in nuclear bodies. (nature.com)
The BRAF gene provides instructions for making a protein that helps transmit chemical signals from outside the cell to the cell's nucleus. (medlineplus.gov)

Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma are treated by surgery combined with chemotherapy. (bvsalud.org)

Similar to KIT and PDGFRA, two key IGF-1R signal transduction networks have been identified: the GPTase Ras-Raf-ERK/MAPK and PI3K-AKT/mTOR. (liferaftgroup.org)
The products encoded by these genes function in signal transduction pathways. (senescence.info)

Inhibition of Ras for cancer treatment: the search continues. (scientist.com)
Expression analysis confirms that combined MEK and PI3K/mTOR1,2 inhibition predominantly influences genes in the rat sarcoma (RAS) pathway and growth factor receptor pathways, which transmission through MEK/ERK and PI3K/mTOR, respectively. (technologybooksindustrialprojectreports.com)

Specifically, the RAS/MAPK pathway regulates the growth and division (proliferation) of cells, the process by which cells mature to carry out specific functions (differentiation), cell movement (migration), and the self-destruction of cells (apoptosis). (medlineplus.gov)

His work, in collaboration with his colleague and close friend Christopher Marshall, made seminal contributions to our understanding of cell signalling in animal cells, in particular the role of Rho and Ras small GTPases in regulating a variety of cellular functions such as proliferation, morphology and migration. (wikipedia.org)
encoded by Nfe2l2 gene) is a transcription factor responsible for the regulation of cellular redox balance and protective antioxidant and phase II detoxification responses in mammals [ 1 , 2 ]. (springer.com)
Database of human genes associated with cellular senescence. (senescence.info)

Nrf2 stabilization and increase in its half-life even to 200 min [ 9 ] allows nuclear translocation and activation of transcription of cytoprotective genes (Fig. 1 ). (springer.com)
A rearrangement (translocation) of genetic material between chromosomes 22 and 11, written as t(11;22), fuses part of the EWSR1 gene with part of the FLI1 gene, creating the EWSR1/FLI1 fusion gene. (medlineplus.gov)

This gene, which encodes a member of the serine/threonine kinase family, regulates cell polarity and functions as a tumor suppressor. (cancerindex.org)
Taken together, our findings indicate that SS18-SSX-mediated attenuation of an EGR1-PTEN network regulates synovial sarcoma cell survival, and that HDAC inhibitor-mediated apoptosis operates at least in part through reactivation of this pathway. (nature.com)

Jun gene maps to chromosomal region 1p32-p31, involved in both translocations and deletions in human malignancies. (wikilectures.eu)
A paucity of efficacy has also been observed for this approach in other RAS-mutated malignancies. (technologybooksindustrialprojectreports.com)

Background RAS (short for "rat sarcoma") research originated in mice studies where RNA with "tumor-producing sarcoma viruses that turned infected cells cancerous" 2 were found. (scientist.com)

Aberrations of this molecular pathway such as over-expression of IGF-1R, or elevated plasma levels of IGF1, or genetic polymorphisms of the gene encoding IGF1 have been found in association with a variety of cancers including sarcoma. (liferaftgroup.org)
A curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling. (senescence.info)
This model associates specific gene alterations to different stages of CRC development and identifies the occurrence of multiple, sequential, functional, and structural genetic alterations that, in the aggregate, cause a temporal progression from early lesions to late CRC formation [ 7 - 9 ] . (oaepublish.com)
Our hypothesis was that maybe it's a somatic genetic disease" or due to a mutation in the genes of a single cell. (medscape.com)

The most common mutation that causes Ewing sarcoma involves two genes, the EWSR1 gene on chromosome 22 and the FLI1 gene on chromosome 11 . (medlineplus.gov)
The BRAF gene mutation that causes this condition is somatic, meaning that it occurs during a person's lifetime and is present only in certain cells. (medlineplus.gov)

Kaposi Sarcoma, types for a series of classic KS or AIDS-KS cases in Peru. (cdc.gov)
To determine human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) K1 geno- paraffi nized sections by using monoclonal antibodies direct- types in patients with Kaposi sarcoma (KS) from Peru, we ed against CD34 and latent nuclear antigen (LANA-1) ( 12 ). (cdc.gov)
sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) is the etiologic agent fsu.edu) on fragments of either 309 bp (VR1-outer) or of all forms of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Histologic patterns of cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma (KS) associated with a human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) type E infection. (cdc.gov)
HHV-8 is associated with Kaposi sarcoma (KS), and evidence links it with body-cavity lymphomas and Castleman disease. (medscape.com)

Ewing sarcoma accounts for about 1.5 percent of all childhood cancers, and it is the second most common type of bone tumor in children (the most common type of bone cancer is called osteosarcoma). (medlineplus.gov)
Defects in this gene are implicated in a variety of cancers, including bladder cancer, follicular thyroid cancer, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. (senescence.info)

