• Although fMRI studies in humans implicate that prefrontal cortex and amygdala are involved, the neural circuit mechanisms underlying optimism and pessimism are poorly understood and can only be fully examined in animal models. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Concretely experiencing one's own emotions or empathizing with another's emotions involves an activation of a mirror neuron network (insular cortex, medial areas of prefrontal cortex and amygdala) [ 11 - 14 ]. (springer.com)
  • In people with PTSD, during REM sleep norepinephrine and serotonin levels remain high, reducing the brain's ability to inhibit fear-expression neurons through neural rhythms sent between the prefrontal cortex and amygdala. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Presentation] Inhibitory neurons play key roles in mediating multiple phenotypes in a mouse model of inherited glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency disease. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Through activation of the MAP kinase pathway, oxytocin plays a role in the enhancement of long-term synaptic plasticity , which is a change in strength between two neurons over a synapse that lasts for minutes or longer, and long-term memory . (wikipedia.org)
  • A cell-by-cell study of the amygdala, a brain structure vital in controlling emotional reactions, has exposed previously unobserved links between addiction behaviors and genes related to energy metabolism, suggesting energy management in neurons could influence addiction-like actions. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Scientists have discovered that somatostatin-expressing neurons in the amygdala help distinguish between good and bad stimuli, responding differently to rewards versus punishments and even different types of rewards. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • 4. Björklund, A., Lindvall, O.: Dopamine in dendrites of substantia nigra neurons: suggestions for a role in dendritic terminals. (lu.se)
  • A neuromodulatory role for the human amygdala in processing emotional facial expressions. (mpg.de)
  • The involvement of the human amygdala in emotion-related processing has been studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for many years. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Current findings provide evidence of functional specialization within the human amygdala. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • These areas include the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), the amygdala and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. (karger.com)
  • The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is critical for the formation of emotional memories. (nih.gov)
  • Current project used advanced behavioral analysis, calcium imaging and optogenetics technology to identify the critical neural populations in basolateral amygdala responsible for optimism and pessimism. (nii.ac.jp)
  • The uncinate fasciculus is a "major pathway" connecting the basolateral amygdala and the entorhinal cortex to the prefrontal cortex. (medscape.com)
  • in the amygdala these three are: centromedial, cortical-like, and basolateral groups. (differencebetween.net)
  • The three divisions of the amygdala are the centromedial nuclei, cortical-like nuclei, and basolateral nuclei. (differencebetween.net)
  • The right and left portions of the amygdala have independent memory systems, but work together to store, encode, and interpret emotion. (wikipedia.org)
  • The right hemisphere of the amygdala is associated with negative emotion. (wikipedia.org)
  • If the action produced a negative effect, participants were more likely to draw on brain areas involved in processing emotion (in particular, the amygdala, a pair of almond-shaped structures deep in the brain that is well known for its role in processing negative emotions). (sciencedaily.com)
  • The amygdala is a region of the brain that is concerned with the functions of motivation and emotion. (differencebetween.net)
  • The amygdala is part of the limbic system of the brain, which consists of several structures dealing with various aspects of memory and emotion. (differencebetween.net)
  • The amygdala plays an important role in emotion, and is important in emotional behaviors such as socialization and anxiety. (differencebetween.net)
  • Emotion, such as aggression and fear, and behaviors linked to rewards and punishment, are functions of the amygdala. (differencebetween.net)
  • The amygdala is a small structure deep in the brain important for interpreting the social and emotional meaning of sensory input - from recognizing emotion in faces to interpreting fearful images that inform us about potential dangers in our surroundings. (aau.edu)
  • Bipolar patients who received emotion-focused therapy showed increased connectivity and activation in the amygdala post-intervention compared to those who received cognitive behavioral therapy. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • These are indeed interesting findings, but they don't lessen the key role the amygdala plays in emotion-driven behavior. (neurosciencemarketing.com)
  • Anatomically interconnected, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and amygdala interact in emotion processing. (nih.gov)
