Safety of amalgam fillings dental amalgam. Medical search. Frequent questions

A division of the College of Public Health at the University of Georgia is the first to analyze existing research and report that there is a relationship between dental surface restorations composed of dental amalgam and mercury exposure in a population of individuals from various backgrounds across the United States. (dentalproductsreport.com)
Restorations have been placed using materials similar to modern amalgam since the early 1800s. (colgateprofessional.com)
So, beginning in 1989, my group in collaboration with investigators at the University of Calgary, specifically tested two hypotheses: that Hg is released from amalgam dental restorations in amounts sufficient to select for Hg resistant bacteria in the commensal microbiota and that the Hg resistance loci thus selected would be linked to antibiotic resistance genes and borne by bacterial plasmids (Summers et al. (evidence-of-harm.com)
In two of our three experiments, the amalgam fillings we had installed were replaced after two months by non-metallic restorations. (evidence-of-harm.com)
Finland is one of the many European countries that are phasing out amalgam restorations to focus on the more aesthetically-pleasing tooth-colored fillings. (oralanswers.com)
In 2002, a group of researchers scoured 16 electronic databases, and 36 dental journals to find all of the studies performed on the longevity of different types of restorations. (oralanswers.com)
They found 62 studies dealing with the lifetime of amalgam restorations. (oralanswers.com)
A graph showing the percentage of amalgam restorations still in existence for a given number of years after they were placed. (oralanswers.com)
Do you have any good stories or experiences dealing with amalgam restorations? (oralanswers.com)
Yesterday, July 28, after years of careful investigation and review of over 200 scientific studies, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reaffirmed its view that dental amalgam is a safe, effective material for use in dental restorations. (cdaonline.org)
This durability makes amalgam fillings suitable for areas of the mouth that require robust restorations. (hajiwonacademy.vn)
There are a variety of materials used for dental restorations but the most common are amalgam and composite, also referred to as composite resin. (mouth.co.uk)
Dental fillings are a dental restorations treatment used to repair damaged, decayed or worn teeth. (mouth.co.uk)
Amalgam has been the gold standard for restorations in posterior teeth. (who.int)
including dental amalgam, which is made up of Amalgam has been the gold standard for restorations approximately 50% elemental mercury by weight, and in posterior teeth. (who.int)

If you're concerned about the state or appearance of your existing fillings, schedule a consultation with Dental Partners of Boston, the practice that's at the forefront of cosmetic dentistry in Boston. (dentalpartnersofboston.com)
At Dental Partners of Boston, we provide cosmetic dentistry services along with many other kinds of dentistry. (dentalpartnersofboston.com)
At Assure A Smile Miami Dentistry , we believe patients have the right to be informed and educated on the materials that are used in their dental procedures. (assureasmile.com)
How to find a mercury safe dentist and the important questions to ask them about the safe removal of mercury amalgam fillings and biological dentistry. (iabdm.org)
This claim would require the collusion of organized dentistry, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration, the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services through its Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and a variety of worldwide health organizations,' he said. (dentistryiq.com)
World-renowned dental researchers from the UCLA and USC Schools of dentistry concur that Watson's statements are misleading, including Dr. Harold Slavkin, DDS, PhD, Dean at the USC School of Dentistry and former director of the NICDR in Washington, D.C. (dentistryiq.com)
Patients often voice concerns about their oral health, so it's important to stay up to date on dental materials and trends in dentistry. (colgateprofessional.com)
Here you will find a variety of articles and topics including dental news, advancements in dental technology and treatment, practical dental health advice and updates from Dr. Jessica Worthington and her Carmel Famly Dentistry staff. (carmelfamilydentistry.com)
If so, please reach out to Creative Dentistry & MedSpa of Atlanta to discuss whether or not replacing your dental amalgam fillings makes sense due to your individual circumstances. (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
If you have concerns about the safety of your dental amalgam fillings or are experiencing any symptoms that could be related to the filling, such as sensitivity or pain, you should speak with the staff at Creative Dentistry & MedSpa of Atlanta. (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
For further information about dental amalgam fillings Or to answer any questions that you may have regarding your dental amalgam fillings, please contact Creative Dentistry & MedSpa of Atlanta today! (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
D.R. Dental specializes in high-quality preventative care, cosmetic dentistry and oral surgery services. (drdentalclinics.ca)
In this article, we will explore what amalgam dental fillings are and provide important information about their use in dentistry. (hajiwonacademy.vn)
Longevity and Durability: Amalgam fillings have been used in dentistry for more than a century and have a long-standing record of durability. (hajiwonacademy.vn)
The ADA's state-of-the-art research facilities develop and test dental products and materials that have advanced the practice of dentistry and made the patient experience more positive. (dentistrytoday.com)
The monthly The Journal of the American Dental Association (JADA) is the ADA's flagship publication and the best-read scientific journal in dentistry. (dentistrytoday.com)
Dr. Hugh Flax, one of the cover authors of Dentistry Today's January/February issue, stopped by our booth at the Chicago Dental Society Midwinter Meeting to visit and take a picture with James Radcliffe. (dentistrytoday.com)

