Rodent and human muscles skeletal muscle contractions. Medical search. Frequent questions

To induce experimental T1DM in animals, streptozotocin (STZ) has been widely used due to its cytotoxic activity against pancreatic β-cells [ 7,8 ], and chronic STZ-induced diabetic rodents mimic diabetic complications observed in diabetic humans [ 9 ]. (karger.com)
In skeletal muscle from insulin-resistant diabetic rodents, glucose transport defects are not observed in response to contraction, a stimulus known to increase glucose transport by an insulin-independent mechanism ( 13 - 15 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

This episode is all about protein and gaining muscle. (drmindypelz.com)
Muscle is the organ of longevity, and you can't build muscle without protein. (drmindypelz.com)
The current proteomic study revealed that impaired protein regulation was more prominent in the muscle tissue of female diabetic rats, which were more susceptible to STZ-induced diabetes. (karger.com)
These muscles each offer unique advantages across a host of methodologies including measuring isometric force production, susceptibility to muscle injury, mitochondrial respiration, protein content, and histology. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanistically driven research often utilizes DNA manipulation to alter protein expression in skeletal muscle. (biomedcentral.com)
Poor dietary habits can lead to obesity and insulin resistance-both of which can impair basal heat shock protein (HSP) expression and the HSP stress response in skeletal muscle. (lidsen.com)
The protein product of MYH16 is one of the heavy chain myosins, a kind of protein that works with actin to enable muscle fibers to contract. (johnhawks.net)
In most vertebrates this protein is expressed in muscles that develop from the first pharyngeal arch, including temporalis , which in mammals is the largest muscle of the jaw. (johnhawks.net)
One is, how, and to what extent, does the nervous system control protein expression in skeletal muscle fibers? (ucla.edu)
Glucose transport can be activated in skeletal muscle in response to insulin via activation of phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase and in response to contractions or hypoxia, presumably via activation of 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). (diabetesjournals.org)

Thus, myostatin, LIF, IL-6 and IL-7 are involved in muscle hypertrophy and myogenesis, whereas BDNF and IL-6 are involved in AMPK-mediated fat oxidation. (wikipedia.org)
We investigate the mechanisms of a range of conditions/diseases which affect skeletal muscle including fatigue, atrophy/hypertrophy, malignant hyperthermia, statin myopathy and heart failure, with a focus on the influence of physical activity, nutrition and drugs. (leeds.ac.uk)
The purpose of this brief review is to discuss whether or not ambulatory exercise elicits leg muscle hypertrophy in older adults. (researchgate.net)
In addition, slow-walk training with a combination of leg muscle blood flow restriction elicits muscle hypertrophy only in the blood flow restricted leg muscles. (researchgate.net)
Competitive marathon running and regular high intensity distance running in young and middle-aged adults may not produce leg muscle hypertrophy due to insufficient recovery from the damaging running bout, although there have been no studies that have investigated the effects of running on leg muscle morphology in older subjects. (researchgate.net)
It is clear that skeletal muscle hypertrophy can occur independently of exercise mode and load. (researchgate.net)
Irradiation treatment, which eliminates satellite cells from these muscles, prevents the compensatory hypertrophy in these types of experiments. (arvojournals.org)

Her program features a translational approach that combines work in animal and cell-based models with human studies, using genetic engineering, molecular biology and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and proteomics as tools to understand the interplay between mitochondrial physiology and cardiometabolic health. (dukecancerinstitute.org)
Using a novel approach, we also demonstrate methods for assessing mitochondrial respiration in the FDB, which are comparable to the commonly used gastrocnemius muscle. (biomedcentral.com)

