• The type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS), also called the injectisome, is one of the bacterial secretion systems used by bacteria to secrete their effector proteins into the host's cells to promote virulence and colonisation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The T3SS is composed of approximately 30 different proteins, making it one of the most complex secretion systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • Technically speaking, type III secretion is used both for secreting infection-related proteins and flagellar components. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once the base is completed, it serves as a secretion machine for the outer proteins (the needle). (wikipedia.org)
  • In conjunction with our recent finding that transgenic mouse urothelium can secrete ectopically expressed human growth hormone into the urine, our data establish that normal mammalian urothelium can function not only as a permeability barrier but also as a secretor of urinary proteins that can play physiological or pathological roles in the urinary tract. (northwestern.edu)
  • The Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) is a multiprotein device that has emerged as an important fitness and virulence factor for many Gram-negative bacteria through the injection of effector proteins into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells via a contractile mechanism. (frontiersin.org)
  • Of note, the genes encoding these effectors and immunity proteins are widely distributed in Salmonella genomes, suggesting a relevant role in interbacterial competition and virulence. (frontiersin.org)
  • Ca 2+ and cyclic adenosine monophosphate play a part in the secretion of lipids and proteins from apocrine glands for sweat secretion. (nih.gov)
  • Rab proteins are known to be important participants in insulin secretion by pancreatic β cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • In contrast, the IRS-2-silenced PC3 conditioned medium could not restore Erk1/2 activation, suggesting that IRS-2 promotes the secretion of proteins that activate the IGF signaling pathway. (bvsalud.org)
  • That includes both human genetic studies seeking to identify new genetic causes of hydrocephalus and animal studies using genetic manipulations to provide insight into the role of specific proteins/pathways in regulating CSF dynamics and hydrocephalus development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The beta cells of the pancreatic islets secrete insulin , and so play a significant role in diabetes . (wikipedia.org)
  • We have now investigated their role in the biliary and intestinal secretion of the anticancer drugs doxorubicin (unlabeled: 5 mg/kg) and vinblastine ( 3 H-labeled: 1 mg/kg) i.v. administered to wild-type and mdr1a P-glycoprotein knockout [ mdr1a (−/−)] mice. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Several amino acids (AAs) have been shown to be associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of type 2 diabetes, but no previous studies have investigated the association of AAs with insulin secretion in a longitudinal setting. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Our study is the first population-based large cohort to report that AAs are associated not only with insulin resistance but also with decreased insulin secretion. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Type 2 diabetes is often preceded by a long period of prediabetes, characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Conversion to diabetes happens when insulin secretion from the pancreas is no longer able to compensate for insulin resistance in peripheral insulin-sensitive tissues ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • We investigated the associations of twenty AAs with insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and glycemia in a large Finnish prospective population-based METabolic Syndrome In Men (METSIM) cohort. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • H2S a gaseous signaling molecule also produced in the stomach has been implicated in the secretion of other metabolic hormones. (laurentian.ca)
  • Studies have shown that autophagy plays an important role in many organs, especially metabolic organs, which not only maintain the basic homeostasis of cells but also regulate cells' function [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We suggest that PKC isoforms mediate secretion of 5-HT by PF cells in response to stimulation of the CaR. (jneurosci.org)
  • Yoda1, a specific PIEZO1 agonist, activates a small membrane current and thereby triggers β-cell electrical activity with resultant stimulation of Ca 2+ -influx and insulin secretion. (lu.se)
