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Paratyphoid FeverTyphoid-Paratyphoid VaccinesTyphoid FeverSalmonella paratyphi ASanitationSalmonella paratyphi BSalmonella typhiSalmonellaSalmonella paratyphi CUSSRSalmonella typhimuriumSalmonella InfectionsVaccinesSalmonella entericaSalmonella Infections, AnimalTravelVaccines, InactivatedToilet FacilitiesSalmonella enteritidisViral VaccinesBacterial VaccinesHygieneVaccines, SyntheticSalmonella Food PoisoningVaccines, DNAVaccines, CombinedWater SupplyAIDS VaccinesSalmonella VaccinesSalmonella PhagesVaccines, ConjugateVaccines, SubunitVaccinationEncyclopedias as Topic
TyphiIncreased typhoid feverEnteric feverCaused by the bacteriumBacteriaParatyphiVaccinationBacteriumInfectionGlobal burden of typhoid feverProtection against typhoid feverTreatment for typhoid feverAntibioticsNontyphoidalPathophysiology2023Drinking water and poor sanitationImprovements in water and sanitationFeversIncidenceTy21aSpread of typhoidClean water and sanitationCholeraBacterialSymptomsLive attenuated vaccineControl typhoidDeathsSerotypesInfections2017InfectiousSanofi PasteurNotifiable diseaseSystemicBurdenImmunityInadequateTyphusComplicationsSevereIllnessDiseasesSerovarsEndemic diseaseWaterPathogenicOccurCommonlyIntestinalPlaguePolysaccharidePreventionSpeciesEpidemicFever in childrenMorbidityDiseaseCasesClinical
Typhi31
Increased typhoid fever1
  • This strain could explain the emergence of increased typhoid fever incidence in certain regions around the world. (cdc.gov)
Enteric fever7
  • Invasive salmonellosis causes a spectrum of diseases, including enteric fever (i.e., typhoid and paratyphoid fever) and nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Conference objectives were to inform the audience about progress made in the epidemiologic understanding of enteric fever and invasive NTS (iNTS) disease, in advancements in diagnostics and clinical management, and in the development and use of vaccines to prevent the diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Typhoid fever is a type of enteric fever, along with paratyphoid fever. (wikipedia.org)
  • Paratyphoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a less serious illness that is also caused by Salmonella bacteria, but the symptoms are very similar to those of Typhoid Fever. (wildernessmedicinenewsletter.com)
  • Enteric fever is more common in areas of the world that have inadequate water and sanitation systems. (kidsnewtocanada.ca)
  • Typhoid or "enteric fever" is a bacterial infection caused by contaminated dietary intake. (marham.pk)
  • Prevention of enteric fever includes both vaccination and undertaking food and water precautions whilst travelling in developing countries where typhoid is endemic. (edu.au)
Caused by the bacterium2
Bacteria15
  • Salmonellae are gram-negative motile, nonsporulating, straight-rod bacteria. (medscape.com)
  • Infection with salmonellae is characterized by attachment of the bacteria by fimbriae or pili to cells lining the intestinal lumen. (medscape.com)
  • Within the mucosa wall the Salmonella bacteria are phagocystized (surrounded and consumed) by macrophages (white blood cells). (wildernessmedicinenewsletter.com)
  • Our main objective in the present paper is to develop an SIIcR-B (susceptible, symptomatic infectious, asymptomatic infectious, recovered, bacteria concentration) model of typhoid fever with vaccination, treatment and water sanitation as control strategies that has not been investigated in prior studies. (scirp.org)
  • Besides these groups, anyone can contract typhoid fever if exposed to the bacteria. (marham.pk)
  • Exposure to the bacteria Salmonella Tyhphae (for example, while working in clinical or laboratory settings). (marham.pk)
  • If water or food is contaminated with bacteria from an infected person, for example in areas where hygiene and sanitation are poor, it can be ingested and infect someone else. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Vaccines that both protect people from becoming ill and help to stop bacteria being shed into the environment are likely to be the most effective strategy," says Dr Voysey. (ox.ac.uk)
  • After making sure that volunteers understood all the details of the study and checking they were fit and well enough to take part, the researchers gave them all a drink containing either typhoid or paratyphoid fever-causing bacteria. (ox.ac.uk)
  • At the end of the study those who had no signs of typhoid or paratyphoid fever had antibiotics too, to make sure the salmonella bacteria were gone from their systems. (ox.ac.uk)