Our directory exists for one reason: to help you find a biological dentist near you that is skilled in the safe removal of mercury amalgam dental fillings. (iabdm.org)
5. Does the dentist use a dental dam during the removal of mercury fillings? (iabdm.org)
Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, your dentist has been working to put your health and safety first by taking extra steps to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the dental office. (hawaiidentalassociation.net)
If you can't get to your dentist right away, cover the part of the tooth that is in your mouth with temporary dental cement. (colgate.com)
Your dentist may suggest repairing the damage with filling material to prevent it from getting worse or to make the tooth look and feel better. (colgate.com)
The study followed 722 amalgam fillings that this dentist had placed between 1982 and 1999. (oralanswers.com)
I am currently reading a book by a dentist where he states that he has seen some good amalgam fillings last longer than 50 years. (oralanswers.com)
It's important to discuss any concerns you may have about the safety of dental amalgam with your dentist, who can help you make an informed decision about the best material for your individual needs. (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
If you do decide to have your dental amalgam fillings replaced, it's important to work with an experienced dentist that is qualified in the removal and replacement of dental amalgam fillings and who can take appropriate safety measures to minimize the risk of mercury exposure. (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
You can get your amalgam fillings safely removed by a trained mercury safe dentist. (healingals.com)
Every dentist may have a personal preference of filling material, but it is important to educate yourself about the different options. (drdentalclinics.ca)
If you have concerns or questions about amalgam fillings, it's best to consult with a qualified dentist. (hajiwonacademy.vn)
When placing dental amalgam, the dentist first drills the tooth to remove the decay and then shapes the tooth cavity for placement of the amalgam filling. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
Next, under appropriate safety conditions, the dentist mixes the powdered alloy with the liquid mercury to form an amalgam putty. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
Deciding what filling material to use to treat dental decay is a choice that must be made by you and your dentist. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
Dental Amalgam, also known as Silver Filling material is a mixture of Mercury and Metal Alloy's used to fill a hole in a tooth after decay has been removed by a dentist. (picassodental.vn)
The not-for-profit ADA is the nation's largest dental association, representing 157,000 dentist members. (dentistrytoday.com)
Once the filling is complete, the dentist will check to ensure the proper shape and appearance, making any necessary adjustments to achieve a natural-looking result. (longviewsmiles.com)
If you're considering replacing your amalgam fillings with composite fillings, it's important to talk with our dentist about your options. (longviewsmiles.com)
Understanding the potential risks of an amalgam filling can help you work with your dentist to decide if a full replacement of amalgam fillings is right for you. (wekivadental.com)
Mercury in particular is used due to how well it bonds with other metals and its ability to harden quickly after the dentist places the filling in your tooth. (wekivadental.com)
Talking to your dentist and completing a thorough examination of your amalgam fillings can help you make the best choice for your oral health. (wekivadental.com)
Overall, cases reported fewer dentist and dental hygiene visits (P = .013) and fewer dental visits in the 12 weeks before enrollment than controls (P = .007). (bvsalud.org)

California dentists are taking strong issue with Congresswoman Diane Watson's (32nd Congressional District), assertions this week that there is a conspiracy regarding the use of amalgam as a restorative material for decaying teeth. (dentistryiq.com)
1. Amalgam (silver filling) is the most thoroughly researched and tested restorative material among all those in use. (brightnow.com)
While questions have arisen about the safety of dental amalgam relating to its mercury content, the major U.S. and international scientific and health bodies, including the National Institute of Health, the U.S. Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration and the World Health Organization, among others have been satisfied that dental amalgam is a safe, reliable and effective restorative material. (brightnow.com)
In the 1800s, amalgam became the dental restorative material of choice due to its low cost, ease of application, strength, and durability. (picassodental.vn)
The results dental amalgam as a restorative material under strict showed that mercury levels in the air were more than observance of waste management protocols ( 5 ). (who.int)

The ADA has also published patient information on its MouthHealthy.org website about amalgam and other types of fillings, stating that amalgam is safe and effective. (colgateprofessional.com)
cjj, You have a choice between 2 types of fillings. (curezone.org)
Dental amalgam fillings are strong and long-lasting, so they are less likely to break than some other types of fillings.Dental amalgam is the least expensive type of filling material. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
There are different types of fillings used and depending on your requirement you will be recommended the best option for you. (mouth.co.uk)

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today issued a final regulation classifying dental amalgam and its component parts - elemental mercury and a powder alloy-used in dental fillings. (cdchealth.com)
Although the FDA previously had classified the two separate parts of amalgam - elemental mercury and the metal powder alloy - it had not issued a separate regulation classifying the combination of the two, dental amalgam. (cdchealth.com)
Approximately 50% of dental amalgam is elemental mercury by weight. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
Dental amalgam contains elemental mercury. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
The form of mercury associated with dental amalgam is elemental mercury, which releases mercury vapor. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
Though there has not been evidence to suggest that elemental mercury from dental amalgam fillings poses a risk, when it is discarded into nature, aquatic microbes can convert it into methylmercury which could end up building up in the food chain and inadvertently contribute to human mercury exposure. (picassodental.vn)
Dental amalgam is a commonly-used cavity filling material made by combining silver, copper, tin and elemental mercury. (dentistrytoday.com)
During our survey in June 2019, we 1) Collected full-shift time-weighted average (TWA) samples on dental clinic employees while they performed their regular job duties and analyzed for elemental mercury content. (cdc.gov)

The Restorative Dental Materials Fact Sheet Watson referred to was required by legislation in 1992 to provide a comparative study of restorative materials to the consumer, describing the differences in durability and cost of these dental materials. (dentistryiq.com)
This type of filling has been used for decades due to its durability and its strength in withstanding the forces of chewing. (drdentalclinics.ca)
Mercury's unique properties (it is the only metal that is a liquid at room temperature and that bonds well with the powdered alloy) make it an important component of dental amalgam that contributes to its durability. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
Dentists value amalgam for its durability and ease of placement. (dentistrytoday.com)
While amalgam fillings have been used for many years and are known for their durability, tooth colored fillings have also been shown to be durable and long-lasting. (longviewsmiles.com)
Amalgam has been a popular choice for dental fillings for decades thanks to its durability and affordability. (wekivadental.com)