  • Together, the findings extend the literature by specifying the roles of subregional vmPFC and amygdala activities in emotion processing. (nih.gov)
  • Young athletes are neurologically driven by emotion - female athletes more than males because the amygdalae form and mature in girls much faster than in boys. (mytpi.com)
  • We know that the "smell" system is closely linked to the limbic brain regions that affect emotion, memory and behaviour, which is why sometimes a particular smell or fragrance can evoke very strong emotional memories. (mindful.org)
  • In one study, electrical stimulations of the right amygdala induced negative emotions, especially fear and sadness. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, stimulation of the left amygdala was able to induce either pleasant (happiness) or unpleasant (fear, anxiety, sadness) emotions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Emotional literacy is an ability to (1) express and process emotions, and (2) identify and respond to emotional cues from others. (edutopia.org)
  • Teaching students the neuroscience of emotions helps normalize emotional responses while empowering young people with the science of why we have big feelings and how they happen in the brain. (edutopia.org)
  • Implicit emotional regulation refers to automatic processes in response to emotions. (edutopia.org)
  • Explicit emotional regulation refers to conscious efforts to use strategies to respond to emotions. (edutopia.org)
  • The amygdala is a part of the brain that is involved with emotions and motivation. (differencebetween.net)
  • Several studies indicate that the cerebellum might play a role in experiencing and/or controlling emphatic emotions, but it remains to be determined whether there is a distinction between positive and negative emotions, and, if so, which specific parts of the cerebellum are involved in these types of emotions. (springer.com)
  • The cerebellar activations associated with negative emotions occurred concomitantly with activations of mirror neuron domains such as the insula and amygdala. (springer.com)
  • These data suggest that the potential role of the cerebellum in control of emotions may be particularly relevant for goal-directed behavior that is required for observing and reacting to another person's (negative) expressions. (springer.com)
  • Evidence obtained with positron emission tomography (PET) suggests that the cerebellum indeed plays a role in controlling emotions, but it is still unclear whether and to what extent the cerebellum is involved in both positive and negative emotions, during different experimental (observation and imitation) tasks [ 16 , 17 ]. (springer.com)
  • However, despite the amygdala being comprised of several subnuclei, most studies investigated the role of the entire amygdala in processing of emotions. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • The impact of emotions on health and behavior is mediated by regulatory emotional self-efficacy. (frontiersin.org)
  • Others suggest that dreams serve as a means of understanding complex emotions, providing a platform for emotional expression and exploration. (tagvault.org)
  • A recurring theme in quite a few of our neuromarketing posts is the apparent contest between the amygdala, a brain structure long thought to be the seat of emotions in the brain, and other brain structures thought to be responsible for higher cognitive functions like reasoning and problem solving. (neurosciencemarketing.com)
  • It plays a crucial role in the processing of emotions, particularly those related to fear and aggression. (personal-improvement.eu)
  • Overall, the Amygdala is an important part of the brain that helps us process and respond to emotions, especially those related to fear, aggression and other intense emotions. (personal-improvement.eu)
  • Despite the fact that our brains are much bigger now - with a "new brain" that processes information rationally - research has shown that the amygdala still plays a key role in our emotions and drives our decision making. (aaslh.org)
  • With activation likelihood estimation (ALE) we examined 100 experiments that reported concurrent vmPFC and amygdala activities, and distinguished responses to positive vs. negative emotions and to passive exposure to vs. active regulation of emotions. (nih.gov)
  • Whereas bilateral amygdala was involved during emotional exposure, only the left amygdala showed convergent activities during active regulation of negative emotions. (nih.gov)
  • The findings also suggest that hyperactivation of the vmPFC is associated with diminished right amygdala activities during regulation of negative emotions. (nih.gov)
  • I have many cognitive deficits, both emotional and functional. (psychologytoday.com)
  • The experimental challenge for Etkin, Hirsch, and colleagues was to determine whether this region of the ACC was responsible merely for 'monitoring' conflict between cognitive and emotional processing or for actively 'resolving' that conflict. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Incongruent face-word combinations constituted a response conflict between emotional and cognitive stimuli. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Now, neuroscientists at Yale University have demonstrated that the amygdala plays a role in working memory, a function which plays a key role in higher cognitive functions. (neurosciencemarketing.com)