The pathways that are probably regulated by the identified plant phytoconstituents were analyzed using Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. (ijpsonline.com)
Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway identified eight pathways that are directly related to cognitive impairment. (ijpsonline.com)

In 1982, Hall helped identify transforming sequences in human sarcoma cells lines at the Institute for Cancer Research in London. (wikipedia.org)
Further DNA testing showed that the transforming sequences in the two cancer cell lines were the same, and the gene was later characterised as N-ras, a member of the Ras gene family. (wikipedia.org)
Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. (wakehealth.edu)
It interacts directly with specific DNA sequences to regulate expression of target genes. (wikilectures.eu)

Unfortunately, later the Human Genome Organization (HUGO) Gene Nomenclature Committee (HUGN) renamed it to IKBKG, kinase regulatory subunit gamma, in line with its two other binding partners. (nature.com)

Years later, three groups collaborated to search for the mammalian homologs of hh gene. (nature.com)

Despite many approaches for a new oncology treatment, such as various inhibitors and different mouse models, it has been difficult to reliably inhibit RAS. (scientist.com)
Efforts at developing therapeutics that inhibit mutant RAS directly have so far not been successful. (technologybooksindustrialprojectreports.com)
Alternatively, farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) were thought to inhibit RAS activation by blocking farnesylation, a key posttranslational modification step of RAS that is essential for RAS function. (technologybooksindustrialprojectreports.com)

Given its importance in regulating cell processes and proliferation, RAS has become a leading target for researchers. (scientist.com)

In particular, about one third of all sarcomas presents pathognomonic chromosome rearrangements (translocations, deletions, insertions) that result in fusion genes and corresponding expression of fusion transcripts ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
She is currently a Senior Investigator leading the Chromosome Structure and Epigenetics Mechanism Unit within the Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression at the Center for Cancer Research of the NCI/NIH in Bethesda. (elifesciences.org)

This work describes the set-up of a shared platform among the laboratories of the Alleanza Contro il Cancro (ACC) Italian Research Network for the identification of fusion transcripts in sarcomas by using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). (frontiersin.org)
Prevention Genetics also offers testing for FSHD2 through next-generation sequencing of the SMCHD1 gene as part of a panel test for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. (arkansasbluecross.com)
Modeling Costs and Life-Years Gained by Population-Wide Next-Generation Sequencing or Single-Gene Testing in Nonsquamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer in the United States. (cdc.gov)

Unlike the development of squamous cell carcinoma, the development of sarcomas is unrelated to smoking and alcohol use. (medscape.com)
also, the main gene-carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell. (freezingblue.com)
In the diagnosis of sarcomas, tumor cell morphology (shape, pattern of growth, microenvironment contexture) and the expression of differentiation markers represent the most important factors, but molecular investigations are increasingly employed to complement these pathological assessments. (frontiersin.org)
It is concluded that antimicrobial peptides such as melittin and cecropin are capable of inhibiting cell-associated production of HIV-1 by suppressing HIV-1 gene expression. (microbiologyresearch.org)
A group of genes (but also miRNAs) whose products are mainly stimulants of cell division, inhibitors of cell differentiation, or signals for prolonged cell life. (wikilectures.eu)
In this study, we report a central role of the transcription factor, early growth response-1 (EGR1), in the regulation of HDAC inhibitor-induced apoptotic cell death in synovial sarcoma. (nature.com)
Finally, restoration of EGR1 or PTEN expression is sufficient to induce synovial sarcoma cell death. (nature.com)

Indeed, the identification of histotype-specific (pathognomonic) gene alterations is of paramount importance in the differential diagnosis among sarcoma variants, between malignant and benign mimics, as well as between sarcoma and other tumor types ( 1 - 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
Alternate transcriptional splice variants of this gene have been observed but have not been thoroughly characterized. (cancerindex.org)
Multiple transcript variants, which encode different isoforms, have been identified for this gene. (senescence.info)

Approximately 80% of head and neck sarcomas occur in adults, and 10-20% occur in children. (medscape.com)
Most head and neck sarcomas occur with localized disease. (medscape.com)
outcome of ewing sarcoma of the head and neck. (bvsalud.org)