To examine gender-dimorphic regulation of skeletal muscle proteins between healthy control and STZ-induced diabetic rats of both genders, we performed differential proteome analysis using two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry. (karger.com)
Proteomic analysis of skeletal muscle identified a total of 21 proteins showing gender-dimorphic differential expression patterns between healthy controls and diabetic rats. (karger.com)
Most interestingly, gender-specific proteome comparison showed that male and female rats displayed differential regulation of proteins involved in muscle contraction, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, as well as oxidative phosphorylation and cellular stress. (karger.com)
We determined the effects of insulin and muscle contraction/hypoxia on PI 3-kinase, AMPK, and glucose transport activity in epitrochlearis skeletal muscle from insulin-resistant Zucker ( fa/ fa ) rats. (diabetesjournals.org)
Insulin-stimulated glucose transport in isolated skeletal muscle was reduced 47% in obese versus lean rats, with a parallel 42% reduction in tyrosine-associated PI 3-kinase activity. (diabetesjournals.org)
Contraction and hypoxia elicited normal responses for glucose transport in skeletal muscle from insulin-resistant obese rats. (diabetesjournals.org)
Contraction increased AMPKα1 activity 2.3-fold in lean rats, whereas no effect was noted in obese rats. (diabetesjournals.org)
Abstract sarm-2f a selective androgen receptor (ar) modulator, increases skeletal muscle mass and locomotor activity in rats. (misokeys.com)

A myokine is one of several hundred cytokines or other small proteins (~5-20 kDa) and proteoglycan peptides that are produced and released by skeletal muscle cells (muscle fibers) in response to muscular contractions. (wikipedia.org)
These analyses consist of enzyme activities of single muscle or neural cells, cell morphology, the kinds of proteins synthesized, the modulations of the mRNA's of specific myonuclei as well as the physiological properties of the nerve and muscle cells. (ucla.edu)
You can find it abundantly in the brain, retina, muscles, and other organs, although it doesn't form part of proteins. (innerfuel.net)

Soleus muscles in our calves hold more slow fibers and aid us in standing for long periods. (harvard.edu)
Adult male mice underwent an ~ 20% multi-muscle VML injury to the posterior compartment (gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris muscle) unilaterally and were randomized to rehabilitation paradigm twice per week beginning 2 days post-injury or no treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
The FDB is made up of small predominantly type IIa and IIx fibers that collectively produce less peak isometric force than the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) or soleus muscles, but demonstrates a greater fatigue resistance than the EDL. (biomedcentral.com)
Muscles commonly used for functional and mechanistic experiments include the extensor digitorum longus (EDL), soleus, plantaris, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior (TA), and/or the quadriceps. (biomedcentral.com)

The use of a rat model also can allow for controlled biomechanical exposures, rigorous histological and biochemical analysis of the muscle tissue, and controlled experimental conditions necessary to conduct a parametric investigations of factors associated with chronic contraction-induced injury. (cdc.gov)
The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
The brain integrates metabolic signals from peripheral tissues such as the liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, gut and muscle. (nature.com)
The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate early rehabilitation paradigms of passive range of motion and electrical stimulation in isolation or combination to understand the genetic and functional response in the tissue remaining after a multi-muscle VML injury. (biomedcentral.com)
With no current surgical or rehabilitative standard of care to address the soft tissue loss, VML injures are left to follow the natural sequela of injury that ultimately results in the replacement of contractile skeletal muscle with non-contractile pathologic fibrotic tissue [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Investigators currently employ a variety of established methods for answering such questions, but are often experimentally hampered by unique inherent heterogeneity between muscle groups and cells within the same muscle tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
In our experiments we also study cell and tissue properties (nerve and muscle) that are important in generating the behavioral characteristics observed. (ucla.edu)
Skeletal muscle is a complex tissue composed of thousands of individual multinucleated myofibers. (arvojournals.org)

