• Viral RNA or DNA or viral intermediate products are recognized by receptors like toll-like receptors(TLRs), nucleotide oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) thereby, inducing type I interferon response (IFN) and other proinflammatory cytokines in infected cells or other immune cells. (amrita.edu)
  • Type III Interferon Restriction by Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and the Role of Viral Protein nsp1 in IRF1 Signaling. (researchmap.jp)
  • Endoplasmic reticulum-mediated induction of interleukin-8 occurs by hepatitis B virus infection and contributes to suppression of interferon responsiveness in human hepatocytes. (researchmap.jp)
  • First, the research team uncovered the specific machinery that the innate immune system uses to induce cell suicide-as controlled by type I interferon. (genengnews.com)
  • Stimulation of TLRs (Toll-Like Receptors) by a pathogen induces activation of signal transduction cascades, which leads to translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) to the nucleus [ 1 ], activation of interferon regulatory factors 3/7 (IRF3/7) and/or activator protein-1 (AP-1), which cooperate to induce transcription of various cytokines such as alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) to counteract infection [ 2 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As the second messenger, cGAMP activates STING and induces the following cascade to produce type I interferon (IFN-I) to protect against infections. (frontiersin.org)
  • Recent advances in the treatment of patients infected with HCV make it possible to eradicate this virus with interferon-free regimens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Second, it induces innate immunity in an interferon independent setting as an early host-based antiviral response. (izb-online.de)
  • RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • During an infection, viral RNA is introduced into the cell cytoplasm so that it can be read and translated into proteins needed for viral replication. (pasteur.fr)
  • There are several types of RNA with different functions: messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries information to the protein factories of the cell, transfer RNA (tRNA) which transfers amino acids to the protein synthesis site, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which catalyzes ribosomes, and transfer messenger RNA (tmRNA) which tags proteins encoded by mRNA. (differencebetween.net)
  • Investigation of the influenza A virus infection, accompanied by lysis of infected cells, led researchers from the Fox Chase Cancer Center to the discovery of proteins involved in regulation of a specific and immunogenic form of cell death, necroptosis. (foxchase.org)
  • Here we outline the current status of the viral evasion mechanism underlying the regulation of the cGAS-STING pathway, focusing on how post-transcriptional modifications, viral proteins, and non-coding RNAs involve innate immunity during viral infection, attempting to inspire new targets discovery and uncover potential clinical antiviral treatments. (frontiersin.org)
  • For instance, due to their genetic flexibility, viruses have developed various viral proteins and non-coding RNAs to interrupt several checkpoints of cGAS-STING. (frontiersin.org)
  • First, DHODH inhibition prevents the production of viral RNA and proteins and, therefore, prevents viral replication. (izb-online.de)
  • Using both viral- and non-viral forms of autophagy induction, these data suggest that the cellular network of SNARE proteins is being redirected during infection to promote EV-D68 replication and egress from the cell. (umaryland.edu)
  • When pieces of viral RNA are present inside a cell, multiple MDA5 proteins attach to it, one after another, forming a filament. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The altered protein may more readily attach to RNA, even pieces of RNA that are not from viruses, or to other MDA5 proteins to form filaments. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Studies suggest that the altered protein is unable to attach to viral RNA or to other MDA5 proteins to form filaments. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As obligatory intracellular parasites, viruses encode proteins that reprogram host cellular signaling pathways that control proliferation, differentiation, cell death, genomic integrity, and recognition by the immune system. (fun-mooc.fr)
  • Toll-like receptor 7, one of the 10 different types found in humans, is in charge of detecting single-stranded RNA in the endosomes of cells - endosomes are "sorting stations", located within the cytoplasm of cells, that help send important proteins to various destinations within the cell. (accessh.org)
  • The E1 protein contains the antigenic determinants that induce major immune responses, while the E2 protein's role is relegated to forming connections between rows of E1 proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Innate immunity is the first line of defence elicited by the host immune system to fight against invading pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. (amrita.edu)
  • Innate immunity gets activated when the host cell utilizes a diverse set of receptors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRR) to recognize the viruses that have penetrated the host and respond with cellular processes like complement system, phagocytosis, cytokine release and inflammation and destruction of NK cells. (amrita.edu)
  • This mechanism could trigger immunity against viruses before they become detectable. (pasteur.fr)
  • They showed that the same type of endogenous RNA is involved in triggering innate immunity for different infections, which indicates that this mechanism has been highly conserved during evolution to protect against viral infections. (pasteur.fr)
  • The scientists hypothesize that by recognizing endogenous RNA, the cell is able to keep one step ahead of the infection and induce immunity before the virus has replicated enough to be detected directly. (pasteur.fr)
  • I'm reading reports including one by the government seeming to suggest that vaccine-induced immunity is more robust than one induced by contracting a virus itself. (stackexchange.com)
  • Preexisting antivector immunity can severely compromise the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium live vaccines to induce protective CD8 T-cell frequencies after type III secretion system-mediated heterologous protein translocation in orally immunized mice. (cipsm.de)
  • Here we review studies of the interaction between human pathogenic respiratory RNA viruses and the host with a particular emphasis on the mechanisms used by viruses to inhibit immunity. (scienceopen.com)
  • Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) produced during viral replication is believed to be the critical trigger for activation of antiviral immunity mediated by the RNA helicase enzymes retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). (scienceopen.com)
  • A Plant-Derived Nucleic Acid Reconciles Type I IFN and a Pyroptotic-like Event in Immunity against Respiratory Viruses. (researchmap.jp)
  • Viruses have optimized their evading tactics for superior replication and spreading to counteract host immunity. (frontiersin.org)