One of our experienced dentists will evaluate your situation and discuss the possibility of replacing your amalgam fillings. (dentalpartnersofboston.com)
Frequently, patients will ask the dentists at Dental Partners of Boston this question when considering dental implants. (dentalpartnersofboston.com)
The American Dental Association has developed science-based guidance to dentists on extra steps they can take, in addition to the infection control procedures they've always followed , to help protect their patients and staff. (hawaiidentalassociation.net)
In compliance with this legislation, The Dental Board created a fact sheet in 1993 and distributed an updated version to all dentists on October 31, 200l. (dentistryiq.com)
Yet, an FDA advisory committee has found no evidence of Risk to dental patients, and many dentists believe that patients are being unnecessarily alarmed. (unh.edu)
He represented dentists ordered by state licensing boards to withhold information from their patients about the effects of mercury in dental amalgam fillings, including risks to patients, dental workers, and the environment. (citizens.org)
As a result, many dentists now offer alternative materials for dental fillings, such as composite resin or porcelain. (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
Recent years, dentists argue effectiveness and safety of these materials (Bird and Robinson, p. 136). (nursingbird.com)
The statement will help dentists and patients make informed decisions about the use of dental amalgam. (cdchealth.com)
Resin, or white filling, is the most common filling material of choice by dentists. (drdentalclinics.ca)
Dentists consider various factors, such as the location of the cavity, the size of the filling, and the patient's oral health, when determining the most suitable restoration option. (hajiwonacademy.vn)
Pregnant or nursing mothers and parents with young children should talk with their dentists if they have concerns about dental amalgam. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
The rubber dam can be used by dentists to isolate the amalgam filling from the rest of the tooth during amalgam removal. (picassodental.vn)
Whether you're visiting us for professional teeth cleaning, a routine dental health check or something more extensive, our qualified dentists at Picasso Dental Clinic offer a wide range of comprehensive dental services. (picassodental.vn)
A NEW rule on how dentists use amalgam fillings has come in to force. (health-ni.gov.uk)
Chief Dental Officer, Simon Reid said: "Dentists across the United Kingdom have already been applying the precautionary principle and avoiding amalgam when treating pregnant women for the last 20 years. (health-ni.gov.uk)
The science available to us overwhelmingly supports the safety and efficacy of dental amalgam, and it should continue to be made available to dentists and their patients," said Dr. Faiella. (dentistrytoday.com)
Yes, composite fillings are safe and have been used by dentists for many years as a safe alternative to traditional amalgam fillings. (longviewsmiles.com)
Some dental patients have started asking their dentists to remove their amalgam fillings and replace them with composite fillings. (wekivadental.com)
Most of the dentists (76.3%) were unaware of the proper disposal protocols for dental amalgam and 76.5% were unaware of any guide- lines regarding amalgam use and disposal. (who.int)
Although there is a gap in knowledge among the dentists regarding amalgam disposal, dentists in Pakistan are reducing their use of dental amalgam in accordance with the guidelines of the Minamata Convention. (who.int)

Amalgam dental fillings, often referred to as silver fillings, are a type of dental restoration used to treat cavities caused by tooth decay. (hajiwonacademy.vn)
Dental amalgam is a dental filling material used to fill cavities caused by tooth decay. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)

Still, some wonder whether it would be wise to replace their amalgam fillings with composite resin fillings -a popular choice in recent years. (dentalpartnersofboston.com)
Variations of resin fillings are now available that contain glass components that store and release minerals like fluoride. (drdentalclinics.ca)
These two high-grade fillings options are generally more expensive than resin fillings and are often not covered by insurance policies. (drdentalclinics.ca)
For individuals concerned about aesthetics, tooth-colored composite resin fillings or other options may be more suitable. (hajiwonacademy.vn)
the material used in resin fillings can be altered to blend in with the natural shade of your teeth. (wekivadental.com)
This is perfect for those susceptible to allergies as resin fillings have no adverse effects. (mouth.co.uk)

And according to The Cochrane Collaboration , amalgam fillings have a lower failure rate compared to composite fillings when used posteriorly in the permanent dentition. (colgateprofessional.com)

Generally, replacing silver amalgam fillings with white composite fillings is not necessary or recommended. (dentalpartnersofboston.com)
We specialize in safely removing and replacing dental amalgams with biocompatible materials that are known for both safety and longevity, like white composite fillings. (assureasmile.com)

The dental dam will significantly reduce the mercury vapor exposure, as well as reduce your chance of swallowing mercury particles. (iabdm.org)
The specific type of mercury involved in the exposure was also analyzed, with a significant increase in methyl mercury being found related to dental fillings. (dentalproductsreport.com)
Its report, titled 'Toxicological Profile for Mercury' (Update 1999), stipulates on page 23 that 'the practice of having all your dental amalgam fillings replaced with non-mercury filling materials just to remove the possibility of mercury exposure is not recommended by ATSDR. (dentistryiq.com)
The FDA found that in adults and children aged six years and over, who have fifteen or more amalgam surfaces, mercury exposure was far below the lowest levels associated with harm. (bpac.org.nz)
Removing sound amalgam fillings results in unnecessary loss of healthy tooth structure, and results in exposure to mercury vapour released during the removal process. (bpac.org.nz)
However, some people may still have concerns about the safety of dental amalgam, particularly if they have allergies or sensitivities to metals or have existing health conditions that could be affected by mercury exposure. (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
However, some people may choose to have their dental amalgam fillings replaced for various reasons, including concerns about the potential health risks associated with mercury exposure, deterioration of the filling over time, or simply for cosmetic reasons. (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
The agency drafted a review of recent and relevant peer-reviewed scientific literature on exposure to dental amalgam mercury. (cdchealth.com)
Even in adults and children ages 6 and above who have fifteen or more amalgam surfaces, mercury exposure due to dental amalgam fillings has been found to be far below the lowest levels associated with harm. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
The request stated concerns about possible exposure to mercury vapors from amalgam, a metal alloy used for dental fillings. (cdc.gov)

Dr. Chan also points to Watson's inaccuracy with regards to the statement that the ATSDR recommends the removal of amalgam from consumer's teeth. (dentistryiq.com)
The removal of amalgam fillings is not recommended for reasons other than a true hypersensitivity to Mercury. (picassodental.vn)

Mercury, a major component of dental amalgam, is considered an environmental pollutant. (who.int)