  • By running a human infection study instead of collecting samples from people naturally infected, the researchers could be certain of the exact timing of infection, the amount of bacteria people were exposed to, collect and analyse many samples, and easily compare the different vaccines. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Typhoid fever was a chronic systemic infection caused by Salmonella enteric , serovar typhoid, gram-negative bacteria. (innspub.net)
  • Typhoid is a disease caused by two different species of Salmonella bacteria, which are different to the bacteria that usually causes gastroenteritis 1 . (bloomsthechemist.com.au)
  • The bacteria that causes typhoid can be found in the faeces (poo) of infected individuals and can be spread when people eat or drink food or water that's been contaminated with faeces. (bloomsthechemist.com.au)
  • German bacteriologists Richard Pfeiffer and Wilhelm Kolle demonstrate that inoculation with killed typhoid bacteria results in human immunity against typhoid fever. (encyclopedia.pub)
Paratyphi1
  • Paratyphoid Fever: The uncommon infection is caused by Salmonella enterica serotypes Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, and Paratyphi C bacterium. (marham.pk)
Vaccination16
  • When considering vaccination under time restraints consider that the yellow fever vaccine and documentation are required for certain countries and is strongly recommended for those travelers to infected areas. (cdc.gov)
  • A single dose of vaccine will meet the country requirement and should be documented on a Certificate of Vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • The complete vaccination schedule includes 2 doses of vaccine spaced 1 to 4 or more weeks apart. (cdc.gov)
  • No specific information on the safety of cholera vaccine and pregnancy is available, therefore vaccination should be avoided. (cdc.gov)
  • Nine (19%) countries its position paper on typhoid vaccines and recommended reported implementation of typhoid vaccination programs or programmatic use of the existing ViPS and Ty21a vaccines recommended vaccine use during 2009-2013. (cdc.gov)
  • For this incidence, typhoid surveillance is weak in these two regions, report, the status of typhoid surveillance and vaccine use in and vaccination efforts have been limited. (cdc.gov)
  • Information on typhoid surveil ance during 2009-2013 was immunization programs, and integration of vaccination with obtained from a supplemental survey of surveillance officers safe water, sanitation, and hygiene measures. (cdc.gov)
  • Typhoid vaccination information was that lack access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation obtained from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form on and hygiene. (cdc.gov)
  • In the fight against this plague, prevention is fundamental, and vaccination against typhoid is an effective measure. (unige.it)
  • Specifically, in the most developed countries, vaccination is suggested for highrisk population groups and particularly for international travellers to destinations where the risk of contracting typhoid fever is high. (unige.it)
  • Typhoid vaccination is a safe, effective, and cost-effective way to help control typhoid fever as a complement to safe water and sanitation. (cdc.gov)
  • Our results have shown the feasible impact of different methods of typhoid control, including vaccination, improved treatment strategies, and investment in clean water and sanitation. (scirp.org)
  • Vaccination is the only long-term measure to prevent typhoid. (marham.pk)
  • A vaccination programme to give people immunity to typhoid and paratyphoid fever could provide a cost-effective way to lower the number of salmonella-linked deaths globally. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The research team reviewed data from a series of human infection studies (where volunteers are purposefully exposed to an infection ) conducted in the UK to discover more about the timing and levels of salmonella shedding in poo, with and without vaccination. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The CDC recommends vaccination for travelers going to countries where typhoid fever is endemic, such as South Asia, especially Pakistan, India, or Bangladesh. (worldforgottenchildren.org)
Bacterium1
  • Salmonella is a common type of bacterium that lives in the guts of people and animals. (ox.ac.uk)
Infection7