  • however, the immune response to HBV vaccine is lower in patients with HIV infection than in uninfected patients, and postvaccination HBsAg must be tested to document immunity. (medscape.com)
  • All patients with HBV/HIV coinfection must be assessed for hepatitis A virus (HAV) immunity and vaccinated if negative. (medscape.com)
  • The IFIH1 gene provides instructions for making the MDA5 protein, which plays an important role in innate immunity, the body's early, nonspecific response to foreign invaders (pathogens) such as viruses and bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This the most severe and important complication of rubella and occurs in the fetus of a pregnant woman without immunity to the virus. (medscape.com)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from 1 of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain infections and cancers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Results showed that the H5N6 AIVs were highly pathogenic to chickens and caused not only systemic infection in multiple tissues, but also 100% mortality within 3-5 days post-infection. (frontiersin.org)
  • Survival experiments showed that Velo knock-down flies have a short lifespan and are susceptible to the infection of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, P. aeruginosa. (cnrs.fr)
  • Swine can also be infected with all other types of influenza viruses, namely A, B, and C. Consequently, swine can serve as a "mixing vessel" for highly pathogenic influenza viruses, including those with zoonotic potential. (cdc.gov)
  • Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. (bvsalud.org)
  • Rabies-virus RNA was not detectable by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay of either sample. (cdc.gov)
  • We discuss the concept of the "stealth phase", defined as the time between infection and the earliest detectable inflammatory response. (scienceopen.com)
  • So, we know that we have adequate therapy, more than adequate, we have superb therapy that, if taken as directed and consistently, can decrease the level of virus in an individual to below detectable level. (cdc.gov)
  • We also know that, when you decrease the level of virus to below detectable level, it makes it virtually impossible for that person to transmit the virus to someone else. (cdc.gov)
  • So, theoretically, if we could identify all the people who are infected and I know that·s a prodigious task get them on therapy, decrease the level of virus to below detectable levels, and get those individuals who are at high risk to take pre- exposure prophylaxis, if you do mathematical models of that, you can actually turn around the trajectory of the epidemic. (cdc.gov)
  • Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) molecules of nonviral origin also induce TLR7-dependent production of inflammatory cytokines. (scienceopen.com)
  • RLRs and TLRs Signaling Pathways Cause Aberrant Production of Inflammatory Cytokines/Chemokines in an SFTSV Infection Mouse Model. (researchmap.jp)
  • Pathogen recognition by innate immune cells leads to secretion of cytokines that signal the adaptive immune system and instruct naïve T cells to differentiate into the appropriate T cell subtypes required to clear the infection. (virology.ws)
  • dsRNA could be formed by RNA replication intermediates, by secondary structures in RNA genomes or antigenomes, or by both. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The synthesis of 3 H-uridine-labelled complete virus, virus RNA and presumed replicative form (RF) were studied during the replication of southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) in soybean callus cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Accumulation of an RNA with electrophoretic properties similar to the presumptive RF of SBMV-RNA, was found in inoculated cells incubated at 6 °C from 84 to 96 h, suggesting a possible blockage of virus replication at the double-stranded RNA stage in these cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Replication of tobacco mosaic virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • To counter this replication, human cells express cytoplasmic RIG-I-like receptors, which serve as the first line of defense against viral infections. (pasteur.fr)
  • Since the initial symptoms are a manifestation of virus recognition by elements of the innate immune response, early virus replication must go largely undetected. (scienceopen.com)
  • We propose that the "stealth phase" phenomenon is primarily responsible for the suppression of symptoms during the incubation period and results from viral antagonism that inhibits major pathways of the innate immune system allowing an extended time of unhindered virus replication. (scienceopen.com)
  • After inoculation via a mosquito bite (usually the female mosquito), the virus undergoes a local replication at the original skin site. (medscape.com)
  • With continued virus replication, a secondary viremia occurs, with seeding of the CNS. (medscape.com)
  • The probability of CNS infection depends on the efficiency of viral replication at the extraneural sites and the degree of viremia. (medscape.com)
  • Once replication has been completed and the host cell is exhausted of all resources in making viral progeny, the viruses may begin to leave the cell by several methods [1] . (bionity.com)
  • Rosmarinic acid is a novel inhibitor for Hepatitis B virus replication targeting viral epsilon RNA-polymerase interaction. (researchmap.jp)
  • In contrast, the presence of replicating the Sars-CoV-2 virus was readily detected in the lung tissue in the same individuals (Figure 7)… RNA in situ hybridization could not detect virus replication in the heart of Covid-19 victims. (andrewbostom.org)
  • We found that rhT β 4 significantly increased the survival rate of mice infected with MHV-A59 through inhibiting virus replication, balancing the host's immune response, alleviating pathological damage, and promoting repair of the liver. (hindawi.com)
  • Prior to the initiation of ART, all patients who test positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) should be tested for hepatitis B virus (HBV) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) using a quantitative assay to determine the level of HBV replication. (medscape.com)
  • We have demonstrated that EV-D68 induces autophagy upon infection and modifies the autophagic process to benefit its own replication. (umaryland.edu)
  • Our data show that relocalization occurs for SNAP47 during autophagy induction, and is required for normal virus replication. (umaryland.edu)
  • Because HDV infection is dependent on HBV for replication, immunization to prevent HBV infection, through either pre- or postexposure prophylaxis, can also prevent HDV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Retroviruses are enveloped RNA viruses defined by their mechanism of replication via reverse transcription to produce DNA copies that integrate into the host cell's genome. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This optimism is built on recently published studies demonstrating the efficacy of mRNA vaccines in combatting several types of cancer and infectious pathogens where conventional vaccine platforms may fail to induce protective immune responses. (researchgate.net)
  • Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can result in immunosuppression, allowing opportunistic pathogens to cause disease. (medscape.com)
