Rna spliced leader. Medical search. Frequent questions

The cDNA produced from the mRNA is labeled using primers homologous to the spliced leader sequences of the organism. (wikipedia.org)
Because alternative RNA splicing allows different types of mRNA molecules to be created from a single gene, it generates the diversity of protein function and structure that is essential to complex organisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
More than half of all human genes are alternatively spliced, so it is expected that alternative pre- mRNA splicing will be responsible for the identification of more than 90 percent of all human proteins. (genomicglossaries.com)
RNA-like oligonucleotides that are complementary to a portion of a target mRNA molecule. (genomicglossaries.com)
More specifically, antisense oligonucleotides that are useful as reagents for target validation , or as drugs, are engineered molecules that differ from natural RNA but that have a base sequence that is recognized as being complementary to a very specific mRNA sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
A complementary RNA sequence that binds to a naturally occurring (sense) mRNA molecule, thus blocking its translation. (genomicglossaries.com)
An mRNA that is trans-spliced. (sequenceontology.org)
Splicing is an essential step of mRNA maturation in eukaryotes, during which the non-coding introns are cut out of the pre-mRNA and the coding exons are joined together, creating a mature mRNA. (imb.de)
Splicing is a complex, multistep process involving hundreds of proteins: some are responsible for recognising the splice sites, while others stabilise the binding of the spliceosome to the mRNA or cut out the introns and join the exons. (imb.de)
Following postdoctoral work on the connection between splicing and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) with Melissa Moore at Brandeis University in Boston, MA, USA, he returned to the University of Bern as a junior group leader in 2000 to continue his research on the mechanism of NMD. (umassmed.edu)
mRNA quality is controlled by multiple RNA surveillance machineries to reduce errors during gene expression processes in eukaryotic cells. (molcells.org)
Most protein-coding genes are organized in large directional gene clusters, which are transcribed polycistronically by RNA polymerase II (pol II) with subsequent processing to generate mature mRNA. (ox.ac.uk)
Known for her work on the mechanism of pre-mRNA splicing. (gov.pl)
A high mutational burden, as well as aberrant mRNA splicing, are sources of neoantigens: unique antigens presented by tumor cells capable of eliciting an effective anti-tumor immune response. (kajnews.com)
Such splicing abnormalities can shape the complex pathophysiology of cancer cells, including through the expression of immunogenic neoantigens," added Dr. Duarte , now a Senior Scientist in the Department of mRNA Cancer Immunotherapies of Prof. Dr. Ugur Sahin at HI-TRON in Mainz, Germany. (kajnews.com)
Among the 140 modified RNA nucleotide variants identified, methylation of adenosine at the N6 position (m6A) is the most prevalent epigenetic mark in eukaryotic mRNA. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Identified in bacterial rRNAs and tRNAs as early as the 1950s, this type of methylation was subsequently found in other RNA molecules, including mRNA, in animal and plant cells as well. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
These parasites have a significant distinction from other eukaryotes concerning mRNA structure, since all mature mRNAs have an identical species-specific sequence of 39 nucleotides at the 5' extremity, named spliced leader (SL). (altmetric.com)
Original mRNA was then amplified by IVT using T7 RNA polymerase. (altmetric.com)
RNA-Seq reads were aligned to our new and improved T. cruzi Dm28c genome assembly (PacBio technology) and resulting transcriptome pattern from these three RNA preparation methods were compared, mainly concerning the conservation of mRNA transcritional levels and DEGs detection between epimastigotes and trypomastigotes. (altmetric.com)
Furthermore, amplification of parasite mRNA in HeLa/epimastigote RNA mixtures showed that T7SL IVT generates transcriptome quantification with similar detection of differentially expressed genes when parasite RNA mass was only 0.1% of the total mixture (R = 0.78 when compared to poly(A) + RNA). (altmetric.com)
The developed glues will be applied to the area of RNA splicing, a process where pre-mRNA is processed into mature mRNA. (mpg.de)
More recently, as an affiliated member of the Institute for RNA , he has been developing emerging methods in the JFBSB to serve the RNA community at Penn, including the application of multiwavelength analytical ultracentrifugation, SEC-MALS, and synchrotron SEC-SAXS to the characterization of mRNA lipid nanoparticles in collaboration with the Mitchell group at Penn. (upenn.edu)