Insulin stimulation of gene expression mediated by p21ras activation. (wikidata.org)
Search the gene expression profiles from curated DataSets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. (cancerindex.org)
The results were validated both by gene expression analysis and immunohistochemistry study in an independent 55 clinical samples from Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center. (cancerindex.org)
In this report, the effects are assessed of two well-characterized antimicrobial amphipathic peptides (melittin and cecropin) on human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replication and gene expression in acutely infected cells at subtoxic concentrations. (microbiologyresearch.org)
HIV LTR activity was also reduced in human cells stably transfected with retroviral expression plasmids for the melittin or cecropin gene. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Dr. Cristina Antonescu's research group at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center has also reported that pediatric GIST have much higher levels of IGF-1R expression than adult wild-type GIST and show distinct patterns of gene expression compared with adult wild-type GIST. (liferaftgroup.org)
We prepared RNA from a series of 117 previously genotyped GIST and quantified expression of the IGF-1R, KIT and PDGFRA mRNA using a control gene (GAPDH) to normalize for differences related to variations in the quality of specimen RNA. (liferaftgroup.org)
Projects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing, such as caloric restriction. (senescence.info)
FSHD is likely to be caused by inappropriate expression of the gene DUX4 in muscle cells. (arkansasbluecross.com)
Reductions in SMCHD1 gene product levels have been associated with D4Z4 contraction-independent DUX4 expression, suggesting that SMCHD1 acts as an epigenetic modifier of the D4Z4 allele (Lemmers, 2012b). (arkansasbluecross.com)
The SS18-SSX oncoprotein, characteristic of synovial sarcoma, maintains EGR1 expression at low levels, whereas it is significantly increased after HDAC inhibitor treatment. (nature.com)
Surgical Outcomes of Thyroid Nodules Positive for Gene Expression Alterations Using ThyroSeq V3 Genomic Classifier. (cdc.gov)

At least one mutation in the BRAF gene has been identified in some people with Erdheim-Chester disease. (medlineplus.gov)
The V600E mutation (described above) in the BRAF gene has also been found to cause giant congenital melanocytic nevus. (medlineplus.gov)

Howard's concept for the origin of cancer genes (who had properly anticipated many parts of current understanding of the molecular modifications necessary for the formation of malignant tumours) has proven correct on all three major elements. (alliedacademies.org)

c-jun - This gene is the putative transforming gene of avian sarcoma virus 17. (wikilectures.eu)

Finally, effects of FUS on HIV gene transcription are also exhibited genome wide, where FUS mainly occupies gene promoters at transcription starting sites, while its knockdown leads to an increase in AFF4 and Cdk9 occupancy on gene promoters of FUS affected genes. (biomedcentral.com)

2008). Molecular characterization of synovial sarcoma in children and adolescents: evidence of akt activation. (nature.com)

Gene ontology functional enrichment analysis revealed twenty eight biological processes and 10 molecular functions associated with cognitive impairment. (ijpsonline.com)

About 25% of breast cancer patients show overexpression of HER2 receptor caused mainly by HER2 gene amplification. (wikilectures.eu)

Approximately 80% of sarcomas originate from soft tissues, while 20% arise from bone. (medscape.com)
Sarcomas are commonly classified according to their site of origin: soft tissues or bone. (medscape.com)
Ewing sarcoma is a cancerous tumor that occurs in bones or soft tissues, such as cartilage or nerves. (medlineplus.gov)

Early studies on the regulation of gene transcription of the proviral human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have laid the foundations to our current understanding of how metazoan transcription elongation is regulated [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It has almost become a tradition since the early years of modern genetics, when there was no regulation for the gene nomenclature. (nature.com)

As transcription silencing is key for establishing the HIV reservoir, significant efforts have been made to understand the mechanism that regulate HIV gene transcription, and the role of the elongation machinery in promoting this step. (biomedcentral.com)
FUS inhibits the activation of HIV transcription by AFF4 and ELL2, and silences overall HIV gene transcription. (biomedcentral.com)

13 McGovern SL, Mahajan A. Progress in radiotherapy for pediatric sarcomas. (bvsalud.org)

Ewing sarcomas most often occur in children and young adults. (medlineplus.gov)
This is a rare soft-tissue sarcoma typically found in children and young adults. (lab-ally.com)

Amazingly, the first human cancer gene was cloned only thirty years ago. (jcancer.org)
A curated database of candidate human ageing-related genes and genes associated with longevity and/or ageing in model organisms. (senescence.info)
RAS holds a dubious distinction in the oncology world: since it was first linked to human cancer in 1982, there have been no oncology treatment based on it. (scientist.com)
Years later, human, lung, and nerve cancer cells (H-, K-, and N-RAS, respectively) were found to have similar genes to the virally-infected mouse RAS. (scientist.com)

At least 1 commercial laboratory (Prevention Genetics, Marshfield, Wisconsin) was identified that offers testing for FSHD2 through sequencing of the SMCHD1 gene via bidirectional Sanger sequencing. (arkansasbluecross.com)

Search for RefSeq genes (e.g. (vectorbuilder.kr)

GISTs with NTRK Gene Fusions: A Clinicopathological, Immunophenotypic, and Molecular Study. (cdc.gov)

Due to their rarity and heterogeneity, the accuracy of sarcoma diagnosis remains challenging. (frontiersin.org)

Anatomy1

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Phenomena and Processes3

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Heterogeneity1