  • Immunosuppression can be caused by pathogens such as chicken infectious anemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus, reovirus, and some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). (imperial.ac.uk)
  • In this study, samples from the 2013-2016 West African Ebola virus outbreak from patients in Guinea with Ebola virus disease (EVD) were analyzed to discover and classify what other pathogens were present. (asm.org)
  • The data indicated that the potential pathogens identified in the blood samples were associated with translocation from the gut, suggesting the presence of bacteremia, which transcriptome data suggested may induce or aggravate the acute-phase response observed during EVD. (asm.org)
  • IMPORTANCE Our results highlight the identification of an array of pathogens in the blood of patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD). (asm.org)
  • As pattern recognition receptors, toll-like receptors can detect molecular "motifs" that are highly conserved across pathogens, from bacteria and viruses to fungi and parasites. (accessh.org)
  • Antiviral RNA interference responses induced by Semliki Forest virus infection of mosquito cells: characterization, origin, and frequency-dependent functions of virus-derived small interfering RNAs. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA. (scienceopen.com)
  • Acetylsalicylic acid has anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antiviral activity against DNA and RNA viruses according to the results of in vitro and experimental studies. (springer.com)
  • This facilitates the development of antiviral agents and RNA-based therapeutics. (tugraz.at)
  • Natural and synthetic nucleosides have an antiviral effect and can act as building blocks of ribonucleic acids (RNA). (tugraz.at)
  • If one is already infected with the virus, antiviral drugs can prevent the virus from multiplying. (tugraz.at)
  • The C-nucleoside based drug Remdesivir has these necessary antiviral properties and is effective against a number of RNA viruses, including corona and ebola viruses. (tugraz.at)
  • This is also how antiviral responses are able to detect virus infected cells [4] . (bionity.com)
  • Structure-dependent antiviral activity of catechol derivatives in pyroligneous acid against the encephalomycarditis virus. (researchmap.jp)
  • Impaired Antiviral Stress Granule and IFN-β Enhanceosome Formation Enhances Susceptibility to Influenza Infection in COPD Epithelium. (researchmap.jp)
  • Because of this extensive presence, IRF-3 function is widely targeted by viruses [ 11 ], and thus its activity has to be aided by IRF-7 which takes a major part in amplification of the antiviral response. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While most such efforts are focused on drugs and vaccines aimed at viral targets, it is particularly important to explore treatment options targeting host cell factors that are able to act with less dependence on the genetic drift of viruses and synergistically to standard-of-care antiviral therapies. (izb-online.de)
  • Although the drug is being studied in these ongoing trials primarily for its anti-inflammatory effect, one of IMU-838's postulated benefits is a host-based antiviral effect, which may be important in these indications to potentially prevent virus reactivations known to occur with other immunomodulatory therapies. (izb-online.de)
  • In support, IMU-838's antiviral activity has previously been demonstrated in vitro against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human cytomegalovirus (hCMV), Arenavirus and Influenza A virus. (izb-online.de)
  • Her team has been studying many aspects of emerging RNA viruses, including identification of unknown viruses using novel biotechnologies, mechanisms of pathogenesis and development of antiviral compounds. (cgu.edu.tw)
  • Rabies-virus--specific antibodies were detected in the patient's serum and CSF. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccines, which induce the production of antibodies that recognize and binding to very specific viral surface molecules, are an unlikely player in fighting HIV, because throughout infection, HIV surface molecules are continually changing. (cellsalive.com)
  • Antibodies against the G1 part of the virus neutralize the virus, block fusion, and inhibit hemagglutination. (medscape.com)
  • This rapid attack gives the body's adaptive immune system time to generate antibodies that specifically target the virus or bacterium. (genengnews.com)
  • Laboratory testing with a rapid conducted at that time showed that 6.1% of the residents assay suggested that a dengue virus (DENV) was the caus- in nearby regions of Uganda had specifi c antibodies to ative agent. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • ABSTRACT The seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) specific antibodies and HCV genotypes distribution were studied among 559 Iraqi children with thalassaemia in receipt of repeated blood transfusions. (who.int)
  • The former was utilized for detection of anti-HCV antibodies while the Before the introduction of screening of latter was used for HCV-RNA detection and blood donors for hepatitis C virus (HCV), subsequent genotyping/subtyping. (who.int)
  • They were tested for HCV-RNA positivity lence of hepatitis C virus specific antibodies and subsequent HCV-genotyping using an among children with thalassaemia in receipt advanced molecular method. (who.int)
  • Enterovirus-D68 (EV-D68) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family that causes respiratory disease in children and has been implicated in recent outbreaks of acute flaccid myelitis, a severe paralysis syndrome. (umaryland.edu)
  • Rubella is a single-stranded RNA virus classified as the only member of the genus Rubivirus in the Togaviridae family. (medscape.com)
  • Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PMAIP1 gene, and is also known as Noxa. (wikipedia.org)
  • I would think it would be weaker in that it is only one protein factor rather than what would be found by a true infection. (stackexchange.com)
  • An enzyme (protein) that's part of the human immunodeficiency virus reads the sequence of viral RNA nucleic acids (yellow in graphic) that have entered the host cell and transcribes the sequence into a complementary DNA sequence (shown in blue). (cellsalive.com)
  • These completely novel vaccines contain genetic information of the pathogen and induce cells to produce a viral protein, which is then presented to the immune system. (tugraz.at)
  • Researchers have identified the protein trigger in the body's quick-reaction innate immune system that specifically recognizes the influenza virus in infected cells and triggers their death. (genengnews.com)
  • Subsequently, the researchers began to search for the protein molecule that recognizes the virus and triggers the cell death machinery. (genengnews.com)
  • All Bluetongue serotypes share a common antigenic determinant called antigen protein P7, while the antigen protein Ps is variable and is used to determine the specific serotype of a virus (1-25). (purdue.edu)
  • The DNA-dependent activator of interferonregulatory factors (DAI) protein recognize IAV genomic RNA and through the receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and the lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein pathway triggers cell death and inflammatory responses. (foxchase.org)