  • Research involves investigation of bidirectional pathways between prefrontal cortices and structures associated with sensory, cognitive, mnemonic and emotional processes in the cortex, the thalamus, and the amygdala. (bu.edu)
  • It is revealed that parental stress, absence of games and lower exposure to interac- tions that promote development are connected to changes in cognitive, emotional, and learning processing, in addition to exerting a negative impact on motor and language development. (bvsalud.org)
  • Other evidence suggests that the left amygdala plays a role in the brain's reward system. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are observable developmental differences between the right and left amygdala. (wikipedia.org)
  • The left amygdala reaches its developmental peak approximately 1.5-2 years prior to the right amygdala. (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite the early growth of the left amygdala, the right increases in volume for a longer period of time. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is inferred that the early development of the left amygdala functions to provide infants the ability to detect danger. (wikipedia.org)
  • When an individual is presented with a conditioned, aversive stimulus, it is processed within the right amygdala, producing an unpleasant or fearful response. (wikipedia.org)
  • The right amygdala plays a role in the association of time and places with emotional properties. (wikipedia.org)
  • The right amygdala is associated with response to fearful stimuli as well as face recognition. (wikipedia.org)
  • The amygdala is the brain's major center for processing emotional events. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This response is governed by the brain's fear center, the amygdala, which plays an outsized role in emotional perception and experience . (inverse.com)
  • These swings are a result of direct damage to the brain's emotional processing centers, says Professor Lavoie, and can lead to social isolation when the support network of the person experiencing mood swings doesn't understand how to help them. (bustle.com)
  • The amygdala is connected with the prefrontal cortex, an area involved with our highest intellectual properties, and receives sensory inputs from it all the time. (typepad.com)
  • Their studies were based on previous findings that specific parts of an area of the brain called the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)--a center for so-called 'executive' control of neural processing--are connected to the amygdala. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Dr. Barbas's research centers on the organization of the prefrontal cortex and its role in central executive functions in primates. (bu.edu)
  • The convergence of nociceptive information in CeA is particularly interesting because CeA is the primary output nucleus of the amygdala, and sends projections to effector regions that initiate physiological and behavioral responses to external events, including the response to noxious stimuli ( Gilpin et al, 2015 ). (nature.com)
  • Shown to perform a primary role in the processing of memory, decision making, and emotional responses (including fear, anxiety, and aggression), the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK) interneurons play critical roles in feedforward inhibition and behavioral fear responses. (nih.gov)
  • it also, therefore, important in learning and it brings about certain behaviors linked to emotional responses. (differencebetween.net)
  • for example, the cerebellum might help to convert the initial emotional responses into goal-oriented behaviors or contextually appropriate social behaviors [ 15 ]. (springer.com)
  • Researchers crafted a detailed atlas of the amygdala, revealing new insights into emotional responses and potential treatments for cocaine addiction. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The study elucidates how seizures originating in specific amygdala subregions might suppress both breathing and the crucial alarm signal of "air hunger," potentially through novel connections to the brainstem, which regulates responses to blood CO2 alterations. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The cerebrum also controls emotional and instinctual responses. (funderstanding.com)
  • The limbic system is a grouping of cortical and subcortical structures involved in memory formation and emotional responses. (medscape.com)
  • The amygdala appears to be involved in mediating the emotional aspects of memory, especially the subjective aspects of fear responses. (medscape.com)
  • It plays a role in the expression of fear and in the processing of fear-inducing stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
