• Aerobic fermentation or aerobic glycolysis is a metabolic process by which cells metabolize sugars via fermentation in the presence of oxygen and occurs through the repression of normal respiratory metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aerobic fermentation evolved independently in at least three yeast lineages (Saccharomyces, Dekkera, Schizosaccharomyces). (wikipedia.org)
  • The Crabtree effect is a regulatory system whereby respiration is repressed by fermentation, except in low sugar conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • When Saccharomyces cerevisiae is grown below the sugar threshold and undergoes a respiration metabolism, the fermentation pathway is still fully expressed, while the respiration pathway is only expressed relative to the sugar availability. (wikipedia.org)
  • The evolution of aerobic fermentation likely involved multiple successive molecular steps, which included the expansion of hexose transporter genes, copy number variation (CNV) and differential expression in metabolic genes, and regulatory reprogramming. (wikipedia.org)
  • The origin of aerobic fermentation, or the first step, in Saccharomyces Crabtree-positive yeasts likely occurred in the interval between the ability to grow under anaerobic conditions, horizontal transfer of anaerobic DHODase (encoded by URA1 with bacteria), and the loss of respiratory chain Complex I. A more pronounced Crabtree effect, the second step, likely occurred near the time of the WGD event. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ability of S. cerevisiae to dominate in high sugar environments evolved more recently than aerobic fermentation and is dependent on the type of high-sugar environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we present a systematic strategy for optimizing non-native sugar fermentation by recombinant S. cerevisiae , using cellobiose as a model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In high sugar environments, S. cerevisiae outcompetes and dominants all other yeast species, except its closest relative Saccharomyces paradoxus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae , a key organism used for the manufacture of renewable fuels and chemicals, has been engineered to utilize non-native sugars derived from plant cell walls, such as cellobiose and xylose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a key organism used for the manufacture of renewable fuels and chemicals, but it is not capable of using mixed sugars derived from the plant cell wall [ 1 ]-[ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It can utilize a wide range of substrates, including low-cost sugars and industrial waste. (bvsalud.org)
  • We used systems-level input to reveal the regulatory mechanisms underlying suboptimal metabolism of the non-glucose sugar cellobiose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hence, the main purpose of this review is to shed light on how bacteria fuels microalgal metabolism or vice versa during mutualistic interactions, building upon the phycosphere which is a hotspot for chemical exchange. (bvsalud.org)
  • It was believed that the WGD was a mechanism for the development of the Crabtree effect in these species due to the duplication of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) encoding genes and hexose transporters. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, glucose-sensing and signaling pathways and their target genes, including the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A pathway controlling the majority of glucose-induced changes, the Snf3-Rgt2-Rgt1 pathway regulating hexose transport, and the Snf1-Mig1 glucose repression pathway, were at most only partially activated under cellobiose conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • probably the most discussed are neofunctionalization [ 1 , 2 , 16 ], whereby one copy of a duplicate gene pair acquires a new beneficial function after the duplication, and subfunctionalization, where multifunctioned genes have their functions subdivided by duplication [ 17 - 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • These fruits provided an abundance of simple sugar food source for microbial communities, including both yeast and bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bacteria, at that time, were able to produce biomass at a faster rate than the yeast. (wikipedia.org)
  • Producing a toxic compound, like ethanol, can slow the growth of bacteria, allowing the yeast to be more competitive. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the yeast still had to use a portion of the sugar it consumes to produce ethanol. (wikipedia.org)
  • A yeast is a unicellular fungus which reproduces asexually by budding or division, especially the genus Saccharomyces which is important in food fermentations (Walker, 1988). (fao.org)
  • In the tropics, Saccharomyces pombe is the dominant yeast in the production of traditional fermented beverages, especially those derived from maize and millet (Adams and Moss, 1995). (fao.org)
  • Some yeasts can ferment sugars to alcohol and carbon dioxide in the absence of air but require oxygen for growth. (fao.org)
  • However, detailed mechanisms underpinning the beneficial bacterial effects onto microalgal growth and metabolic production are rather limited at the moment. (bvsalud.org)
  • These enzymes irreversibly cleave the sugar phosphates xylulose-5-phosphate (X5P) and fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P) respectively, releasing an acetyl-phosphate (AcP) in the process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The presence, absence and varying levels of activity of these sugar-linking enzymes can explain the massive differences in OS composition that can be observed both between species and within individuals of the same species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to oxygen, they require a basic substrate such as sugar. (fao.org)
  • Like bacteria and moulds, they can have beneficial and non-beneficial effects in foods. (fao.org)
  • Furthermore, the structures of some OS are similar to sugar motifs of the gut lumen and can function as diversion targets for the adhesion of pathogens, resulting in increased protection of the host [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Yeasts are fairly tolerant of high concentrations of sugar and grow well in solutions containing 40% sugar. (fao.org)