  • The UL20 protein alteration prevents interaction between the N-termini of UL20 and glycoprotein K, which normally modulates virus-induced cell fusion. (virology.ws)
  • EV-D68 uses virally-encoded proteases to cleave an autophagosome fusion SNARE protein, SNAP29, blocking delivery of autophagosome contents, including nascent viruses, to the lysosome. (umaryland.edu)
  • In particular, the MDA5 protein recognizes a molecule called double-stranded RNA (a chemical cousin of DNA), which certain viruses, including rhinovirus (the virus that causes the common cold), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and the influenza (flu) virus, have as their genetic material or produce when they infect cells and copy (replicate) themselves. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Phosphorylation of the plant encoded, double-stranded (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (pPKR) is significantly enhanced over basal levels during early phases of virus and viroid infection. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We now show that virus infection differentially effects pPKR protein levels. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Significantly, cytosolic associated pPKR protein levels are induced 3-5 fold compared to levels in extracts from mock inoculated leaves. (elsevierpure.com)
  • However, ribosome-associated pPKR protein levels from virus infected tissues decreased approximately 4-fold relative to levels in extracts from mock inoculated tissues. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Langland, J , Langland, L & Roth, D 1998, ' Differential localization and accumulation of the plant double stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase during virus infection ', Plant Physiology and Biochemistry , vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 395-400. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence they found that nucleocapsid protein from the virus was expressed in approximately 50% of Caco2 cells. (news-medical.net)
  • pinpoints a mutation in the gene of a protein that senses single-stranded RNA as one direct cause of systemic lupus erythematosus. (accessh.org)
  • The same protein, toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), is activated upon infection by single-stranded RNA viruses like SARS-CoV-2. (accessh.org)
  • Influenza D virus M2 protein exhibits ion channel activity in Xenopus laevis oocytes. (cdc.gov)
  • To provide a basis for developing novel ion channel-blocking compounds, we investigated the properties of influenza D virus M2 protein (DM2) as a drug target. (cdc.gov)
  • Assuming the same expression level in the Xenopus oocytes, DM2 without tag and influenza C virus M2 protein (CM2) were subjected to the TEVC method. (cdc.gov)
  • Conclusion: The M2 protein from newly isolated influenza D virus showed ion channel activity similar to that of CM2. (cdc.gov)
  • PCR (RT-PCR) because the virus is not cultivable in vitro. (cdc.gov)
  • In vitro synthesis of double-stranded RNA by an enzyme system isolated from tobacco leaves. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Surfactant is produced by alveolar type II cells which can be differentiated in vitro from patient specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived lung organoids. (nature.com)
  • However, influenza A virus (IAV) infection releases virulent pneumococci from biofilms in vitro and in vivo. (lu.se)
  • Respiratory viral infections occurring during COPD exacerbations are more likely to lead to hospitalization as a result of viral infections leading to a greater airway inflammation and therefore, more severe exacerbations. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The present study evaluated the association between viral infections, functional status and systemic inflammation in patients experiencing COPD-AEs and those in a stable condition. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Lead author Teneema Kuriakose, Ph.D., a postdoctoral research associate in Dr. Kanneganti's laboratory, added that the timing of such drug treatment would be extremely critical, stating that "ZBP1 does an amazing job of killing off infected cells, but it would be very useful to modulate ZBP1 in later stages of the infection, when the uncontrolled inflammation causes damage. (genengnews.com)
  • RNA-Seq analysis revealed that more severe disease in line W was associated with significant up-regulation of pathways involved in inflammation, cytoskeletal regulation by Rho GTPases, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling, and Wnt signaling in the bursa compared to line 15I. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver most often caused by a virus. (cdc.gov)
  • During this MOOC, we will review the different mechanisms of virus induced carcinogenesis, from direct integration of the virus in the genome to non-specific inflammation and immune disorders. (fun-mooc.fr)
  • Following this the researchers compared monocyte responses to epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 compared to other viruses, including the respiratory pathogen IAV and EBOV, a hemorrhagic disease associated with strong inflammation. (news-medical.net)
  • I'm of course concerned about COVID here, but my question is about viruses in general and mRNA vaccines. (stackexchange.com)
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines represent a relatively new vaccine class showing great promise for the future. (researchgate.net)
  • The first comprehensive vaccinations against COVID-19 with RNA vaccines have been running for a few days. (tugraz.at)
  • The biocatalytic production of C-nucleosides could provide further impetus for this new hope as well as RNA vaccines based on C-nucleosides. (tugraz.at)
  • Isolation of infectious ribonucleic acid from southern bean mosaic virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) which is an important factor in restricting gene expression, mobilizing biological reactions, and in perceiving and transmitting of cellular signals. (differencebetween.net)
  • These findings suggest that a high infection rate by SARS-CoV-2 may lead to exaggerated cytokine responses, which may contribute to tissue damage and severe disease. (nature.com)
  • Since 1996, she established a molecular virology laboratory in Chang Gung University and the Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections in 2008. (cgu.edu.tw)
  • There are also RNAs that are complimentary to mRNA and a gene's downregulation (DN), two of which are MicroRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA). (differencebetween.net)
  • It acts through RNA interference (RNAi) wherein its effector complex together with enzymes break down mRNA and silence gene activity, block its translation in both plants and animals, and hasten its deterioration. (differencebetween.net)
  • In response, we examined the viral distribution and mRNA expression profiles of immune-related genes in chickens infected with both viruses. (frontiersin.org)
  • The DM2-cMyc mRNA-injected oocytes were subjected to the two-electrode voltage-clamp (TEVC) method, and the induced inward current was observed. (cdc.gov)
  • Not only that, a ketogenic diet induces epigenetic changes [6] which increases the energetic output of our mitochondria, reduces the production of damaging free radicals, and favors the production of GABA - a major inhibitory brain chemical. (sott.net)