  • The aim of this study is to explore the diagnostic role of soluble Fas ligand secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with previous drug-induced blistering diseases with or without stimulation with the offend-ing drug. (medicaljournals.se)
  • These results suggest that glibenclamide-induced autophagy plays an inhibitory role in promoting insulin secretion by activating the AMPK pathway instead of altering the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). (hindawi.com)
  • Increase of miR-720 reduced Rab35 expression then activate PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway, thus inhibiting insulin secretion. (researchsquare.com)
  • In order to investigate this, the putative gene for OxpG, the pseudopilin involved in a type II general secretion pathway of Gram-negative bacteria, was deleted. (nih.gov)
  • We found that the programmed secretion and assembly of the apical extracellular matrix (ECM) is required for the expansion of the trachea and salivary glands (SG) tubes. (avhandlingar.se)
  • 1. The role of extracellular HCO3- and H+ in the formation of primary saliva and its subsequent modification by the glandular ducts has been investigated in the isolated perfused mandibular salivary gland of the rabbit. (edu.au)
  • However, when extracellular pH was controlled by replacing HCO3- with the hydrophilic HEPES buffer, fluid secretion but not ductal Na+ absorption was restored to normal. (edu.au)
  • 5. Salivary secretion showed an almost linear dependence on extracellular pH, rising from 14% of control (pH 7.4) levels at pH 6.2 to 130% at pH 7.8. (edu.au)
  • 3. Complete replacement of perfusate HCO3- by Cl- reduced fluid secretion by 34% and almost abolished ductal Na+ absorption. (edu.au)
  • 4. Complete replacement of exogenous HCO3- with acetate increased fluid secretion by 110% and also stimulated ductal Na+ absorption. (edu.au)
  • 6. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors did not affect fluid secretion rates (except when supramaximal doses of ACh were used to evoke secretion) but they did cause a large reduction in salivary HCO3- output. (edu.au)
  • The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone develops when too much antidiuretic hormone ( vasopressin ) is released by the pituitary gland under certain inappropriate conditions, causing the body to retain fluid and lower the blood sodium level by dilution. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The analysis of human secretions, such as nasal fluid and tears, provide valuable information on pathophysiological aspects of allergic diseases. (medscape.com)
  • An abnormal increase in blood glucose may be due to a defect in insulin self-secretion caused by the immune system (type 1 diabetes mellitus, T1DM), or resistance to the cellular effects of insulin, as well as insufficient insulin secretion (type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, SUs can close the K ATP channel in pancreatic β cells, followed by membrane depolarization and open the voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channels (VDCCs) to increase intracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ), resulting in insulin secretion and decreasing blood glucose [ 4 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • β-cell-specific Piezo1-knockout mice show impaired glucose tolerance in vivo and reduced glucose-induced insulin secretion, β-cell electrical activity and Ca 2+ elevation in vitro. (lu.se)
  • The bile of both wild-type and mdr1a (−/−) mice contained only minor amounts of unchanged vinblastine, whereas the total biliary secretion of unknown 3 H-labeled breakdown products was about 25 to 30% of the dose. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The direct secretion of unchanged vinblastine through the gut wall was 6.7 and 3.3% of the dose in wild-type and mdr1a (−/−) mice, respectively. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Also, vitamin D reduced the incidence of T1DM, enhanced insulin secretion, and relieved pancreatic inflammation in STZ-treated mice via enhancing autophagy in pancreatic β cells [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Yet, PIEZO1 expression is elevated in islets from human donors with type-2 diabetes (T2D) and a rodent T2D model (db/db mouse), in which insulin secretion is reduced. (lu.se)
  • While sugar is the most frequently named culprit in the development of type 2 diabetes, a better understanding of the role of fats is also essential. (news-medical.net)
  • Glucose-induced insulin secretion depends on β-cell electrical activity. (lu.se)
  • Conversely, the PIEZO1 antagonist GsMTx4 reduces glucose-induced Ca 2+ -signaling, electrical activity and insulin secretion. (lu.se)
  • These results implicate mechanotransduction and activation of PIEZO1, via intracellular accumulation of glucose metabolites, as an important physiological regulator of insulin secretion. (lu.se)