Different muscle fiber types - slow twitch muscle fibers, oxidative muscle fibers, intermediate twitch muscle fibers, and fast twitch muscle fibers - release different clusters of myokines during contraction[citation needed]. (wikipedia.org)
These master switches turn on a cascade of other genes that can transform the muscle fibers that move our bones from one type to another. (harvard.edu)
Skeletal muscles in animals, including humans, contain a mix of all types, but different fibers are enriched in different locations. (harvard.edu)
Spiegelman and his colleagues genetically engineered a group of mice with muscles dramatically enriched in the beta gene and thus with the mysterious IIX fibers made with beta's help. (harvard.edu)
Zoltan Arany, an instructor in medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital who is the lead author of the team's report, noted that the beta switch transformed mouse muscles that normally contain 15-20 percent of IIX fibers into nearly 100 percent. (harvard.edu)
Passive range of motion exercise are non-weight bearing rehabilitation techniques that do not rely on functionally innervated muscle fibers. (biomedcentral.com)
Whole muscle, single motor units and single muscle fibers are studied physiologically and biochemically. (ucla.edu)
3 When a muscle is injured, this specialized cell population becomes activated, divides, and either repairs damaged fibers or forms new myofibers. (arvojournals.org)

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the functional contact (synapse) between an axon of motor neuron and muscle fiber. (intechopen.com)
It is generally accepted to consider this contact only as a specialized morpho-functional structure, where chemical transmission (via release of the acetylcholine (ACh)) of electrical signal from motor neuron to muscle fiber occurs, ultimately causing the muscle to contract. (intechopen.com)
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries occur due to orthopaedic trauma or the surgical removal of skeletal muscle and result in debilitating long-term functional deficits. (biomedcentral.com)
Collectively this work provides evidence of genetic and functional plasticity in the remaining skeletal muscle with early rehabilitation approaches, which may facilitate future evidenced-based practice of early rehabilitation at the clinical level. (biomedcentral.com)
The ability to assess skeletal muscle function and delineate regulatory mechanisms is essential to uncovering therapeutic approaches that preserve functional independence in a disease state. (biomedcentral.com)
Our research focuses on skeletal muscle structure and function using a range of approaches from assessment of fundamental molecular mechanisms that underlie excitation-contraction coupling through to whole-body functional measures that underpin muscle performance. (leeds.ac.uk)
The human coding sequence of MYH16 has a frameshift mutation that prevents translation of the functional product. (johnhawks.net)

Defining the mechanisms that regulate the development of skeletal muscle dysfunction is critical for designing therapeutic interventions. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, obesity and symptomology of metabolic dysfunction may occur before reductions in skeletal muscle HSP expression. (lidsen.com)
Lack of taurine can lead to several health problems, like heart muscle disease, kidney dysfunction, developmental abnormalities, and significant damage to the cells in the retina. (innerfuel.net)

Skeletal muscle is vital for life, underpinning locomotion, respiration, and metabolism, yet we still poorly understand its response to exercise and disease. (leeds.ac.uk)

However, this impairment does not appear to affect contraction-stimulated glucose transport. (diabetesjournals.org)
Activation of AMPKα2 in response to muscle contraction/ exercise is associated with a parallel and normal increase in glucose transport in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle. (diabetesjournals.org)
In people with type 2 diabetes, impaired whole-body insulin-mediated glucose uptake is associated with defects in glucose transport in skeletal muscle ( 2 - 6 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

Skeletal muscle provides distinct experimental challenges due to inherent differences across muscle groups, including fiber type and size that may limit experimental approaches. (biomedcentral.com)
However, due to inherent differences across muscles, investigators are often forced to apply specific experimental approaches for each muscle. (biomedcentral.com)
Understanding the effects of strabismus surgery on muscle cell biological reactions and myofiber remodeling may suggest new approaches for improving surgical outcomes. (arvojournals.org)

Another stimulus that activates satellite cells is stretching of the muscle. (arvojournals.org)

Isoform-specific AMPK activity was measured in skeletal muscle in response to insulin, contraction, or hypoxia. (diabetesjournals.org)
Regardless of genotype, contraction, and hypoxia, each increased AMPKα2 activity more than fivefold, whereas insulin did not alter either AMPKα1 or -α2 activity in skeletal muscle. (diabetesjournals.org)
In conclusion, obesity-related insulin resistance is associated with an isoform-specific impairment in AMPKα1 in response to contraction. (diabetesjournals.org)