  • ICB's findings showed that assays established by the Group, aiming has coordinated the HPV-AHEAD several oncogenic viruses have the to characterize the natural history of consortium, which included a multi- ability to induce epigenetic changes and several viruses at different anatomical disciplinary team in Europe and deregulate cel ular gene expression. (who.int)
  • The RNA molecules bind to these receptors, triggering defense mechanisms in the innate immune system to tackle the infection. (pasteur.fr)
  • It was previously believed that these receptors were only sensitive to viral RNA, but this new study shows that cells are capable of producing endogenous RNA molecules that are also able to activate the receptors. (pasteur.fr)
  • In the case of RNA molecules that bind target RNA segments, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), the altered base pairing can change binding specificities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They are 3-dimensional, complex, multicellular structures that can be derived from patient specific human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). (nature.com)
  • These progenitors which are derived from either embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or healthy induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) express wild-type levels of a-syn, thus making them equally susceptible to developing Lewy bodies over time. (lu.se)
  • RNA interference (RNAi) is an important mosquito defense mechanism against arbovirus infection. (ox.ac.uk)
  • siRNA, on the other hand, is either a natural or a synthetic and double-stranded molecule that has 22 to 23 nucleotides which also act through RNA interference (RNAi). (differencebetween.net)
  • 4.Both miRNA and siRNA act on RNA interference (RNAi), but siRNA which is double stranded is best utilized for the cleaving of RNA when incorporated with RNA induced silencing complex (RISC). (differencebetween.net)
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Induces Apoptosis through Caspase Activation. (bionity.com)
  • VSV infection triggered rapid differentiation of blood monocytes into immature dendritic cells as well as their apoptosis, which depended on caspase 3/7 activation. (karger.com)
  • However, viruses have evolved numerous strategies to hinder the cGAS-STING signal transduction, promoting their immune evasion. (frontiersin.org)
  • These differ from the naturally more frequently occurring nitrogen (N)-nucleosides - the classical building blocks of RNA - in the way the sugar is linked to the so-called nucleic base. (tugraz.at)
  • HIV infection can be diagnosed by antibody, nucleic acid (HIV RNA), or antigen (p24) testing. (msdmanuals.com)
  • As of October 3, 2016, at least 856 cases of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in 16 countries had been reported to the World Health Organization, among which 452 had ended in death, for an apparent case fatality rate of 52.8% ( WHO, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The 2013-2016 Ebola virus (EBOV) crisis in West Africa devastated the health care and wider infrastructures of many communities, and subsequent sporadic cases associated with sexual transmission have been reported ( 1 ). (asm.org)
  • Viral RNA metabolism in separated leaf cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • We used whole-transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq) to compare the S. pneumoniae transcriptome in biofilms, bacteria dispersed from biofilms after exposure to IAV, febrile-range temperature, or ATP, and planktonic cells grown at 37°C. Compared with biofilm bacteria, actively dispersed S. pneumoniae, which were more virulent in invasive disease, upregulated genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. (lu.se)
  • RNA sensors as a mechanism of innate immune evasion among SARS-CoV2, HIV and Nipah viruses. (amrita.edu)
  • The study particularly describes the case of HIV infection, which takes advantage of this mechanism. (pasteur.fr)
  • While incubation periods have been described for many virus infections the underlying mechanism for this asymptomatic phase has not been comprehensively documented. (scienceopen.com)
  • The negative RNA in situ hybridization coupled with the positive localization in the lung does favor the hypothesis of a systemic mechanism for the cardiac changes. (andrewbostom.org)
  • Explain the mechanism of tumorigenesis induced by these viruses. (fun-mooc.fr)
  • Treatment and prevention strategies critically depend on the double understanding of the mechanism of cell tumorigenesis and the way they are influenced by viruses. (fun-mooc.fr)
  • Furthermore, RSV chronic infection in COPD and its consequences for local and systemic infection, and functional status have yet to be fully elucidated. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Systemic delivery is a major goal in the field of oncolytic viruses. (karger.com)
  • Patients with HIV infection are at a higher risk of developing cirrhosis , hepatic decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma than patients diagnosed with only chronic HBV infection. (medscape.com)
  • This study was designed to improve our understanding of the role of miR-18a and its target (connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), which are mediators in HBX-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (medscimonit.com)
  • Infection with HBV results in a wide spectrum of acute and chronic liver diseases that may lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (cdc.gov)
  • As a result, ADAR-mediated editing can post-transcriptionally alter codons, introduce or remove splice sites, or affect the base pairing of the RNA molecule with itself or with other RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We never thought we would actually identify this molecule to be important in influenza viral infection because there is no DNA stage in the influenza life cycle. (genengnews.com)
  • RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of tobacco plants. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Adenoplex® multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kits and Invitek RTP® DNA/RNA Virus Mini kits were used for PCR assays of adenovirus and RSV, respectively. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Eukaryotic RNA transcripts can undergo a range of post-transcriptional modifications, which increase the diversity of the transcriptome without requiring increases in genome size. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped and harbor an unusually large (30-32 kb) positive-strand linear RNA genome. (hindawi.com)
  • Genome layout of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and HIV-2. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatitis D virus infection is less common in the US and can occur only among persons with hepatitis B virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • We used whole-transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq) to compare the S. pneumoniae transcriptome in biofilms, bacteria dispersed from biofilms after exposure to IAV, febrile-range temperature, or ATP, and planktonic cells grown at 37°C. Compared with biofilm. (lu.se)
  • Our data demonstrate complex changes in the pneumococcal transcriptome in response to IAV-induced changes in the environment. (lu.se)