  • Disease Specific Menu Cholera Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by VIBRIO CHOLERA O-group I. The current vaccines have shown a 50% effectiveness in reducing clinical illness for 3-6 months after administration, with the greatest effectiveness in the first 2 months. (cdc.gov)
  • Typhoid fever is a serious, systemic infection resulting in from typhoid ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Vivotif® is an oral live attenuated vaccine which contains a mutated strain of Salmonella (Ty21a) and reproduces the natural infection. (unige.it)
  • The Salmonella infection cycle starts after the ingestion of microbes. (medscape.com)
  • It is uncommon for children to become asymptomatic chronic carriers following acute typhoid infection. (kidsnewtocanada.ca)
  • But this still leaves a small window in the first stages of infection when salmonella could still be passed on. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Symptoms of typhoid usually start eight to 14 days after infection, and most people recover fully over several weeks with treatment. (bloomsthechemist.com.au)
Global burden of typhoid fever1
Protection against typhoid fever1
Treatment for typhoid fever2
Antibiotics7
  • Typhoid is treated with antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, or third-generation cephalosporins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Typhoid decreased in the developed world in the 1940s as a result of improved sanitation and the use of antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Appropriate antibiotics shorten typhoid vaccines to control endemic disease and outbreaks the duration of fever and bacterial shedding and reduce the and strengthening of typhoid surveillance to improve disease case-fatality rate. (cdc.gov)
  • Although antibiotics have markedly reduced the frequency of typhoid fever in the developed world, it remains endemic in developing countries. (medscape.com)
  • Typhoid fever is generally treated with over-the-counter medications including analgesics and antibiotics. (marham.pk)
  • Most likely, poor sanitation and overuse of antibiotics for the treatment of other infections have been the major reasons for the rapid rise of resistance in Pakistan and other similar countries.The marked increase in density of the urban population in Karachi and other cities clearly facilitates spread of these variants. (medscape.com)
  • The treatment needed for typhoid includes drinking plenty of water and taking antibiotics that have been prescribed by your doctor 1 . (bloomsthechemist.com.au)
Nontyphoidal4
  • Fewer than 1% of nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates are lactose-positive (pink on MacConkey agar), but most produce hydrogen sulfide, which is detectable on HE or SS agar. (medscape.com)
  • Once there, salmonellae induce an influx of macrophages (typhoidal strains) or neutrophils (nontyphoidal strains). (medscape.com)
  • Nontyphoidal salmonellae are phagocytized throughout the distal ileum and colon. (medscape.com)
  • Bansal N, Weisenberg E. Salmonella (typhoid and nontyphoidal). (pathologyoutlines.com)
Pathophysiology1
  • The epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and current treatment trends for typhoid fever in children are discussed in this review article. (innspub.net)
20231
  • Timeline of Typhoid Fever" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34318 (accessed December 02, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)
Drinking water and poor sanitation2
  • Risk factors include limited access to clean drinking water and poor sanitation. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is a disease of poverty because it is usually associated with a lack of clean drinking water and poor sanitation. (nicd.ac.za)
Improvements in water and sanitation1
  • The article notes that it is important to ensure improvements in water and sanitation, but an increase in vaccine use and improved global surveillance is likely to result in the most improvement in the global burden of the disease. (worldforgottenchildren.org)
Fevers5
  • But there are particular types of salmonella that can cross into the blood stream and spread to other organs in the body, leading to more severe diseases called typhoid and paratyphoid fever (collectively called enteric fevers). (ox.ac.uk)
  • In total 430 people in Oxford kindly volunteered to take part and help us understand more about typhoid and paratyphoid fevers," says Professor Pollard, the Principal Investigator of the studies. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Despite notable progress, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers remain major causes of disability and death, with billions of people likely to be exposed to the pathogens," read an article published in the Lancet. (worldforgottenchildren.org)