  • This emotional response conditions the individual to avoid fear-inducing stimuli and more importantly, to assess threats in the environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Etkin, Hirsch, and colleagues found that the emotional stimuli activated the amygdala as expected. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The capacity for recruitment of the rostral cingulate may thus determine how well an individual can cope with the intrusion of negative emotional stimuli or mental content,' they concluded. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Here we combined a novel anatomical tracing protocol with event-related high-resolution fMRI acquisition to study the responsiveness of the amygdala subnuclei to negative emotional stimuli and to examine intra-amygdala functional connectivity. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • The greatest sensitivity to the negative emotional stimuli was observed in the centromedial amygdala, where the hemodynamic response amplitude elicited by the negative emotional stimuli was greater and peaked later than for neutral stimuli. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Here, we visualized activations of the cerebellum and extracerebellar regions using high-field fMRI, while we asked participants to observe and imitate images with pictures of human faces expressing different emotional states or with moving geometric shapes as control. (springer.com)
  • Anatomically, the amygdala and more particularly its central and medial nuclei, have sometimes been classified as a part of the basal ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Connectivity patterns converge with extant findings in animals, such that the centromedial amygdala was more connected with the nuclei of the basal amygdala than with the lateral amygdala. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • The regions described as amygdala nuclei encompass several structures of the cerebrum with distinct connectional and functional characteristics in humans and other animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Each pair making up the amygdala consists of three nuclei. (differencebetween.net)
  • The amygdala is a collection of nuclei that lies within the uncus. (medscape.com)
  • It has also been found that the amygdala functions in behavior linked to receiving a reward versus avoiding punishment. (differencebetween.net)
  • Historically, the amygdala has been thought to play a prominent role in the difficulties with social behavior that are central to autism. (aau.edu)
  • To further understand these synchronous effects that nasal breathing has on our brain regions, the scientists then conducted separate experiments on 60 healthy subjects to test the effects of nasal breathing on memory and emotional behavior. (mindful.org)
  • Norepinephrine (NE) is thought to play a key role in fear and anxiety, but its role in amygdala-dependent Pavlovian fear conditioning, a major model for understanding the neural basis of fear, is poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)
  • Peritraumatic neural processing and intrusive memories: The role of lifetime adversity. (dgps.de)
  • Cortical representation of afferent bodily signals in borderline personality disorder: Neural correlates and relationship to emotional dysregulation. (dgps.de)
  • Dogs with anxiety have stronger neural connections between the amygdala and other areas of the anxiety network in the brain compared to less anxious dogs. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Additionally, it helps in the recognition of emotional expressions and tones of voice, as well as in the regulation of social behaviors such as aggression, submission and attraction. (personal-improvement.eu)
  • A study by Xu and colleagues, published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation now shows that in mice, activity of the estrogen receptor-α (ERα) in the medial amygdala may have a profound influence on the development of obesity - an effect, which appears to me largely mediated through effects on physical activity. (drsharma.ca)
  • Emotional regulation is the strategy people use to understand and respond to their complex feelings. (edutopia.org)
  • There are two primary types of emotional regulation. (edutopia.org)
  • Explicit emotional regulation is a teachable skill that we can all improve, beginning with how we name and talk about our feelings. (edutopia.org)
  • It also plays a role in the regulation of the body's stress response, activating the sympathetic nervous system in response to perceived threats. (personal-improvement.eu)
  • scans of their brains showed lower connectivity between the amygdala, which has a big role in emotional regulation, and other areas of brain tissue, like the insula, prefrontal cortices, and parietal lobules. (bustle.com)
  • With a sharper focus on these amygdala-brainstem links, researchers forge a vital pathway toward demystifying SUDEP, revealing robust avenues for future exploration, preventive measures, and targeted treatments. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The outputs from the amygdala travel through the stria terminalis and the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. (medscape.com)
  • This type of response is mediated by higher brain centers, such as the amygdala , involved in ascribing an emotional, or affective, quality to pain. (stanford.edu)
  • These findings show a system where our in-breath is like a remote control for our brains: by breathing in through our nose we are directly affecting the electrical signals in the "smell" regions, which indirectly controls the electrical signals of our memory and emotional brain centers. (mindful.org)