  • Fourteen hours later these were harvested and purified for transcriptome profiling using RNA sequencing. (news-medical.net)
  • The result was surprising because ZBP1 was known to sense foreign DNA in the cell, but the influenza virus uses RNA as its genetic material. (genengnews.com)
  • Gene therapy is the approach that designed to introduce a genetic material (DNA or RNA) as a medicament to the patient. (foxchase.org)
  • Another subset of viruses has DNA as the genetic material. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A research group at Lund University is working to understand the process by which the virus ejects its genetic material from the capsid and into cells and what causes the virus's DNA to be released. (lu.se)
  • It all began with a study published in 2014, where Lund University researchers observed that there seems to be a sudden change in the virus's genetic material when exposed to the infection temperature, around 37 degrees. (lu.se)
  • Their genetic material is delicate, and difficult to image, and moreover, phage viruses are very small - approximately ten times smaller than a bacterial cell. (lu.se)
  • In this study, the scientists studied the immune responses induced by infection with the dengue and measles viruses, which cause acute infections, and also the HIV virus, which causes chronic infection. (pasteur.fr)
  • Latent infection with adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Therefore, chronic RSV infection may occur in COPD. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory airway disease characterized by exacerbations, which are primarily caused by bacterial or viral infections. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • According to previous studies, adenovirus and RSV may result in chronic infection in the lungs ( 2 , 6 - 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • However, chronic adenovirus and RSV infection data are currently unclear and, to the best of our knowledge, few longitudinal studies have been conducted on the association between chronic infection and COPD. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are now available for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We studied a 56-year-old treatment-naïve Japanese man with chronic HCV genotype 2b infection who had ulcerative colitis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Treatment of HIV infection may improve the virologic, histologic, and clinical evolution of chronic HBV infection. (medscape.com)
  • patients with chronic HBV infection already receiving ART active against HBV should undergo quantitative HBV DNA testing every 6-12 months. (medscape.com)
  • [ 16 ] Tenofovir is considered a first-line agent in patients with chronic HBV infection because the virologic efficacy is high and the risk for HBV resistance is low. (medscape.com)
  • HAV and HEV cause only acute infection, while HBV, HCV, and HDV can result in chronic infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis viruses constitute a major public health problem because of the morbidity and mortality associated with the acute and chronic consequences of these infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Viral hepatitis is a major public health problem of global importance because of the ongoing transmission of viruses that cause the disease and increased morbidity and mortality associated with the acute and chronic consequences of these infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Co-infection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) in persons with acute or chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can lead to fulminant hepatitis. (cdc.gov)
  • In a recent study published in the journal iScience , French and US research teams investigated the innate immune mechanisms used by the body in response to RNA viruses. (pasteur.fr)
  • Cells therefore have defense mechanisms that they trigger themselves to ward off infection. (pasteur.fr)
  • The detailed mechanisms have not yet been elucidated, but it seems that the presence of the virus interferes in certain cellular biochemical pathways that determine the immunogenicity of endogenous RNAs, in other words their ability to trigger an immune response. (pasteur.fr)
  • Mechanisms of enveloped RNA virus budding. (bionity.com)
  • In addition, DHODH inhibitors may help reduce the severity or virulence of infection through several mechanisms. (izb-online.de)
  • The MOOC offers a broad overview of the state of knowledge on viruses associated with cancer, the different mechanisms of carcinogenesis, the host immune response and progress in preventing tumors. (fun-mooc.fr)
  • oncogenic viruses share the ability to deregulate the same cel ular pathways, In addition, ICB and ICE have performed although via different mechanisms. (who.int)
  • infecTion and oTher co-facTorS elucidate molecular mechanisms of both 2015). (who.int)
  • Coronaviruses (CoVs) that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), such as SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2, and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), such as MERS-CoV, are members of a large family of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-strand RNA viruses. (hindawi.com)
  • This approach confirmed Ebola virus (EBOV) in all samples from patients diagnosed as acute positive for the virus by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR in deployed field laboratories. (asm.org)
  • SLIDE 4] Acute Viral Hepatitis, by Type, United States, 1982-1993 Of acute hepatitis cases in the United States from 1982 through 1993, 47% were attributable to hepatitis A, 34% to hepatitis B, 16% to hepatitis C, and 3% were negative for serologic markers of HAV, HBV, and HCV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • An estimated 4% of acute HBV infections are coinfections with HDV. (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), derived from the viral envelope, is the first antigen to appear following infection and can be detected serologically as an aid in the laboratory diagnosis of acute HBV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • The inflammatory and immune response severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can induce can prove deadly, and researchers from Harvard Medical School have been investigating how much of this response is specific to SARS-CoV-2. (news-medical.net)
  • RNA viruses, which include influenza viruses , SARS-CoV-2 (which causes COVID-19 ) and HIV , are one of the major threats that the immune system has to deal with. (pasteur.fr)
  • Doesn't a vaccine trigger the immune system in the same way that a viral infection does? (stackexchange.com)
  • These results identify ssRNA as a ligand for TLR7 and suggest that cells of the innate immune system sense endosomal ssRNA to detect infection by RNA viruses. (scienceopen.com)
  • These results identify RIG-I as a ssRNA sensor and potential target of viral immune evasion and suggest that its ability to sense 5'-phosphorylated RNA evolved in the innate immune system as a means of discriminating between self and nonself. (scienceopen.com)
  • In the new study, the investigators sought to understand how the body's innate immune system is alerted to the presence of the virus and mobilizes to trigger infected cells to commit suicide. (genengnews.com)
  • The innate immune system triggers the body's "emergency response" to invaders such as infections. (genengnews.com)