Composite fillings have smooth, bonded edges, which leave fewer nooks and crannies for plaque to accumulate and cause further tooth decay. (dentalpartnersofboston.com)
Composite fillings seal and protect the inner layer of the tooth, known as the dentin, from bacteria that causes decay. (dentalpartnersofboston.com)
The three most frequent reasons for failure of this dentist's fillings were the amalgam filling itself breaking, tooth decay developing under the filling, and the filled tooth weakening and breaking. (oralanswers.com)
Of course, how long the amalgam fillings last depends on a variety of factors such as whether all of the decay was removed, how well the filling "fits" inside the tooth, how big the filling is, and if it gets a lot of pressure placed on it during biting. (oralanswers.com)
I have amalgam fillings that were placed on all my molars (because they were too deep, no decay) when I was 12 years old & have given me no trouble at all-and I am now nearing 60 years old! (oralanswers.com)
Introduction While the issue of tooth decay in preschool children is prevailing, little research has been done to investigate the relationship between parents' knowledge of dental caries and kids' oral health. (nursingbird.com)
Introduction Tooth decay, which is commonly known as dental caries, is a contagious disease caused by microbes in the mouth. (nursingbird.com)
Dental fillings are a common method used to restore teeth to their normal state after decay occurs. (drdentalclinics.ca)
There are many reasons why you may need a filling, however, the most common reason is to replace a dental cavity due to a decay. (drdentalclinics.ca)
Amalgam is one of the most commonly used dental restoration materials being used in restoring Tooth Decay/ Caries. (picassodental.vn)
Cavities are a common dental issue that refers to the presence of holes in teeth, caused by decay. (longviewsmiles.com)
Tooth colored fillings bond directly to the tooth structure, creating a tight seal that helps to prevent further decay. (longviewsmiles.com)
Ultimately, the choice between tooth colored fillings and amalgam fillings depends on the individual's preferences, the location and extent of the decay or damage, and the dentist's recommendation. (longviewsmiles.com)
If you get a cavity in one or more your teeth, dental fillings are usually the recommended treatment, as they help prevent infections and protect your tooth from further tooth decay. (mouth.co.uk)

However, there has been some concern about the potential health risks associated with mercury in dental amalgam. (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
Several studies have been conducted on the safety of dental amalgam, and the consensus among many health organizations is that the benefits of using dental amalgam outweigh the potential risks. (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
A statement discussing the scientific evidence on the benefits and risk of dental amalgam, including the risks of inhaled mercury vapor . (cdchealth.com)
The FDA, in our opinion, refuses to admit the true risks of these fillings because of the firestorm of lawsuits it would unleash against the pharmaceutical companies that make the amalgams. (cdchealth.com)
Safety and Mercury Content: One component of amalgam fillings is mercury, which has raised concerns about potential health risks. (hajiwonacademy.vn)

Millions of people across the country now have amalgam fillings in their teeth, but in recent years, some have begun to wonder how safe it really is to have mercury in your teeth. (dentalpartnersofboston.com)
Your dental doctor can remove the mercury from your teeth but may not able to directly address the importance of detoxification and nutritional support before, during and after mercury removal. (iabdm.org)
Patients rely on dental hygienists to answer any questions they may have about their teeth and about their oral health's impact on the rest of their body. (colgateprofessional.com)
Do you want a better dental checkup and teeth cleaning each time? (carmelfamilydentistry.com)
Dental amalgam fillings are durable and long-lasting, and many people have had them in their teeth for decades without any problems. (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
Untreated dental caries causes pain and infection and loss of some or all teeth. (nursingbird.com)
The microbes damage the dental structure by dissolving the calcified parts of the teeth. (nursingbird.com)
You can prevent cavities and avoid the need for fillings by brushing your teeth regularly with fluoride toothpaste, flossing between your teeth and using antibacterial mouthwash. (drdentalclinics.ca)
This difference in color may make amalgam fillings more noticeable, particularly when used on front teeth. (hajiwonacademy.vn)
The EU directive, effective from July 1, places restrictions on the use of amalgam or 'silver' fillings in 'baby' teeth, and in children under 15, except when deemed strictly necessary on specific medical, including dental, needs. (health-ni.gov.uk)
Made of a mixture of resin and finely ground glass-like particles, these tooth-colored fillings offer a more natural appearance and can blend seamlessly with the surrounding teeth. (longviewsmiles.com)
Tooth colored fillings are often used to restore decayed, chipped, or cracked teeth, as well as to replace old metal fillings for aesthetic reasons. (longviewsmiles.com)
With their durable and long-lasting properties, tooth colored fillings have become a popular choice for many individuals seeking a discreet and effective way to restore their teeth. (longviewsmiles.com)
Composite fillings are a popular choice for those seeking a dental restoration that blends seamlessly with their natural teeth. (longviewsmiles.com)
With composite fillings , you can enjoy a seamless restoration that matches the natural color of your teeth. (longviewsmiles.com)
Tooth colored fillings are made of a tooth-colored resin material that can be matched to the natural color of your teeth, making them virtually invisible. (longviewsmiles.com)
In contrast, amalgam fillings are silver or gray in color, which can make them more noticeable, particularly in the front teeth. (longviewsmiles.com)
With their aesthetic benefits, preservation of tooth structure, and bonding capabilities, composite fillings can provide a durable and natural-looking restoration for your teeth. (longviewsmiles.com)
Amalgam is a filling material put together from a combination of several metals to repair cavities in your teeth. (wekivadental.com)
In our cutting-edge technological facilities, we provide our patients with complete oral care solutions from composite dental fillings, root canals, and teeth whitening and more. (mouth.co.uk)
They are used to repair cracked or broken teeth and help prevent further deterioration by 'filling' in the cavity or crack. (mouth.co.uk)
These fillings have a more natural appearance as the composite resin can be customised to match the shade of your teeth, making them practically unnoticeable. (mouth.co.uk)
These tooth coloured fillings blend in well with the tooth enamel so as to look natural and not stand out against your teeth. (mouth.co.uk)

From this data, I put together the graph below which shows the estimate of the longevity of amalgam fillings. (oralanswers.com)
It provides higher survival rates, proposes numerous measures to phase down the use of increased longevity and performs better under occlusal dental amalgam ( 7 ). (who.int)

Due to a high number of comments on that rule, the agency held an advisory committee meeting in 2006, inviting dental and neurology experts to review existing scientific data on dental amalgam, especially with regard to its toxicity in pregnant women and children. (cdchealth.com)
There is limited clinical information about the potential effects of dental amalgam fillings on pregnant women and their developing fetuses, and on children under the age of 6, including breastfed infants. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)

Numerous scientific studies conducted over the past several decades, including two large clinical trials published in the April 2006 Journal of the American Medical Association, indicate dental amalgam as a safe, effective cavity-filling material for children and others. (cdaonline.org)