This implies that variation of exercise types, particularly aerobic training/endurance training and muscle contraction against resistance (strength training) may offer differing myokine-induced benefits. (wikipedia.org)
If you only eat one meal a day, and you're up against anabolic resistance, then you will lose skeletal muscle over the course of your life. (drmindypelz.com)
Ibutamoren may cause leg swelling, muscle pain, and insulin resistance. (misokeys.com)

Preclinical studies of first generation sarms in animal models have shown anabolic effects on skeletal muscle mass and bone mass and density and varying. (misokeys.com)

For instance, aerobic exercise in humans leads to significant structural alterations in the brain, while wheel-running in rodents promotes neurogenesis and improves synaptic transmission in particular in the hippocampus. (wikipedia.org)
In mammals and many higher vertebrates, each muscle fiber typically has a single synaptic site innervated by a single motor axon branch. (intechopen.com)

The mechanism for reversing this choice is the microRNA miR-222 in cardiac muscle cells, which exercise up-regulates via unknown myokines. (wikipedia.org)

Skeletal muscle is susceptible to a number of genetic, environmental, and age-related pathologies that impair the tissue's normal mechanical and metabolic function. (biomedcentral.com)

A common treatment for motility disorders of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) is a resection procedure in which there is surgical shortening of the muscle. (arvojournals.org)
This surgical preparation allows for the examination of the effects of surgical shortening of one rectus muscle and passive stretch of its ipsilateral antagonist. (arvojournals.org)

To date, surprisingly few studies have taken advantage of the FDB to investigate mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle function. (biomedcentral.com)

Likewise, many invertebrate hormones have been discovered in the tissues of vertebrates, including those of humans. (tomsk.ru)
and it should not be surprising that the endocrine glands and associated hormones of the human endocrine system have their counterparts in the endocrine systems of more primitive vertebrates. (tomsk.ru)

However, due to the significant progress in the improvement and application of electrophysiological, genetic, pharmacological, biochemical and immunohistochemical methods a number of previously unknown aspects of neuron and muscle interaction were revealed. (intechopen.com)
Scientists have muscled in on a genetic switch that allows mice to run longer and faster. (harvard.edu)
In normal mice, the genetic path from fast twitch, or spurt muscles, to slow twitch, or endurance muscles, goes through an IIX stage, the researchers believe. (harvard.edu)
Due to its anatomical location, the FDB can be used in cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury protocols and is amenable to electroporation of cDNA with a high degree of efficiency allowing for an effective means of genetic manipulation. (biomedcentral.com)

Preclinical studies have demonstrated the ability of sarms to increase muscle and bone mass in preclinical rodent models with varying degree of prostate. (misokeys.com)
Preclinical studies have demonstrated the ability of sarms to increase muscle and bone mass in preclinical rodent models with varying degree of prostate Their store stocks and extensive line of products, including injectable compounds, sarm pharmaceutical mass research. (misokeys.com)

There is an emerging understanding of skeletal muscle as a secretory organ, and of myokines as mediators of physical fitness through the practice of regular physical exercise (aerobic exercise and strength training), as well as new awareness of the anti-inflammatory and thus disease prevention aspects of exercise. (wikipedia.org)

A second, and general question is how the neural networks in the lumbar spinal cord of mammals, including humans, control stepping and how this stepping pattern becomes modified by chronically imposing specific motor tasks on the limbs after complete spinal cord injury. (ucla.edu)

Humans possess the same switch, so the discovery might open new paths to treating muscle-wasting diseases and building better bodies. (harvard.edu)

Muscles called IIB, are "fast twitch" types that provide more powerful contractions and come into play for rapid bursts of activity like running. (harvard.edu)