  • The trigger they used was a snippet of double-stranded RNA called poly(I:C), which fools the immune system into thinking there has been an infection by an RNA virus. (foundmyfitness.com)
  • Interferons control the activity of genes that help block the viruses from replicating themselves and stimulate the activity of certain immune system cells to fight infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • At least four genetic changes in the IFIH1 gene have been found to cause MDA5 deficiency, an immune system disorder (immunodeficiency) that leads to recurrent, severe viral infections in the lungs and airways (respiratory tract). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Define the role of the immune system in controlling these viruses and the induced tumors. (fun-mooc.fr)
  • These cells are often the first to respond to infection, and it's the toll-like receptors in their membrane that help them to spot any possible microbial threats. (accessh.org)
  • Direct fluorescent antibody staining of nuchal skin biopsies was negative for viral antigen, and rabies virus was not isolated from saliva by cell culture. (cdc.gov)
  • Because of the high rate of asymptomatic infection with these viruses, information about the prevalence of these diseases is needed to monitor prevention efforts. (cdc.gov)
  • It is catalyzed by ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA) enzymes, which exist throughout the body but are most prevalent in the central nervous system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A-to-I editing, which is catalyzed by enzymes of the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) family, is most prevalent in the central nervous system (CNS) but occurs in many tissues [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Certain opportunistic infections (OIs) are associated with increases in viral load, which may accelerate HIV progression or increase transmission of HIV. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] These opportunistic infections were a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV infection before the development of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) and still occur today, mostly in infected individuals who are not receiving ART. (medscape.com)
  • however, with the availability of ART, there is a decline in the incidence of opportunistic infections in both low- and high-income countries. (medscape.com)
  • Triggers of dispersal include IAV-induced changes in the nasopharynx, such as increased temperature (fever) and extracellular ATP (tissue damage). (lu.se)
  • This publication shows that some immune receptors that detect the presence of viral RNA are also activated by RNA produced by our cells, potentially enabling cells to react more quickly to infection. (pasteur.fr)
  • The structure of this endogenous RNA mimics viral RNA so that it can be recognized by RIG-I receptors. (pasteur.fr)
  • The results of the study also show that endogenous RNAs are always present in cells but that they do not normally bind to RIG-I receptors and are only detected after the onset of a viral infection. (pasteur.fr)
  • But how do these RNAs manage to signal infection so quickly if the virus has not been detected by receptors? (pasteur.fr)
  • When the cell is infected, it modifies processes that lead to the expression of endogenous RNAs, making them capable of binding to RIG-I receptors. (pasteur.fr)
  • Prior to budding, the virus may put its own receptor onto the surface of the cell in preparation for the virus to bud through, forming an envelope with the viral receptors already on it. (bionity.com)
  • An example is the use of recycling viral particle receptors in the enveloped varicella-zoster virus [6] . (bionity.com)
  • Viral RNA detection by RIG-I-like receptors. (researchmap.jp)
  • Hepatitis Delta virus (HDV), discovered in 1977, is a defective virus requiring the presence of HBV in order to replicate. (cdc.gov)
  • netic and serologic properties of the ZIKV associated with In 1977, ZIKV infection was confi rmed among 7 pa- this epidemic. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Immunoevasion is a common ploy by which viruses neutralize or evade immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • DNA viruses such as herpesvirus and poxvirus have multiple genes, some of them host-derived, which interfere with effective innate or acquired immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • We hypothesize that a more rapid induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in bursal cells following IBDV infection leads to more severe disease in line W birds than in line 15I. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • HBV infection produces an array of unique antigens and antibody responses that, in general, follow distinct serological patterns. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we show that this requires endosomal recognition of influenza genomic RNA and signaling by means of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and MyD88. (scienceopen.com)
  • We showed that influenza A virus infection does not generate dsRNA and that RIG-I is activated by viral genomic single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) bearing 5'-phosphates. (scienceopen.com)
  • DAI Senses Influenza A Virus Genomic RNA and Activates RIPK3-Dependent Cell Death. (foxchase.org)
  • TLR7 can detect both uridine-containing single-stranded RNA as well as guanosine ligands. (accessh.org)
  • This is particularly relevant for the production of RNA-based therapeutic products, as the incorporation of pseudouridine into the RNA increases stability and half-life and thus improves the effectiveness of therapeutic RNA, such as a vaccine. (tugraz.at)
  • Infection-induced interleukin-6 secretion in mice increases the risk for schizophrenia- and autism-like behaviors in offspring. (foundmyfitness.com)
  • As an experimental model, the researchers examined what happens when exposing phage viruses - viruses that attack bacteria - to temperature increases. (lu.se)
  • TLR7 is particularly responsive to guanosine and uridine, two nucleotides derived from single-stranded RNA (Figure 1). (accessh.org)
  • Once TLR7 detects viral single-stranded RNA, it stimulates a series of signaling cascades that ultimately activate nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB). (accessh.org)
  • No products are available to prevent hepatitis C, and development of immunoprophylaxis for this disease is proving to be difficult because an effective protective antibody response has not been demonstrated following HCV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Detection of antibody to HIV is the usual first step in diagnosing HIV infection. (medscape.com)
  • the risk of acquiring HCV infection as a For anti-HCV antibody determination, result of transfusion was about 10% [ 1 ]. (who.int)
  • It also confirms the tive samples, 12 negative samples and 16 presence of infection in patients with incon- with indeterminate results by confirma- clusive antibody reactivity. (who.int)
  • Phylogeographic analysis of dengue virus serotype 1 and Cosmopolitan serotype 2 in Africa. (cdc.gov)
  • Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Dengue Fever Viruses in Three Outbreaks in Tanzania Between 2017 and 2019. (cdc.gov)