  • Previous studies have shown that glibenclamide can improve insulin secretion at low-normal glucose, which may increase the risk of hypoglycemia when attempting to maintain tight glucose control [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • More and more evidences ( 6 - 8 ) show that miRNAs are involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism, insulin synthesis and secretion, which are the core links in the development of T2D. (researchsquare.com)
  • 5.8 × 10 −5 ) associated with decreases in insulin secretion (disposition index) and the elevation of fasting or 2-h glucose levels. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • In contrast, the phorbol downregulation-resistant component of secretion was abolished by pseudoZ, which inhibits the atypical PKCζ. (jneurosci.org)
  • Also inhibits the secretion of pancreatic polypeptide . (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, the absence of mdr1a P-glycoprotein affects the fate of vinblastine chiefly by diminishing secretion into the lumen of the small intestine, whereas it affects the fate of doxorubicin chiefly by diminishing secretion of parent drug into bile. (aspetjournals.org)
  • It is a fatty secretion of the intestine of male sperm whales ( Physeter macrocephalus L.) produced after a beak injury with a squid. (plos.org)
  • β-adrenoceptors are found in adipocytes as well as apocrine glands, and these receptors may mediate lipid secretion from apocrine glands for sweat secretion. (nih.gov)
  • Current techniques for nasal secretions sampling are mainly based on three principles: collection of spontaneous secretions, nasal washings, and absorption. (medscape.com)
  • Collection of spontaneous secretions is appropriate in subjects with nasal hypersecretion, whereas in healthy individuals the collected volume is frequently insufficient. (medscape.com)
  • Although phorbol downregulation caused PKCγ to disappear, secretion was only partially inhibited. (jneurosci.org)
  • Overexpression of miR-720 inhibited insulin secretion and miR-720 downregulation promoted insulin secretion. (researchsquare.com)
  • None of these experimental conditions decreased hormone secretion significantly below the basal rate of secretion imposed by a high (3.0 mM) medium calcium concentration. (wustl.edu)
  • Gastrin by itself also stimulates acid secretion, resulting in increased basal acid secretion. (medscape.com)
  • We hypothesize that H2S can directly suppress ghrelin secretion leading to a reduction in appetite. (laurentian.ca)
  • 2) A decrease in Na + -Ca ++ exchange either by blocking the Na pump or removing external Na + would decrease the extrusion of Ca ++ from the cells, thus increasing intracellular Ca ++ , which, in turn, will suppress PTH secretion. (wustl.edu)
  • A similar reduction of ↑[Ca 2+ ] e -evoked secretion was produced by inhibitors of conventional and/or novel PKCs (Gö6976, calphostin C, and pseudoA), and these compounds did not inhibit secretion at all when applied to phorbol-downregulated cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • Additionally, fluorescent immunocytochemistry demonstrated of that ghrelin cells co-localize with the H2S producing enzyme, CSE and inhibition with PPG stimulated ghrelin secretion. (laurentian.ca)
  • This inhibition of hormone secretion in potassium-deficient medium was overcome when the potassium ion concentration was restored to 5 mM. (wustl.edu)
  • 1) Ouabain and harmaline affect PTH secretion by their action on Na + -K + -ATPase, since inhibition of the Na + pump by K + removal yielded similar results. (wustl.edu)
  • This reduction leads to a decrease of bile salt secretion, which causes the features of BRIC2. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Stress-impaired transcription factor expression and insulin secretion in transplanted human islets. (nature.com)
  • Changes in ionized Ca ++ concentration are thought to be the main factor in the control of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion from the parathyroid cell. (wustl.edu)
  • In other secretory cells, functional Na + channels and a Na + -Ca ++ exchange have been shown to play a role in the regulation of hormone excretion. (wustl.edu)
  • Incubations were carried out at 37 C for 180 min, and under the conditions used, hormone secretion was linear for at least 240 min. (wustl.edu)
  • Harmaline concentrations of 1-20 mM inhibited hormone secretion an average of 46 ± 5% in low calcium medium. (wustl.edu)
  • 3) The restoration of hormone secretion by the readdition of potassium to parathyroid cells incubated in a potassium-free medium suggests that an irreversible toxic effect to the cells does not account for the results observed. (wustl.edu)
  • Pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, which is indispensable for follicular development, is suppressed in lactating dairy and beef cattle. (bioone.org)
  • Neurokinin B (NKB) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus are considered to play an essential role in generating the pulsatile mode of GnRH/luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. (bioone.org)
  • 1: In the haematopoietic microenvironment, bone marrow stromal cells play an important role in regulating haematopoiesis by expressing various cytokines, including leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • activation du complement et secretion de cytokines. (bvsalud.org)
  • The term Type III secretion system was coined in 1993. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the term "type III secretion" is used mainly in relation to the infection apparatus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The bacterial flagellum shares a common ancestor with the type III secretion system. (wikipedia.org)
  • OmpB contains a potential Fe(III)-binding site and a fibronectin type III domain, suggesting a possible role for this protein in accessing Fe(III) oxides. (nih.gov)
  • OmpB was localized to the membrane fraction of G. sulfurreducens and in the supernatant of growing cultures, consistent with the type II secretion system exporting OmpB. (nih.gov)
  • A revised model for the role of GacS/GacA in regulating type III secretion by Pseudomonas syringae pv. (missouri.edu)
  • The present study aimed to clarify the role of NKB-neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) signaling in the pulsatile pattern of GnRH/gonadotropin secretion in postpartum lactating cattle.We examined the effects of the administration of an NK3R-selective agonist, senktide, on gonadotropin secretion in lactating cattle. (bioone.org)
  • Mutations of the N-glycosylation sites gradually reduced Serp-GFP luminal deposition suggesting that increased glycosylation enhances apical Serp secretion. (avhandlingar.se)
  • The IGF-Independent Role of IRS-2 in the Secretion of MMP-9 Enhances the Growth of Prostate Carcinoma Cell Line PC3. (bvsalud.org)
  • To explore how sweat secretion is controlled by both the CNS and the ANS and the mechanisms behind the neural control of sweat secretion. (nih.gov)
  • However, recent studies have confirmed that epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in the pathophysiological process of T2D ( 3 ) . (researchsquare.com)
  • This study aimed to investigate whether miR-720 targets Rab35 to regulate insulin secretion in MIN6 cells and its molecular mechanism, and the clinical value of miR-720 as a specific biomarker of T2D. (researchsquare.com)
  • Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate whether miR-720 targets Rab35 to regulate insulin secretion in MIN6 cells and its molecular mechanism, and the clinical value of miR-720 as a specific biomarker of T2D. (researchsquare.com)
  • Major concerns are the inconsistent data on biomarker concentrations as their low concentration in secretions. (medscape.com)
  • However, the intracellular signal that regulates cytokine secretion in bone marrow stromal cells has not been determined. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family in serum-induced secretion of LIF and IL-6 by bone marrow stromal cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • TY - JOUR T1 - Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase family in serum-induced leukaemia inhibitory factor and interleukin-6 secretion by bone marrow stromal cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • L-783,281, an antidiabetic fungal metabolite that has previously been shown to activate insulin signaling in CHO cells, was tested for its effect on intracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ) and insulin secretion in single mouse pancreatic β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Virtually no secretion was evoked by L-783,281 in IRS-1 -/- β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Glibenclamide is known to promote insulin secretion by targeting β cells. (hindawi.com)
  • In this study, we investigated the role of autophagy in glibenclamide-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells. (hindawi.com)
  • We increased and decreased miR-720 expression using miR-720 mimic and inhibitor to identify the effect of miR-720 on insulin secretion in MIN6 cells, respectively. (researchsquare.com)