Physical exercise rapidly triggers substantial changes at the organismal level, including the secretion of myokines and metabolites by muscle cells. (wikipedia.org)
Notably, regular exercise is somewhat associated with a better sleep quality, which could be mediated by the muscle secretome. (wikipedia.org)
Strenuous and unaccustomed exercise frequently lead to what has been coined "delayed onset muscle soreness" (DOMS). (mdpi.com)
It is important for health care providers to continue to advocate for useful and less expensive adaptive equipment that may provide exercise to paralyzed muscles and greater access and accommodation of wheelchair-reliant individuals by community fitness centers. (dovepress.com)
It is known that ambulatory exercises such as brisk walking and jogging are potent stimuli for improving aerobic capacity, but it is less understood whether ambulatory exercise can increase leg muscle size and function. (researchgate.net)

3 metabolic equivalents [METs], which is defined as the ratio of the work metabolic rate to the resting metabolic rate) intensity estimated by accelerometer is positively correlated with lower body muscle size and function in older adults. (researchgate.net)

Studies in the past few years suggest the existence of yet unidentified factors, secreted from muscle cells, which may influence cancer cell growth and pancreas function. (wikipedia.org)

The results highlight the experimental flexibility afforded the investigator by using the FDB muscle to assess mechanisms that regulate skeletal muscle function. (biomedcentral.com)
Our interests lie in the muscle itself, including blood vessels and fibre composition, as well as in the neural mechanisms and pathways through which the central nervous system and skeletal muscles communicate. (leeds.ac.uk)

Muscle has an impact on the trafficking and inflammation of lymphocytes and neutrophils. (wikipedia.org)
As implied by this term, it has been proposed that the associated pain and stiffness stem from micro-lesions, inflammation, or metabolite accumulation within the skeletal muscle. (mdpi.com)
Nasal insufflation of IL-11 causes AHR in wild-type mice while lung inflammation induced by antigen sensitization and challenge, which mimics features of atopic asthma in humans, is attenuated in mice genetically deficient in IL-11 receptor subunit alpha-1 (IL-11R1-deficient mice), a transmembrane receptor that is required conjointly with glycoprotein 130 to transduce IL-11 signaling. (cdc.gov)
Soma Compound ( carisoprodol and aspirin ) is a combination of a muscle relaxant and a salicylate, which helps reduce pain, inflammation, and fever used, along with rest and physical therapy , to treat injuries and other painful muscular conditions. (rxlist.com)

She completed her undergraduate degree in Human Nutrition, Vitamin, and Mineral Metabolism at the University of Illinois. (drmindypelz.com)

All superior and inferior rectus muscles from both globes were examined for BrdU incorporation, MyoD expression, neonatal and developmental myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression, and myofiber cross-sectional area alterations. (arvojournals.org)

Existing physiological models of muscle pathomechanics and adaptation are often limited by their requirements for invasive procedures or by their focus on muscle actions that are not applicable to real-world settings. (cdc.gov)

Previous work showed that this gene had lost its normal function in humans, making it a pseudogene . (johnhawks.net)
By comparing the sequences of humans and other primates, Stedman's team estimated that MYH16 had lost its function in human ancestors around 2.4 million years ago. (johnhawks.net)
This most likely occurs from defects in postreceptor insulin signal transduction at the level of insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase ( 6 - 9 ) as well as defects in trafficking and/or function of GLUT4 ( 10 , 11 ), the major insulin-regulated GLUT isoform expressed in skeletal muscle ( 12 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
increase leg muscle size and function. (researchgate.net)
Taurine is good for brain and heart health , muscle function, bile salt formation, and antioxidant defenses. (innerfuel.net)
Importantly, it didn't affect memory function or muscle activity. (innerfuel.net)

Some myokines exert their effects within the muscle itself. (wikipedia.org)
Although there is conflicting data on the effects of short-term training, it is possible that relatively long periods of walking, jogging, or intermittent running for over half a year can increase leg muscle size among older adults. (researchgate.net)
While there's no direct proof that taurine boosts the production of BDNF, a substance known for neuroprotection, taurine's neuroprotective effects have been well-documented. (innerfuel.net)