According to the ADA , dental amalgam is a durable, safe, and effective option for filling dental caries. (dentalproductsreport.com)
Used for more than 150 years, it is affordable and durable, with its safety and effectiveness having been studied and reviewed extensively. (dentalproductsreport.com)
Amalgam fillings are being placed less frequently than before, even though they are cost-effective and durable. (colgateprofessional.com)
For fillings and cavities, dental amalgam has a 150-year proven track record as one of the safest, most durable and least expensive materials used to a fill a cavity. (carmelfamilydentistry.com)
Dental amalgam is a durable and strong material that is relatively inexpensive and easy to use. (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
Similar to onlays and crowns, these fillings are strong and durable. (drdentalclinics.ca)
Mercury is used to bind the alloy particles together into a strong, durable, and solid filling. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
Dental amalgam is still favorable because it is a proven, easily manipulated, durable, strong, loadbearing, bacteriostatic and cost-effective material that is straightforward and swift to place in cavities of all sizes. (picassodental.vn)
These fillings are made of a combination of plastic and glass particles, providing a durable and aesthetically pleasing solution. (longviewsmiles.com)
Out of the materials used for fillings, this is the least durable and is typically used to plug smaller cavities. (mouth.co.uk)
dental amalgam is considered a safe, affordable and The use of amalgam is being phased out around durable material" ( 4 ). (who.int)

Composite fillings conserve the tooth structure more effectively. (dentalpartnersofboston.com)
In addition, this versatile filling helps bond together the surrounding tooth structure to help restore some of the lost strength. (drdentalclinics.ca)
Despite the strength of amalgam, its lack of bonding compromises the tooth structure and can lead to further complications in the future. (drdentalclinics.ca)
In contrast, amalgam fillings do not bond as well to the tooth structure and require the removal of healthy tooth structure to hold them in place. (longviewsmiles.com)
Since tooth colored fillings bond directly to the tooth structure, less healthy tooth structure needs to be removed during the preparation process. (longviewsmiles.com)

Standard safety procedures include the use of a dental dam, two types of oral suction, a protective nasal oxygen source, room ionizers for mercury vapors, and protective eyewear. (iabdm.org)
We would like to know the FDA's definition of "strong science," and what scientific studies they referred to, because we have seen hundreds of research papers and studies that point to the dangers of mercury amalgam fillings, and the toxic effects of even a minute amount of vapors from these fillings. (cdchealth.com)
However, in recent years, concern has grown about the safety of this tooth filling material, especially because of the possibility of mercury vapors. (wekivadental.com)
Replacing all the fillings in your mouth may be a good choice if you are concerned about your body's absorption of mercury vapors. (wekivadental.com)

While it is true that mercury vapor is released from amalgam, the amount of vapor released from fillings is safely below the FDA-accepted 0.4 micrograms per kilogram of body weight. (dentalpartnersofboston.com)

In addition, Baratz, along with the American Dental Association (for which he is a spokesperson), believes dental amalgams to be safe and their alleged adverse health effects unproven. (wikipedia.org)
Perhaps most noteworthy is the letter's third concern: With such high profits from the manufacture and sale of so many other high quality, safe dental products, why does Dentsply continue to manufacture hazardous dental amalgam at all? (assureasmile.com)
Mercury-safe guidelines for dental offices and mercury safe removal protocol are not taught in dental school. (iabdm.org)
Many offices go above and beyond the protocols for safe mercury removal and follow a sequential removal based on the amperage of the fillings and attention to the 7 day immune cycle protocol. (iabdm.org)
The American Dental Association (ADA) states that amalgam is a safe material with no sound scientific evidence supporting a link between amalgam fillings and systemic diseases or chronic illness. (bpac.org.nz)
Although amalgam fillings are considered safe, research to develop new filling materials is ongoing. (bpac.org.nz)
PUREDENT Inc. is a mercury-free, mercury-safe, fluoride-free holistic dental practice located in Shadyside, PA. (evidence-of-harm.com)
In its 2009 review of the scientific literature on amalgam safety, the ADA's Council on Scientific Affairs reaffirmed that the scientific evidence continues to support amalgam as a valuable, viable and safe choice for dental patients. (cdaonline.org)
While the amount of mercury in dental amalgam is generally considered safe, some people may be more sensitive to mercury and may experience adverse effects. (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
While dental amalgam has been used for over 150 years and is still considered safe by many dental associations and health organizations, some people may be more sensitive to the mercury in dental amalgam and may experience adverse effects. (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
However, the amount of mercury in dental amalgam is generally considered safe and well below the levels that could cause harm. (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
In 2002, the agency issued a proposed rule to classify dental amalgam and identify any special controls necessary for its safe and effective use. (cdchealth.com)
However, numerous scientific studies and reputable organizations, including the American Dental Association (ADA), have confirmed that the use of amalgam fillings is safe for most individuals. (hajiwonacademy.vn)
Based on this evidence, FDA considers dental amalgam fillings safe for adults and children ages 6 and above. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
However, the estimated amount of mercury in breast milk attributable to dental amalgam is low and falls well below general levels for oral intake that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers safe. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
The estimated daily dose of mercury vapor in children under age 6 with dental amalgams is also expected to be at or below levels that the EPA and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) consider safe. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
Major health and professional organizations say that amalgam is safe. (picassodental.vn)
Washington, D.C., Nov. 7, 2012 -The American Dental Association (ADA) supports the American Public Health Association's (APHA) recent policy statement affirming that dental amalgam is safe and effective in treating dental cavities. (dentistrytoday.com)
While the American Dental Association maintains that amalgam fillings are safe, some individuals prefer to use alternative materials, such as tooth colored fillings. (longviewsmiles.com)
Are composite fillings safe? (longviewsmiles.com)
1000 ng/m3 in most areas that were inspected whereas dental amalgam is safe to use, it does contribute to the the maximum acceptable level is 300 ng/m3 according mercury waste in the environment. (who.int)

This softened amalgam putty is placed in the prepared cavity, where it hardens into a solid filling. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
It then rapidly hardens into a solid filling and fills the cavity. (mouth.co.uk)