  • Then we used miR-720 mimic, miR-720 inhibitor and dual luciferase reporter gene assays to prove miR-720 regulate insulin secretion by targeting Rab35 in MIN6 cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • miR-720 regulated insulin secretion by targeting Rab35 in MIN6 cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • In our previous study ( 16 ) , we found that Rab35 is closely related to the insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells, and Rab35 might be the target of miR-720 in pancreatic β cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • Similar effects were seen with ouabain concentrations as low as 10 -7 M. Potassium-free medium decreased PTH secretion compared to that from cells incubated with 5 mM K + at a low (0.5 mM), but not at a high (2.0ndash;3.0 mM), calcium ion concentration in the medium. (wustl.edu)
  • This review summarizes recent work elucidating endocytic pathways, primarily in the worm germ line and coelomocytes, and also touches on diverse studies of secretion, especially in ectodermal cells of epithelial character. (wormbook.org)
  • This protein is found in the liver, and its main role is to move bile salts (a component of bile) out of liver cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In conclusion, our data demonstrates that H2S has a suppressive effect on ghrelin secretion and appetite. (laurentian.ca)
  • Is involved in regulation of cytolytic granules secretion. (lu.se)
  • The activation of β-adrenoceptors could increase sweat secretion through opening of Ca 2+ channels to elevate intracellular Ca 2+ concentration. (nih.gov)
  • The secretion of PTH decreased appropriately at a high (3.0 mM) Ca ++ concentration as compared to that when a low Ca ++ concentration (0.5 mM) was present in the medium. (wustl.edu)
  • Only PKCγ was found to have been translocated to the membrane fraction when secretion of 5-HT was evoked by ↑[Ca 2+ ] e or phorbol esters. (jneurosci.org)
  • Platelets play a primary role in this process, interacting with subendothelium-bound von Willebrand factor (vWf) via the membrane glycoprotein (GP) Ib complex. (medscape.com)
  • Gallstones affect secretion of bile acids, which play a key role in regulating gut microbiota. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • These results suggest that AM secretion of NO may play an important role in the host defense mechanism. (cdc.gov)
  • Insects play a significant role in the transmission of disease. (who.int)
  • Seems to play a role in vesicle maturation during exocytosis. (lu.se)
  • Overview of Sodium's Role in the Body Sodium is one of the body's electrolytes, which are minerals that the body needs in relatively large amounts. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Acetylcholine acts as a potent stimulator for sweat secretion, which is released by sympathetic nerves. (nih.gov)
  • Duct perfusion studies suggested that the effect of the inhibitors on HCO3- output was at the site of primary secretion rather than at the ductal site of HCO3- transport. (edu.au)
  • In vitro studies showed that DEP activated AM to release reactive oxygen species, but had little or no effect on AM secretion of IL-1 and TNF-a. (cdc.gov)
  • The translocation of aquaporin 5 plays an important role in sweat secretion from eccrine glands. (nih.gov)
  • However, other potentially important factors, including detection of virus in different secretions, detection and survival of virus in the environment, and detection of virus in aerosols, lend support for the biological plausibility of certain transmission pathways. (cdc.gov)
  • The numerous functions of saliva, like antimicrobial activity, lubrication, wound healing and its role in taste experience are only truly recognized when saliva secretion is hampered. (karger.com)
  • [ 9 ] The present review aims to get an overview on the most common methods of nasal secretions and tears sampling and on testing of their content in immunoglobulin E (IgE) and other mediators. (medscape.com)
  • Sweat secretion, a constitutive feature, is directly involved in thermoregulation and metabolism, and is regulated by both the central nervous system (CNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS). (nih.gov)
  • Studies on the role of epigenetics in hydrocephalus are also most welcome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent studies have shown that nutritional mixtures containing protein hydrolysates, added leucine, and high-glycaemic carbohydrates greatly augment insulin secretion compared with high-glycaemic carbohydrates only. (bmj.com)
  • However, most of these studies have been cross-sectional, and none of these studies has investigated the association of amino acids (AAs) with changes in insulin secretion in a longitudinal setting. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Here we examine the role of the mechanosensor ion channel PIEZO1 in this process. (lu.se)
  • The collection procedure of nasal and ocular secretions directly influences the results, thus it is of paramount importance to validate and standardize the sampling process. (medscape.com)