The gp130 receptor cytokine IL-6 (Interleukin 6) was the first myokine found to be secreted into the blood stream in response to muscle contractions. (wikipedia.org)

The onset of diet-induced obesity does not impair skeletal muscle HSP expression in sedentary or exercised animals. (lidsen.com)

The results show also that the neural influence that is associated with muscle fiber types is probably not mediated via the amount or pattern of activity of the motor units. (ucla.edu)

The scientific literature indicates that animal models are appropriate for the study of skeletal muscle, as the micro-architecture of rodent and human skeletal muscle are quite similar. (cdc.gov)
Lack of human-based experimental studies have been addressed using small and large animal models [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The purpose of this study was to characterize and experimentally demonstrate the value of the FDB muscle for scientific investigations. (biomedcentral.com)
10 Even more compelling is a recent study that subjected individual quiescent satellite cells isolated from adult limb muscle to stretching in vitro, and showed that direct stretching of the satellite cells themselves results in activation and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. (arvojournals.org)

Comparison of hominin crania in superior view, to show the extent of jaw muscles. (johnhawks.net)
The temporalis muscle originates on the sides of the cranial vault, with its maximum extent marked either by a temporal line or by a sagittal crest. (johnhawks.net)

Both active and passive stretch of the rectus muscles produced by strabismus surgery dramatically upregulated the processes of satellite cell activation, integration of new myonuclei into existing myofibers, and concomitant upregulation of immature myosin heavy chain isoforms. (arvojournals.org)

Developed by Mercer, a leader in human resource consulting, outsourcing and investments, Mercer Select H&B KnowHow is a tool that helps provide employers with important human resources information such as the latest health and benefit requirements for California, and it provides the forms needed for compliance. (issuu.com)
Also, it aims to enhance the international exchange of scientific activities in nutritional science and human health. (lidsen.com)

Studies are conducted with humans with spinal cord injury as well as with laboratory animals. (ucla.edu)
They are microscopically small and live both on humans and animals. (vetscite.org)

This report details how the beta gene can make mighty mice out of normal rodents. (harvard.edu)
Mice were used because, ethically, scientists can't go around trying to change muscles in humans just to see what will happen. (harvard.edu)
They then paired these mice with normal mice, littermates that had the usual amount of slow, fast, and IIX muscles. (harvard.edu)
Although the mouse gut microbiome presents a number of similarities with the human microbiome, the work showed that around 20 percent of the strains in the collection prefer colonizing the intestines of mice. (vetscite.org)

First, we characterized the FDB phenotype and provide reference comparisons to skeletal muscles commonly used in the field. (biomedcentral.com)

In the resected muscle and in the passively stretched antagonist muscle, there was a dramatic increase in the number of myofibers positive for neonatal MyHC and in the number of BrdU- and MyoD-positive satellite cells. (arvojournals.org)

Anatomy60

Organisms18

Diseases19

Chemicals and Drugs75

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes61

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena5

Information Science3

Health Care2

Diabetic rodents2

Protein10

Hypertrophy7

Mitochondrial2

Rats8

Proteins3

Soleus4

Tissue8

Fibers8

Functional7

Dysfunction3

Respiration1

Glucose3

Approaches3

Stimulus1

AMPK3

Resistance3

Anabolic1

Synaptic2

Cardiac1

Susceptible1

Surgical2

Investigate1

Vertebrates2

Genetic4

Bone2

Organ1

Mammals1

Diseases1

Twitch1

Exercise5

Metabolic1

Pancreas1

Mechanisms2

Inflammation4

Metabolism1

Alterations1

Physiological1

Function6

Effects3

Response to muscle1

Obesity1

Fiber types1

Models2

Study2

Extent2

Dramatically1

Health2

Animals2

Mice4

Provide1

Increase1