In 1996, he helped start Consumers for Dental Choice, which in turn led an international coalition of environmental, dental, and consumer groups to gain adoption of an anti-amalgam provision in the Minamata Convention on Mercury. (citizens.org)
The the use of amalgam before the guidelines put forward by Minamata Convention on Mercury is an agreement the Minamata Convention which indicated that amalgam addressing activities contributing to mercury pollution. (who.int)

Once upon a time, almost everyone that needed a cavity filled got an amalgam filling-the common silver-colored kind of filling, which is made of a combination of silver, mercury, tin, copper, and other metals. (dentalpartnersofboston.com)
Explain that amalgam is the type of filling that includes mercury along with a few other metals and that composite fillings are made of resin and gaining popularity because they are tooth-colored. (colgateprofessional.com)
To address the needs of patients with an allergy or sensitivity to mercury or other metals in dental amalgam, the FDA is placing special controls on dental amalgam to help provide "reasonable assurance" of its safety and effectiveness. (cdaonline.org)
Dental amalgam is made by combining mercury with other metals such as silver, copper and tin. (cdaonline.org)
Amalgam fillings are silver-coloured and are made using a combination of metals, including mercury. (drdentalclinics.ca)
Composition: Amalgam fillings are composed of a combination of metals. (hajiwonacademy.vn)
Dental amalgam is a mixture of metals, consisting of liquid mercury and a powdered alloy composed of silver, tin, and copper. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
If you are allergic to any of the metals in dental amalgam, you should not get amalgam fillings. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
Amalgam commonly consists of Mercury (50%), Silver (35%), Tin (13%), Copper (2%) and other trace metals like Zinc. (picassodental.vn)
2) Collected full-shift TWA area samples in multiple locations in the dental clinic and analyzed for respirable dust, respirable silica, respirable metals, and volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations. (cdc.gov)

CDA continues to stand by its position on the safety, efficacy and value of amalgam fillings to dental consumers. (dentistryiq.com)
The ADA supports amalgam fillings, and the research backs their safety and efficacy. (colgateprofessional.com)
or (2) defined the efficacy and safety of antibiotic prophylaxis administered in the setting of invasive procedures in the prevention of infective endocarditis in high-risk patients. (bvsalud.org)

Now, 23 of the world's leading health and environmental agencies, including Consumers for Dental Choice, have pressured the 2nd largest amalgam producer in the United States to do the same. (assureasmile.com)
First, it acknowledges that Americans are increasingly rejecting the material, a trend that has only grown since the Dr. Oz Show demonstrated on national television how dental amalgam can leak mercury vapor and cause serious health issues. (assureasmile.com)
These fillings are an environmental pollutant and a serious health risk. (fluoridealert.org)
The study's lead author, Lei Yin, said that "it's important for doctors and patients to be informed in their selections…(and) we now have an excellent starting point to evaluate the potential risk of dental material on human health. (dentalproductsreport.com)
Joining the Sanders Sisters is public health dental hygienist Leslie Reilly whose career took her to the jail system. (dentalproductsreport.com)
To help make sure that patients arriving for their appointments are healthy, your dental office may call you before your appointment and ask you some questions about your current health. (hawaiidentalassociation.net)
The American Dental Association's Seal of Acceptance Program has helped identify effective oral health care products for more than 60 years. (dentistryiq.com)
Education of the public regarding dental health and the care that is available to them is a high priority to CDA and other health professionals,' said Jack Broussard, DDS, CDA President. (dentistryiq.com)
Patients often ask questions regarding their dental and overall health, and it is our job as dental hygienists to answer them accurately and in easy-to-understand terms. (colgateprofessional.com)
Although primates are considered the gold standard laboratory animal model for humans, the relevance for human health of Summers' findings was questioned by the American Dental Association. (evidence-of-harm.com)
We hope you find our dental blog to be helpful, engaging and informational to ensure your best dental health. (carmelfamilydentistry.com)
From representing organizations such as the Consumer Federation of America as well as individual consumers, to consulting for major businesses on consumer policy, the firm of Swankin & Turner has fought for consumer interests and advocated consumer policies across a broad range of issues while influencing regulatory matters concerning food, drugs, health, the environment, and product safety. (citizens.org)
Mr. Turner appeared before every major consumer regulatory agency, including the Food and Drug Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, Consumer Product Safety Commission, Federal Trade Commission, Department of Agriculture, and National Institutes of Health. (citizens.org)
In 1978, Mr. Turner founded and became President of the not-for-profit National Institute for Science, Law and Public Policy (NISLAPP) in order "to bridge the gap between scientific uncertainties and the need for laws protecting public health and safety. (citizens.org)
She stated, "The best available scientific evidence supports the conclusion that patients with dental amalgam fillings are not at risk for mercury-associated adverse health effects. (cdaonline.org)
She also noted that the FDA explored potential health effects of dental amalgam in developing fetuses, breast-fed infants and children under age six. (cdaonline.org)
Is Dental Amalgam a Health Risk? (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
Today, dental care is considered a luxurious health-related field, but not equally important as health care. (nursingbird.com)
We are confident we can find an appropriate filling to help you maintain your oral health. (drdentalclinics.ca)
The low levels of mercury released from amalgam fillings are considered well below the threshold for causing adverse health effects. (hajiwonacademy.vn)
The amount of mercury measured in the bodies of people with dental amalgam fillings is well below levels associated with adverse health effects. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
Clinical studies in adults and children ages 6 and above have also found no link between dental amalgam fillings and health problems. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
FDA concludes that the existing data support a finding that infants are not at risk for adverse health effects from the breast milk of women exposed to mercury vapor from dental amalgam. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
The new EU directive is not a reflection on any specific safety concerns and there is no evidence of any real direct health risk from amalgam. (health-ni.gov.uk)
Community water fluoridation, dental sealants, and education about basic preventive behaviors all will dramatically improve the health of those suffering with untreated disease and, more important, stop disease before it starts. (dentistrytoday.com)
For more information on oral health, including prevention, care and treatment of dental disease, visit the ADA's consumer website www.MouthHealthy.org . (dentistrytoday.com)
This means that more of the natural tooth can be preserved, which is important for long-term dental health. (longviewsmiles.com)
Although mercury is not used as much as it was years ago, it still persists in some health settings, including dental fillings. (wekivadental.com)
For over thirty years, our office has been helping Orlando dental patients protect their smiles and their oral health. (wekivadental.com)
Since we started back in 2004, Mouth Dental has been a beacon of excellence for people seeking the best in oral health care. (mouth.co.uk)
Evaluation of exposures and health concerns in a dental clinic. (cdc.gov)
Request: We received a management request for a health hazard evaluation at a dental clinic. (cdc.gov)
CONCLUSIONS: These data provide evidence to support and strengthen current American Heart Association guidance that those at risk for IE can reduce potential sources of IE-related bacteremia by maintaining optimal oral health through regular professional dental care and oral hygiene procedures. (bvsalud.org)
States Public Health Service have authorized the use of in various dental institutions and clinics ( 9 ). (who.int)
Those with highest public health relevance include dental caries, severe periodontal (gum) disease, complete tooth loss (edentulism), oral cancer, oro-dental trauma, noma and congenital malformations such as cleft lip and palate, most of which are preventable. (who.int)