  • The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. (worldforgottenchildren.org)
  • English physician Thomas Willis describes typhoid fever in his Treatise on Fevers . (encyclopedia.pub)
Incidence5
  • Incidence of typhoid fever in Islamabad, Pakistan. (innspub.net)
  • Prompt administration of high-dose dexamethasone reduces mortality in patients with severe typhoid fever without increasing incidence of complications, carrier states, or relapse among survivors. (medscape.com)
  • To plan trials for the evaluation of vaccine candidates it is essential to understand the disease incidence in the study area. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Throughout the century, the incidence of typhoid fever steadily declines, due to the introduction of vaccinations and improvements in public sanitation and hygiene. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In particular, the water chlorination would significantly reduce the incidence of typhoid fever among the population. (encyclopedia.pub)
Ty21a1
  • Two vaccines namely Ty21a and Vi polysaccharide capsular vaccine are scientifically proven to be effective for the said purpose. (marham.pk)
Spread of typhoid2
  • In many developing nations, the public health goals that can help prevent and control the spread of typhoid fever disease through safe drinking water, improved sanitation and adequate medical care may be difficult to achieve. (scirp.org)
  • Being in high-risk areas - some areas of the world are more prone to the spread of typhoid infections, including South East Asia, South America, and the Indian Subcontinent. (marham.pk)
Clean water and sanitation1
  • No global control strategy yet exists because of multiple challenges, such as low availability of effective vaccines, poor access to clean water and sanitation, lack of regional or national data, and difficulties in scaling up interventions. (cdc.gov)
Cholera8
  • However, when vaccines commonly associated with local side effects(such as cholera, typhoid, and plague vaccines) are given simultaneously, the side effects can be accentuated. (cdc.gov)
  • The major benefit of the cholera vaccine is for entry into a few countries requiring a certificate. (cdc.gov)
  • Data indicates that simultaneous administration of cholera and yellow fever vaccines produces a less-than-normal antibody response. (cdc.gov)
  • A 3 week minimum interval between cholera and yellow fever vaccines is recommended except in those cases where both vaccines are required and time constraints exist. (cdc.gov)
  • The genus Salmonella is named after Daniel E. Salmon, an American veterinarian who first isolated Salmonella choleraesuis from pigs with hog cholera in 1884. (medscape.com)
  • If a patient is taking both Vivotif® oral and the oral cholera vaccine (Dukoral®), these should be administered 8 hours apart due to the risk of components of the cholera vaccine impacting how the typhoid vaccine is absorbed in the gut. (edu.au)
  • In preparation of vaccines trials to estimate protection against shigellosis and cholera we conducted a two-year community-based surveillance study in an impoverished area of North Jakarta which provided updated information on the disease burden in the area. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [4] The oral cholera vaccine , while effective for cholera , is of questionable use for travelers' diarrhea . (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial2
  • There have been mixed results from studies so far as to whether existing vaccines reduce bacterial shedding, and the most recently developed vaccines haven't yet been tested. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Dexamethasone may decrease the likelihood of mortality in severe typhoid fever cases complicated by delirium, obtundation, stupor, coma, or shock if bacterial meningitis has been definitively ruled out by cerebrospinal fluid studies. (medscape.com)
Symptoms5
Live attenuated vaccine1
  • However, live attenuated vaccine viruses might not successfully replicate and the subsequent antibody response could be diminished when the vaccine is given with IG. (cdc.gov)
Control typhoid1
  • Mass immunization campaigns to control typhoid have been thwarted because of religious and cultural prejudices. (medscape.com)
Deaths2
  • Typhoid fever affects over 9 million people annually and causes over 110,000 deaths per year, mostly among children. (cdc.gov)
