Rohrschneider focused initially on cell-surface proteins in cells infected with avian oncorna viruses, identifying the envelope and group-specific antigens (gag proteins). (fredhutch.org)
The isolation of temperature-sensitive transformation-defective mutants of Rous sarcoma virus led to the hypothesis that the viral protein or proteins should be temperature-sensitive in its expression or function, and Dr. John Wyke and Rohrschneider found that expression of some of the cell-surface tumor antigens correlated with transformation, suggesting that they were under control of the transforming gene. (fredhutch.org)
Biochemically, many viruses inhibit the synthesis of host DNA, RNA, proteins directly or even interfere with protein-protein, DNA-protein, RNA-protein interactions at the subcellular level. (wikipedia.org)
A variety of extracellular stimuli including mitogens, cytokines, antigens, stress inducing agents, UV light and viral proteins initiate a signal transduction pathway that ultimately leads to NF-κB release and activation. (justia.com)
The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins synthesized by HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES such as the HIV-1 and HIV-2 . (lookformedical.com)
Sarcoma virus3
The transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus, Src, had just been identified by Dr. Ray Erikson's group using antibodies from tumor-bearing model organisms. (fredhutch.org)
Rohrschneider generated similar antisera and used them to good effect, performing some of the first immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments to identify the Src protein in Rous sarcoma virus-infected model organisms and to localize the protein to the cytoplasm. (fredhutch.org)
He found that adhesion plaques also contained the oncoproteins of Abelson leukemia virus (Abl, now best known at the cause of chronic myelogenous leukemia) and the Susan McDonough and Gardner-Rasheed strains of feline sarcoma virus (Fms and Fgr), while, with colleague Dr. Bob Eisenman, the Myc oncoprotein was found in the nucleus. (fredhutch.org)
Antibodies6
The Koch laboratory used antibodies from model organisms bearing oncorna-virus cancers as tools to identify transformation antigens. (fredhutch.org)
Rohrschneider's strengths in raising antibodies and skillful immunofluorescence soon led him to investigate the subcellular localizations of the oncoproteins of other oncorna viruses, by then known by the current name of retroviruses. (fredhutch.org)
Glycoprotein D is essential for virus penetration into permissive cells and thus is a major target for virus neutralizing antibodies during infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Subunit, DNA and vectored vaccine candidates have been developed using this glycoprotein as the primary antigen, demonstrating that gD has the capacity to induce robust virus neutralizing antibodies and strong cell-mediated immune responses, as well as protection from clinical symptoms, in target species. (biomedcentral.com)
Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus. (lookformedical.com)
Capsid1
Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. (lookformedical.com)
Mutants1
Conditional lethal mutants of adenovirus 2-simian virus 40 hybrids. (cshl.edu)
Simian2
Transgenic mice bearing PB promoter fused to simian virus 40 large tumor antigen gene all consistently develop prostate adenocarcinoma [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
Kelly, F. , Sambrook, J. (1974) Variants of Simian Virus 40-Transformed Mouse Cells Resistant to Cytochalasin-B. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 39. (cshl.edu)
Gene7
Although virus-based gene therapy is a promising strategy to combat advanced prostate cancer, its current effectiveness is limited partially due to inefficient cellular transduction in vivo . (hindawi.com)
E1-deleted (including E1a-deleted) adenoviruses are replication defective and are commonly used as viral vectors to carry therapeutic genes for gene therapy. (hindawi.com)
DIVA vaccines include genetically engineered gene-deleted viruses, for example gE − virus, and subunit or vectored vaccines based on a viral envelope glycoprotein such as gD. (biomedcentral.com)
External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (lookformedical.com)
Transmembrane envelope protein of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (lookformedical.com)
The larger the gene name, the more frequently that gene is defective in that cancer type. (cancerquest.org)
We have two copies of each gene and for oncogenes, a single defective copy is enough to cause a cell to divide. (cancerquest.org)
Viral3
To overcome this obstacle, conditional oncolytic viruses (such as conditional replication adenovirus (CRAD)) are developed to specifically target prostate without (or with minimal) systemic toxicity due to viral self-replication. (hindawi.com)
Natural transformations can include viral cancers, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and T-cell Leukemia virus type I. Hepatitis B and C are also the result of natural viral transformation of the host cells. (wikipedia.org)
In order for a cell to be transformed by a virus, the viral DNA must be entered into the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
Oncogene2