  • The main cause of death is severe viral pneumonia complicating the infection. (springer.com)
  • A lack of the important early immune response stimulated by interferons leads to severe viral infections in infants with MDA5 deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If we can somehow modulate the activation of this pathway, then that will help to decrease the exaggerated inflammatory response that causes mortality during influenza infection. (genengnews.com)
  • Human adenovirus, a DNA virus, is associated with respiratory infections and smoking-induced lung function impairment ( 2 , 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Since April 2014, new infections of H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) in humans and domestic poultry have caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry and posed an enormous threat to human health worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
  • In previous research using gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, we reported that H5N6 AIV isolated in February 2015 (ZH283) in Pallas's sandgrouse was highly similar to that isolated in a human in December 2015 (A/Guangdong/ZQ874/2015), whereas a virus (i.e. (frontiersin.org)
  • Aberrant ADAR activity has been associated with a wide range of human diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, metabolic diseases, viral infections and autoimmune disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we review recent studies investigating connections between ADAR-mediated RNA editing and human diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • California encephalitis virurs (CEV), rarely causes human infection. (medscape.com)
  • Human infections are incidental to the transmission cycle. (medscape.com)
  • Oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) can be delivered intravenously to target primary and metastatic lesions, but the interaction between human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and VSV remains poorly understood. (karger.com)
  • Guinea pigs are a much more suitable model for human herpes virus infection and disease because they closely mimic human disease caused by HSV-2. (virology.ws)
  • To test this possibility, here, we established a BALB/c mouse model of coronavirus infection using mouse CoV MHV-A59 to evaluate the potential protective effect of recombinant human T β 4 (rhT β 4). (hindawi.com)
  • Drosophila immune deficiency (IMD) pathway is similar to the human tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) signaling pathway and is preferentially activated by Gram-negative bacterial infection. (cnrs.fr)
  • METHODS: Mice with K/BxN serum-induced arthritis, collagen-induced arthritis, and human tumor necrosis factor transgene insertion were studied. (cnrs.fr)
  • About 20% of human cancers are induced by viruses, particularly in low/middle income countries, to a point that in some regions of the world, viral infection is the main etiology of human cancers. (fun-mooc.fr)
  • Both DNA and RNA viruses have been linked with human cancers. (fun-mooc.fr)
  • Epstein-Barr virus, papillomaviruses, hepatitis B virus, human herpesvirus-8 and Merkel cell polyomavirus are the five DNA viruses that are capable of causing the development of human cancers. (fun-mooc.fr)
  • Human T lymphotrophic virus type 1 and hepatitis C virus are the two RNA viruses that contribute to human cancers. (fun-mooc.fr)
  • Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2, known to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, was used in place of primary lung epithelial cells, as these are known to be difficult to expand and manipulate. (news-medical.net)
  • Single-stranded RNA is a hallmark of certain viruses, including hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2. (accessh.org)
  • Although preventing blood exposures is the primary means of preventing occupationally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, appropriate postexposure management is an important element of workplace safety. (cdc.gov)
  • Since the first cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were identified, the number of children infected with HIV has risen dramatically in developing countries, the result of an increased number of HIV-infected women of childbearing age in these areas. (medscape.com)
  • several col aborative studies that led to Thus, functional studies can be used as the characterization of the relationship a tool to predict the role of novel viruses between natural variations of mucosal in human carcinogenesis. (who.int)
  • HA557 trade name] is indicated for the treatment of of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) infection in children weighing less than 25 kg. (who.int)
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Infants and Children Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is caused by the retrovirus HIV-1 (and less commonly by the related retrovirus HIV-2). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Z ported human infections indicated that clinical characteris- ika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus in the tics of infection with ZIKV included fever, headache, mal- family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus . (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Several ZIKV human recent fl avivirus infection in several patients. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • The first part of the thesis (Paper I, II, III) shows the development and improvement of a hESC-based system of for virus-mediated direct reprogramming of human glial progenitor cells into both induced dopaminergic neurons (iDANs) and GABAergic interneurons. (lu.se)
  • The production of virus-derived small interfering RNAs (viRNAs) from viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a key event in this host response. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Action of nucleases on double-stranded RNA. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The double-stranded (ds)RNA-binding domains, shown in purple, determine substrate specificity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • At the first stage of viral invasion, virus-derived double-stranded DNAs (dsDNAs) trigger the conformational change and activation of cGAS. (frontiersin.org)
  • RSV, which is an enveloped RNA virus, is one of the most important and frequent viruses for respiratory tract infections in infants and young children ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Here we used deep sequencing of viRNAs and bioinformatic analysis of RNA secondary structures to gain insights into the characteristics and origins of viRNAs. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We describe the first report of RNA sequencing of 5' capped (Pol II) RNAs isolated from acutely hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected Huh 7.5 cells that provides a general approach to identifying differentially expressed annotated and unannotated genes that participate in viral-host interactions. (mdpi.com)
  • High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and bioinformatics were used to identify the potential microorganisms. (asm.org)
  • The identifications of selected bacteria from throat swabs via RNA-seq were confirmed by culture. (asm.org)
  • Several viruses other than EBOV were identified, and bacteria associated with sepsis were also identified. (asm.org)