  • Number of cases and deaths due to typhoid fever, by outbreak. (encyclopedia.pub)
Serotypes1
  • Currently, Salmonella species have the serologically defined names appended as serovars or serotypes. (medscape.com)
Infections3
20172
  • Edward, S. (2017) A Deterministic Mathematical Model for Direct and Indirect Transmission Dynamics of Typhoid Fever. (scirp.org)
  • 2017. The burden of typhoid fever in low-and middle-income countries: A metaregression approach. (innspub.net)
Infectious2
  • [ 6 ] Although the infectious dose varies among Salmonella strains, a large inoculum is thought to be necessary to overcome stomach acidity and to compete with normal intestinal flora. (medscape.com)
  • all susceptible individuals are equally likely to be infected by infectious individuals in case of contact, and we also assume direct transmission of typhoid from infected to susceptible individuals and that there is a constant recruitment rate to the susceptible population. (scirp.org)
Sanofi Pasteur1
  • ViPS vaccine (Sanofi Pasteur) was prequalified by the World lished literature. (cdc.gov)
Notifiable disease1
  • or notifiable disease data on typhoid cases, with most surveil- and some international donors. (cdc.gov)
Systemic1
  • One of the main causes of diarrhoeal disease is typhoid fever, which is a potentially life-threatening multi-systemic illness. (unige.it)
Burden1
Immunity1
  • If IG needs to be administered because of imminent exposure to disease, live virus vaccines may be administered simultaneously with IG recognizing that vaccine-induced immunity may be compromised. (cdc.gov)
Inadequate1
Typhus3
Complications1
  • Typhoid fever presents more commonly than paratyphoid fever and is associated with higher rates of severe complications and poorer outcomes. (edu.au)
Severe2
  • To date, the most systematic trial of this has been a randomized controlled study in patients aged 3-56 years with severe typhoid fever who were receiving chloramphenicol therapy. (medscape.com)
  • The data are sparse, but the authors of this article agree with the WHO that dexamethasone should be used in cases of severe typhoid fever. (medscape.com)
Illness3
  • Untreated, typhoid fever is a grueling illness that may progress to delirium, obtundation, intestinal hemorrhage, bowel perforation, and death within 1 month of onset. (medscape.com)
  • Typhoid is a serious illness affecting millions of people all around the world. (marham.pk)
  • Whilst not as prevalent in Australia, typhoid fever is a common infective illness in many parts of the world, especially Asia, southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. (edu.au)
Diseases2
  • Waste and sanitation workers in South-Asian countries are vulnerable to injuries and diseases, including COVID-19. (bvsalud.org)
  • Salmonella Cholerasuis and Salmonella Dublin also cause diarrheic diseases. (medscape.com)
Serovars1
Endemic disease1
  • The experience gained during the surveillance will be useful for future vaccine trials as well as for the understanding of endemic disease rates in urban slums in the region. (biomedcentral.com)
Water16
  • A study from the Pacific region highlighted behavioral, infrastructural, and environmental risk factors for typhoid fever, such as sanitation practices, water supply infrastructure, and flooding ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • However, both studies agree that typhoid cases are likely to occur in areas with compromised water and sanitation facilities and at low elevations. (cdc.gov)
  • Typhoid is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other efforts to prevent it include providing clean drinking water, good sanitation, and handwashing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Safe water, adequate sanitation, appropriate confirmation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. (cdc.gov)
  • without access to potable water and adequate sanitation). (cdc.gov)
  • Low- and middle-income countries are mainly affected owing to the lack of clean water and proper sanitation. (unige.it)
  • Improvements in sanitation and the provision of clean drinking water led to the elimination of typhoid fever from developed countries in the beginning of the 20th century. (scirp.org)
  • The disease is endemic in many developing countries and despite recent progress in water and sanitation coverage, it remains a substantial public health problem. (scirp.org)
  • The countries that have more inhibited access to drinkable and clean water and cleaning facilities tend to report having more cases of typhoid. (marham.pk)