FDA has reviewed the best available scientific evidence to determine whether the low levels of mercury vapor associated with dental amalgam fillings are a cause for concern. (rickarddentalcentre.com.au)
However, the process for removing these fillings may expose you to higher levels of mercury than leaving them in your mouth. (wekivadental.com)

If you start feeling ill with the symptoms of COVID-19 within 14 days of your appointment, call the dental office. (hawaiidentalassociation.net)
If you have any other questions, or would like to schedule an appointment , please contact our dental office, we would love to hear from you. (gillettedentalcare.com)
If you are looking to book an appointment regarding fillings or any other dental procedures, give us a call or send us an email. (drdentalclinics.ca)
Contact us to schedule an appointment at our dental clinic in Hanoi, Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City today! (picassodental.vn)
Schedule a dental appointment today to discuss your options. (longviewsmiles.com)

How Long Does an Amalgam (Silver Colored) Filling Last? (oralanswers.com)
This study concluded that the silver-colored amalgam fillings lasted just under 12 years . (oralanswers.com)

The American Dental Association continues to support the use of amalgam fillings. (dentalpartnersofboston.com)
In response to this new research, the American Dental Association (ADA) released its own findings after examining the study results. (dentalproductsreport.com)
Specifically, CDA stressed two false allegations raised by Watson: that there is a collusion between the American Dental Association (ADA) and amalgam manufacturers for the ADA's financial gain, and that the ADA is 'conspiring' to withhold from the public the fact that mercury is present in dental amalgams. (dentistryiq.com)
The American Dental Association (ADA), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and The Cochrane Collaboration have conducted reviews on the safety of amalgam fillings. (colgateprofessional.com)
According to the American Dental Association, stream worldwide ( 8 ). (who.int)

At the end of last month, the organization was urged publicly to phase-out the production of dental amalgam, a toxic material known to contain upwards of 50% mercury content. (assureasmile.com)
In the coming weeks, mercury-free advocates and environmental groups can only hope that Dentsply will choose good corporate citizenship over the desire for dangerous profits, and announce a proactive plan to phase-out the production of toxic dental amalgam. (assureasmile.com)
However, critics argue that it has toxic effects that make it unsafe, both for the patient and perhaps even more so for the dental professional manipulating it during a restoration. (picassodental.vn)

Ease of Placement: Amalgam fillings are relatively easy to place. (hajiwonacademy.vn)
With regards to amalgam placement and removal in pregnancy, research has not shown any adverse effects for the mother or fetus. (picassodental.vn)

Composite fillings are bonded to the tooth, which reinforces the remaining structure of the tooth and doesn't leave room for foreign material to wedge itself between the tooth and filling and create cracks. (dentalpartnersofboston.com)
Chips in the filling can be repaired by adding more composite material. (dentalpartnersofboston.com)
The plea for the phase-out comes just months after 140 nations signed an international mercury treaty , agreeing to do their part in reducing the production, disposal, and adverse impact the material has on both the environment and dental patients. (assureasmile.com)
11. Does the doctor use any form of dental material compatibility testing for sensitivity to the new materials to be used? (iabdm.org)
If you are sick, have multiple chemical sensitivities or have a compromised immune system, best care is to have compatibility sensitivity testing of any dental material that might be used. (iabdm.org)
Dental amalgam has been used as a filling material in more than 100 million Americans. (dentalproductsreport.com)
New endeavor designed to elevate material quality assurance in dental and biomaterial manufacturing. (dentalproductsreport.com)
Amalgam fillings have been used for over 150 years and amalgam is more cost-effective than any other filling material, states the FDA. (colgateprofessional.com)
Cracks can sometimes be repaired with filling material. (colgate.com)
Dental amalgam is a commonly used dental filling material that has been in use for over 150 years. (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
In some cases, we may recommend replacing your dental amalgam filling with an alternative material, such as composite resin or porcelain. (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
However, many countries have begun to ban the use of this material for safety reasons. (drdentalclinics.ca)
At D.R. Dental, we have decided not to use this material unless specifically indicated by the patient. (drdentalclinics.ca)
The greatest toxicity concern with Dental Amalgam is the potential for mercury poisoning when used as the dental material in a dental filling. (picassodental.vn)
Your dental professional will be able to offer you the best advice for your situation and explain what filling material is most appropriate for your needs. (health-ni.gov.uk)
It is still an effective filling material for particular situations, and the EU and UK Regulations allow exemptions when amalgam can be safely used in the same way that it has for many years. (health-ni.gov.uk)

Also, the level of mercury in today's dental amalgam fillings is low. (colgateprofessional.com)

This study found that this dentist's amalgam fillings had a mean lifetime of 12.8 years . (oralanswers.com)

Brushing and flossing help control the plaque and bacteria that causes dental disease. (mldentalimplant.com)

The study concluded that people who have multiple dental fillings and who are also exposed to other environmental sources of mercury are at highest risk for elevated mercury levels in the body. (dentalproductsreport.com)
Why is dental amalgam an environmental problem? (picassodental.vn)