  • The authors hypothesize that these early alterations with processing visual and sensory information may place increased stress on the amygdala, leading to its overgrowth. (aau.edu)
  • We are getting closer to understanding why autism occurs by learning more about brain growth alterations early during development, in this case how amygdala growth may be influenced by early sensory processing difficulties and, conversely, how amygdala growth alterations may influence a baby's interaction with their environment," said Dr. Stephen Dager , professor of radiology in the UW School of Medicine and an adjunct professor of bioengineering. (aau.edu)
  • Our in-breath is like a remote control for our brains, directly affecting electrical signals that communicate with memory and emotional processing centers. (mindful.org)
  • And while there are two units (left and right sides of the brain) to the amygdala, it is more often discussed as if it were one organ, so the singular term "amygdala", and the common usage plural "amygdalas," not the Latin plural "amygdalae" is used here and throughout most of the medical literature. (typepad.com)
  • This set of brain structures plays a significant role in the formation of memories, emotional processing, and behaviors. (edutopia.org)
  • The amygdala is important for emotional memory and the formation of emotional memories. (personal-improvement.eu)
  • They believe that the spike in IL-6 following trauma plays a role in the persistence of those memories, and that elevated IL-6 in the blood may explain symptoms of PTSD and other disorders that involve fear learning (such as phobias). (bipolarnews.org)
  • We then work through the functions of each of these structures so that students are empowered with neuroanatomical language to describe their emotional processes. (edutopia.org)
  • And, from a neuromarketing and neuroeconomics viewpoint, this research doesn't alter the fundamental concept that the decision processes in the brain work at various levels, and that the amygdala plays a key role in those processes by bringing emotional values into them. (neurosciencemarketing.com)
  • Stress modifies nociception, and humans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit co-morbid chronic pain and amygdala dysregulation. (nature.com)
  • Study reveals heightened activity in the amygdala in response to seeing surprised or neutral facial expressions could be a biomarker for a risk of developing PTSD following trauma. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Episodic memory consists of the autobiographical aspects of memory, permitting recall of emotional and sensory experience of an event. (wikipedia.org)
  • The positive emotional faces only evoked mild activations of crus 2 in the cerebellum, whereas the negative emotional faces evoked prominent activations in lobules VI and VIIa in its hemispheres and lobules VIII and IX in the vermis. (springer.com)
  • The findings also offer insight into how sufferers of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression are unable to control emotional intrusion into their thoughts, said the researchers, Amit Etkin, Joy Hirsch, and colleagues, who reported the discovery. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • They pointed out that people with PTSD, as well as those whose depression is resistant to treatment, show lowered rostral cingulate activity during emotional processing. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Amygdala activity and flashbacks in PTSD - a review [Review paper]. (lu.se)
  • it is also believed to interact with certain parts of the amygdala when it comes to anxiety and depression. (differencebetween.net)
  • Adopting college students' social anxiety scale, regulatory emotional self-efficacy scale, subjective well-being scale and mobile phone addiction scale, this research tested valid samples of 680 Chinese college students. (frontiersin.org)
  • Regulatory emotional self-efficacy played a partial mediating role between social anxiety and mobile phone addiction. (frontiersin.org)
  • Subjective well-being also played a partial mediating role between social anxiety and mobile phone addiction. (frontiersin.org)
  • Moreover, both regulatory emotional self-efficacy and subjective well-being were found to play a chain mediating role between social anxiety and mobile phone addiction. (frontiersin.org)
  • The amygdala has also been implicated in a variety of mental health problems including anxiety, binge drinking and post-traumatic stress syndrome. (drsharma.ca)
  • Our experiments on healthy subjects were carried out in order to understand what role the rostral cingulate normally plays in nonpathological emotional conflict,' wrote the researchers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Taken together, these findings suggest that elevated amygdalar activity and exaggerated behavioral interference may be due to deficient amygdalar inhibition by the rostral cingulate, which leads to an inability to deal with emotional conflict,' concluded Etkin and colleagues. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The findings suggest replicable neuroimaging features associated with major depression, beyond the transdiagnostic effects reported in previous meta-analyses, and support a continued research focus on the subgenual cingulate and other selected regions' role in depression. (psychiatryonline.org)