  • During the past 3 decades, changes in water supply, sanitation, and personal hygiene are believed to have contributed to a decline in the mortality rate in developing countries. (lww.com)
  • In some countries, such as Bangladesh, the reduction in the case fatality rate can be attributed largely to improved case management, rather than changes in water supply, sanitation, or personal hygiene. (lww.com)
  • Salmonella spreads mainly through contamination of food or drinking water with human waste. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Typhoid fever is transmitted via the faecal-oral route and via contaminated food and water sources, most commonly in developing countries with untreated drinking water and poorer sanitation and food handling practices. (edu.au)
  • Typhoid is usually more common in countries that have poor sanitation, poor hand hygiene and untreated drinking water 1 . (bloomsthechemist.com.au)
  • English epidemiologist William Budd, while treating an outbreak of typhoid, notes that the poison (as he then calls it) is present in the excretions of the infected and could be transmitted to healthy people through contaminated water consumption. (encyclopedia.pub)
Pathogenic2
  • Pathogenic Salmonella species can move using peritrichal flagellum. (medscape.com)
  • All pathogenic Salmonella species, when present in the gut are engulfed by phagocytic cells, which then pass them through the mucosa and present them to the macrophages in the lamina propria. (medscape.com)
Occur2
  • If IG administration becomes necessary after a live vaccine has been given, interference may occur, and thus the vaccine may have to be repeated after at least a 3 month wait. (cdc.gov)
  • Life-threatening intestinal hemorrhage and intestinal perforation may occur in 3% of hospitalized patients with typhoid fever. (kidsnewtocanada.ca)
Commonly2
Intestinal2
Plague1
  • Vaccines have not been found to be very useful for plague prevention. (infogalactic.com)
Polysaccharide1
  • cination programs in the WHO South-East Asia (SEAR) and Two safe and effective typhoid vaccines are licensed and Western Pacific regions (WPR) during 2009-2013, after the marketed internationally, an injectable polysaccharide vaccine revised WHO recommendations. (cdc.gov)
Prevention3
Species4
Epidemic1
  • Typhoid fever epidemic ravages Athens, whiping out about one third of its population. (encyclopedia.pub)
Fever in children3
  • 1975. Typhoid fever in children. (innspub.net)
  • Administered PO at 10 mg/kg/d (not exceeding 500 mg), appears to be effective to treat uncomplicated typhoid fever in children 4-17 y. (medscape.com)
  • Confirmation of these results could provide an alternative for treatment of typhoid fever in children in developing countries, where medical resources are scarce. (medscape.com)
Morbidity1
  • Interventions such as exclusive breastfeeding (which prevents diarrhea), continuation of breastfeeding until 24 months of age, and improved complementary feeding (by way of improved nutrition), along with improved sanitation, are expected to affect mortality and morbidity simultaneously. (lww.com)
Disease4
  • Recent progress in vaccine development, technology transfer, and disease surveillance has increased prospects of typhoid fever control and eventual control of paratyphoid and NTS. (cdc.gov)
  • In response to these issues, the 9th International Conference on Typhoid and Invasive NTS Disease took place in Bali, Indonesia, during April 30-May 3, 2015 ( http://www.coalitionagainsttyphoid.org/typhoid-conference/conference-history/9th-conference-resources/ ). (cdc.gov)
  • The protean manifestations of typhoid fever make this disease a true diagnostic challenge. (medscape.com)
  • Typhoid disease is usually spread in countries that have poor hand hygiene and food handling standards 1 . (bloomsthechemist.com.au)
Cases6
  • A typhoid vaccine can prevent about 40% to 90% of cases during the first two years. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 2015, 12.5 million new typhoid cases were reported. (wikipedia.org)
  • Every year about 400 cases are reported in the U.S. and an estimated 6,000 people have typhoid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Traveling to areas with a high prevalence of typhoid cases. (marham.pk)
  • Rising XDR-Typhoid Fever Cases in Pakistan: Are We Heading Back to the Pre-antibiotic Era? (medscape.com)
  • Number of confirmed typhoid-paratyphoid fever reported cases in European countries in the period 2008-2012, illustrating the proportion among countries. (encyclopedia.pub)
Clinical1