Appearance and Aesthetics: One aspect to consider is the appearance of amalgam fillings. (hajiwonacademy.vn)

The amalgam mixture is then packed into the cavity and shaped to fit the tooth's natural contours. (hajiwonacademy.vn)

Composite fillings harden quickly, bonding with your tooth within a few seconds, and are less likely to pop out. (mouth.co.uk)

For over 25 years, Assure A Smile has been the leading dental care provider to all of South Florida. (assureasmile.com)
Ongoing scientific studies conducted over the past 100 years continue to show that amalgam is not harmful. (carmelfamilydentistry.com)
He said he had received the amalgam fillings about 30 years ago and they had recently broken, resulting in the need for the crowns. (oralanswers.com)
He asked if 30 years was a reasonable amount of time to expect the amalgam fillings to last. (oralanswers.com)
Interestingly enough, both tooth-colored fillings included in this study, composite and glass-ionomer lasted less than five years, and less than four years, respectively. (oralanswers.com)
As you can see in the above graph, roughly 80% of amalgam fillings are still in existence 10 years after they have been placed. (oralanswers.com)
The professor that taught our amalgam class in dental school last year claimed to have seen amalgam filings that have lasted well over 50 years. (oralanswers.com)
If your amalgam filling lasts over 15 years, you should feel pretty good about it. (oralanswers.com)
I do agree with the Tom, My mom has an Amalgam filling from 14 years, around 13 years it works fine but after that filling has been broken. (oralanswers.com)
The safety of dental amalgam has been a topic of debate and research for many years. (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate the available literature regarding the effectiveness of early preventive dental visits and dental care management that may be available to children aged six months, two years, and five years. (nursingbird.com)
When properly cared for, amalgam fillings can last for many years. (hajiwonacademy.vn)
With proper care, composite fillings can last for many years. (longviewsmiles.com)
In the last few years, some patients and professionals have expressed concern about the mercury content in these fillings due to the known dangers of mercury. (wekivadental.com)
This is a long-lasting filling with an expectancy of about 15 years, which consists of a type of dental porcelain, It is a two-visit process. (mouth.co.uk)

Following strict safety conditions, an amalgam putty is formed and softened and placed and shaped into the prepared cavity. (mouth.co.uk)

1. What does the doctor use for filling materials? (iabdm.org)
Additionally, the study examined data including two different types of dental materials, including composite that does not contain mercury at all. (dentalproductsreport.com)
Watson also apparently misrepresented the California Dental Board, which will likely prepare a response to Watson's allegations with regard to the restorative materials fact sheet. (dentistryiq.com)
Amalgam fillings seem to last longer than alternative materials because they consist of a metal alloy, which by nature is bacteriostatic . (oralanswers.com)
The paper reviews the history of amalgam fillings through the recent animal studies and concludes that the Risk, whatever it may prove to be, is sufficiently high to warrant permitting patients to choose between amalgam and alternative dental filling materials. (unh.edu)
In these cases, alternative filling materials may be recommended. (creativedentistryofatlanta.com)
Amalgams are so popular because they are cheap and easy in use in contrast to other materials (Phinney and Halstead, p. 145). (nursingbird.com)
Dental fillings can be done using various different materials. (drdentalclinics.ca)
It's important to note that the use of dental materials, including amalgam fillings, is a decision made based on a patient's individual needs and preferences. (hajiwonacademy.vn)
They can provide personalized advice, address any specific concerns, and discuss alternative dental filling materials that may be more aligned with your preferences. (hajiwonacademy.vn)
It is worth bearing in mind that all dental interventions, regardless of materials used, should be kept to a minimum during pregnancy. (health-ni.gov.uk)
The ADA hopes to see a reduction in the demand for amalgam and all restorative materials by preventing dental disease in the first place," Dr. Faiella said. (dentistrytoday.com)
These were the most widely used filling materials previously, but composite fillings have been growing in popularity. (mouth.co.uk)
Also known as inlays or onlays, gold fillings are a mix of an alloy of gold, copper and other materials. (mouth.co.uk)
Various materials have been suggested and used to repair root canal perforations, including calcium hydroxide, silver amalgam, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), hydroxyapatite, and glass ionomer cement. (bvsalud.org)
Endodontics, Root Canal, Dental Materials. (bvsalud.org)

Mr. Turner's original advocacy was ultimately vindicated by a Food and Drug Administration Safety Communication on dental amalgam in 2020. (citizens.org)

However, patients often opt for porcelain fillings since they are considered more cosmetically pleasing. (drdentalclinics.ca)
However, we strongly advise you should consider safer alternatives such as composite fillings, porcelain inlay/onlay if appropriate. (picassodental.vn)

With the known dangers of mercury in mind, it's no surprise that patients may have concerns about their amalgam fillings. (wekivadental.com)

There is no good evidence that amalgam fillings cause mercury toxicity. (bpac.org.nz)
The U.S Food and Drug administration group (FDA) concludes that amalgam fillings do not significantly contribute to mercury-related toxicity. (bpac.org.nz)

Anatomy1

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs13

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Named Groups2

Health Care7

Geographicals2

Restorations15

Dentistry17

Dentist23

Restorative material5

Types of fillings4

Elemental mercury8

Durability6

Dentists21

Cavities caused by tooth decay2

Resin fillings6

Compared to composite fillings1

White composite fillings2

Exposure10

Removal of amalgam2

Component of dental amalgam1

Decay14

Risks5

Teeth23

Longevity2

Pregnant women2

Cavity-filling1

Durable11

Tooth structure5

Vapors4

Vapor released1

Safe21

Hardens into a solid2

Minamata Convention on Mercury2

Metals10

Efficacy3

Health35

Levels of mercury2

Appointment5

Silver-colored2

American Dental Asso5

Toxic3

Placement2

Material16

Today's1

Dentist's1

Bacteria that causes1

Environmental2

Aesthetics1

Mixture1

Harden quickly1

Years15

Putty1

Materials16

Ultimately1

Porcelain2

Dangers of mercury1

Toxicity2