This was one of the initial discoveries that mutations in a cell surface receptor could initiate oncogenesis, just one year after the avian erythroblastosis virus oncogene was found to be a mutant EGF receptor. (fredhutch.org)
A defective oncogene would be analogous to a gas pedal that is stuck in the 'on' position. (cancerquest.org)
Tumor viruses2
Many transforming infections by DNA tumor viruses are also cytocidal. (wikipedia.org)
In: Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology XXXIX: Tumor Viruses, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. (cshl.edu)
Adenovirus1
The idea behind this study is to place the Ad5 E1 region in cis complementation (i.e., use E1 as a transgene) back into an E1-deleted, replication-defective adenovirus under the control of a prostate-specific promoter (PSP). (hindawi.com)
Membrane1
A number of PSPs have been defined over the years that include, but not limited to, promoters of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), probasin (PB), mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV LTR), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2), and prostatic steroid-binding protein C3. (hindawi.com)
Infectious2
In productive infections, additional infectious viruses are produced. (wikipedia.org)
Abortive infections do not produce infectious viruses. (wikipedia.org)
Vaccines2
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. (lookformedical.com)
Replication-competent viruses, also known as oncolytic viruses, replicate within transduced cells and force these cells into a lytic cycle. (hindawi.com)
Therefore, strategies to use conditional oncolytic virus, or the so-called attenuated replication-competent viruses, to specifically target prostate tissue have been developed [ 2 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Transformation1
Chronic infections have similar cellular effects as acute cytocidal infections but there is a limited number of progeny and viruses involved in transformation. (wikipedia.org)
Protein1
Thus, E1 protein expression will be confined strictly to the prostate tissues and render this a conditional oncolytic virus (CRAD) within the prostate. (hindawi.com)
Herpes virus1
One example of a productive cytocidal infection is the herpes virus. (wikipedia.org)
Genes2
As stated in the introduction to this section, the defective versions of these genes, known as oncogenes, can cause a cell to divide in an unregulated manner. (cancerquest.org)
This is in contrast with tumor suppressor genes which must BOTH be defective to lead to abnormal cell division. (cancerquest.org)
Cells2
Released virus is then able to infect neighboring cells until all susceptible cells are eliminated. (hindawi.com)
Gp120 binds to cells expressing CD4 cell-surface antigens, most notably T4-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. (lookformedical.com)
Genome2
The genome remains within the host cell until the virus is ready for replication. (wikipedia.org)
First of all, about Coronavirus and its severity, this group of viruses contain a very large RNA genome with a complicated life cycle. (biotechexpressmag.com)
Retrovirus1
However, while the late stages of the retrovirus life cycle, consisting of virus replication and egress, have been partly unraveled, the early steps remain largely enigmatic. (biomedcentral.com)
Subfamilies1
Herpesviruses constitute a large and diverse family of enveloped viruses and are composed of three subfamilies, Alpha- , Beta- and Gammaherpesvirinae . (biomedcentral.com)
Large1
Theoretically, a large tumor burden could be effectively eradicated using a small dose of an oncolytic virus. (hindawi.com)
Formation2
Another important feature of these RNA viruses is formation of defective particles and the more passages they go through in tissue culture or animals, the more defectives accumulate. (biotechexpressmag.com)
The N-terminal part of gp41 is thought to be involved in CELL FUSION with the CD4 ANTIGENS of T4 LYMPHOCYTES, leading to syncytial formation. (lookformedical.com)
Infection1
This infection causes a host cell to become malignant and can be either cytocidal (usually in the case of RNA viruses) or persistent (usually in the case of DNA viruses). (wikipedia.org)
Vivo1
Through this process, a virus causes harmful transformations of an in vivo cell or cell culture. (wikipedia.org)
Chronic1
There are three types of persistent infections, latent, chronic and slow, in which the virus stays inside the host cell for prolonged periods of time. (wikipedia.org)
Cell1
Lastly, biologic effects include the viruses' ability to affect the activity of antigens and immunologlobulins in the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
Control1
Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective strategies to prevent and control the clinical signs and transmission of these viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Human immun1
The surge in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) research in order to identify new therapeutic targets has led to a better understanding of the retroviral life cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
Strategies1
In view of its role in the induction of protective immunity, gD has been tested in new vaccine development strategies against both viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Case1
Since in the present case, Covid-19 (SARS- 2), this mutated virus jumped from animals (Bats) to humans. (biotechexpressmag.com)