  • The cingulate is heavily interconnected, with the amygdala, an emotional centre, and to many other regions, including those responsible for sensation, motor ability and attention. (newscientist.com)
  • The amygdala is larger in males than females, in children aged 7 to 11, adult humans, and adult rats. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because of the early development of female amygdalae, they reach their growth potential sooner than males, whose amygdalae continue to develop. (wikipedia.org)
  • Whether you act them out, brainstorm, or sketch, helping young people name and distinguish between different feelings can help expand their emotional vocabulary- an important step in preparing for that next big feeling. (edutopia.org)
  • Importantly, they found that when presented with the 'incongruent' images this activity was inhibited by specific activation of the 'rostral ACC' in a manner that indicated this region was exerting inhibitory control over the amygdala. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The greater the emotional reaction the participant reported having to a particular story, the stronger it activated their amygdala. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The amygdala is one of the best-understood brain regions with regard to differences between the sexes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The study also showed that increased growth of the amygdala in infants who were later diagnosed with autism differed markedly from brain-growth patterns in babies with another neurodevelopmental disorder, fragile X syndrome, where no differences in amygdala growth were observed. (aau.edu)
  • The authors added that their study provides additional evidence contradicting the pseudoscientific falsehood that there are inherent race-related differences found in the brain and instead emphasizes the role of adversity brought on by structural racism. (harvard.edu)
  • This may be due to the fact that females have a more intricate evaluation of risk-scenario contemplation, based on a prefrontal cortical control of the amygdala . (wikipedia.org)
  • The amygdala is a part of the so-called limbic system that performs a primary role in the processing of memory, decision-making, and emotional reactions. (drsharma.ca)
  • Adolescents and teens think and manage situations with their amygdalae, which serves a few roles: the processing of memory, decision making and processing emotional reactions. (mytpi.com)
  • The structural development of the male amygdala occurs over a longer period than in women. (wikipedia.org)
  • Researchers have long known the amygdala is significantly larger in school-age children diagnosed with autism, but it was unknown precisely when that enlargement occurs. (aau.edu)
  • Now, for the first time, researchers from the Infant Brain Imaging Study (IBIS) Network, which includes the University of Washington , used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to demonstrate that the amygdala grows too rapidly in infancy. (aau.edu)
  • We hypothesized that CRF-CRFR1 signaling in central amygdala (CeA) mediates stress-induced hyperalgesia in rats with high stress reactivity. (nature.com)
  • The amygdala, and more specifically the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), is a convergence point for multiple pathways carrying nociceptive information into the central nervous system. (nature.com)
  • The amygdala comprises two almond-sized-and-shaped portions of the mid-brain, that are becoming more and more common targets for study. (typepad.com)
  • ABSTRACT This cross-sectional study investigated the mediatory role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between perceived stress and alexithymia with mental health. (who.int)
  • The amygdala may very well do this by helping the brain identify salient points of new inputs (whether they have red or green flags indicating either danger or reward) and to prioritize them by the use of the "magnitude dial" of the amygdale (important enough to pay close attention, or not so important or threatening and therefore, something to ignore). (typepad.com)
  • Building in lessons on emotional literacy is an important component of emotionally safe classrooms. (edutopia.org)
  • A limited emotional vocabulary means that we miss out on important nuances in understanding and talking about our feelings. (edutopia.org)
  • While not everyone who faces these stresses develops a mood disorder - in fact, most do not - stress plays an important role in depression. (harvard.edu)
  • data show important roles for the PFC in the representation of reward. (jneurosci.org)
  • Although affective pain isn't directly caused by injured cells, the signal still plays an important role, said Anuj Aggarwal , MD, an anesthesiologist and pain physician. (stanford.edu)
  • Androgen receptors play a role in the DNA binding that regulates gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • In females, maternal exposure to IPV was associated with a smaller amygdala, a brain area associated with social and emotional development. (neurosciencenews.com)