There are 4 DNA sequences in this virus that have been spliced onto the S and E proteins. (topdocumentaryfilms.com)
By evaluating splicing changes they have discovered novel players in disease pathogenesis that include noncoding RNAs and RNA binding proteins. (chop.edu)
A common cause of these splicing disruptions is loss-of-function mutations in the proteins that catalyse splicing. (imb.de)
First, FUBP1 stabilises the binding of other splicing proteins to the 3' splice site, helping the cell to recognise the correct exon-intron boundary. (imb.de)
By gaining a better understanding of the proteins that regulate splicing, we can contribute to the design of new anticancer drugs that target the splicing machinery, creating new therapies to help people live longer and stay healthy in old age. (imb.de)
This work highlighted core splicing proteins, including SF3B1, frequently mutated in various cancers. (lu.se)
The noncoding regions are removed and the coding regions, called exons, form a contiguous RNA sequence that will code for proteins. (embl.org)
The different building blocks can affect the complementarity of the RNA molecules, alter their structure, and enable the binding of specific proteins that mediate various biochemical and cellular outcomes. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
This enabled the diversified complementarity and secondary structures that allow RNA species to specifically interact with other components of the cellular machinery such as DNA and proteins. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
In the next five years 't Hart's group wants to identify and develop molecular glues that stabilize the interaction of proteins with RNA, which are essential in physiology and disease. (mpg.de)
So far, this sticking strategy has been only applied to glue proteins, however, a lot of cellular regulation also happens on the post-transcriptional level through the binding of proteins to RNA, the material that encodes all information for producing proteins. (mpg.de)
Although considerable progress has been made over the past 25 years in understanding how proteins function in HIV-1 replication, comparatively little is known about how HIV-1 RNA structure, dynamics, trafficking, and interactions with proteins enable virus replication. (psu.edu)
It has also been difficult to study the functions and interactions of RNA molecules with proteins in vitro and in cells. (psu.edu)
They have developed and will further advance new approaches to overcome current technological obstacles, enabling mechanistic determination of the role of HIV-1 RNA structures and associated proteins in viral transcription, splicing, translation, packaging, particle assembly and interactions with restriction factors. (psu.edu)

The research groups of Julian König and Katja Luck (Institute of Molecular Biology, IMB, Mainz, Germany), together with the group of Michael Sattler (Institute of Structural Biology and Technical University of Munich, Germany) have discovered that the proto-oncogene FUBP1 has a previously unknown function as a core splicing component at long introns. (imb.de)
Julian is a Group Leader at the Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) Mainz. (imb.de)
Research at IMB focuses on the cutting-edge fields of epigenetics, genome stability, ageing and RNA biology. (imb.de)
Thus, it is believed that spliced leader (SL) trans-splicing could play an important role in the parasite biology. (embrapa.br)
The so called PRIGLUEs will be applicable as novel tools for RNA biology but can eventually also lead to the development of innovative therapeutics. (mpg.de)
These studies will also result in the development of novel techniques that can be applied to all areas of RNA biology. (psu.edu)
A world leader of research in molecular biology and biochemistry, Dr. Phillip A. Sharp is Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (usaindiachamber.org)
His research interests have centered on the molecular biology of gene expression relevant to cancer and the mechanisms of RNA splicing. (usaindiachamber.org)
Having prior expertise in the following areas can be highly advantageous for this role: cell biology, diabetes research, beta-cell differentiation, proficiency in microscopy techniques, hands-on experience with mouse models, and a strong background in bioinformatic analysis, particularly in RNA sequencing and ChIP sequencing. (lu.se)

The identification of alternative splice variants, and possibly the relative quantities, containing a trans-spliced leader sequence is therefore possible. (wikipedia.org)
Using a new bioinformatic approach, we were able to query splicing variants that are unique to certain cancers," said Dr. Alexandra Duarte , former group leader at the BioMed X Institute . (kajnews.com)
TruSight Oncology 500 (TSO500) Assay employs a hybrid-capture approach for target enrichment of 523 clinically relevant cancer genes to enable detection of small variants (SNVs, insertions, and deletions), CNV (copy number variations), TMB (tumor mutational burden), and MSI (microsatellite instability) in DNA and detection of fusions and splice variants in RNA. (q2labsolutions.com)
Bcbio is a community portal to pipelines for automated high-throughput sequence analysis, for looking at somatic or structural variants, for single-cell RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq and many other applications. (springernature.com)

Poly A messenger RNA is then purified from total RNA and subsequently translated into cDNA using a reverse transcription reaction. (wikipedia.org)
These findings suggest a novel role of UPF1 in transcription elongation-coupled RNA machinery in the chromatin, as well as in translation-coupled NMD in the cytoplasm. (molcells.org)
Neither TFIIS protein was enriched in the major pol II sites of spliced-leader RNA transcription. (ox.ac.uk)
Transcription of a nematode U1 small nuclear RNA in vitro. (cshl.edu)
We have used block-substitution mutagenesis and in vitro transcription assays to identify cis-acting DNA sequence elements important for initiation and 3'-end formation of a U1 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) in the parasitic nematode Ascaris lumbricoides. (cshl.edu)
2000. The TBP-like factor CeTLF is required to activate RNA polymerase II transcription during C. elegans embryogenesis. . (ucsb.edu)

What is RNA interference (RNAi)? (umassmed.edu)
Single RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knock-down and knockout showed that neither protein is essential. (ox.ac.uk)
His lab has now turned its attention to understanding how RNA molecules act as switches to turn genes on and off (RNA interference). (usaindiachamber.org)

Unlike SAGE, detection and purification of transcripts from the 5' end of the messenger RNA require the presence of a trans-spliced leader sequence. (wikipedia.org)
They have been found in several species to be responsible for separating polycistronic transcripts into single gene mRNAs, and in others to splice onto monocistronic transcripts. (wikipedia.org)
The major role of trans-splicing on monocistronic transcripts is largely unknown. (wikipedia.org)
However, recent studies on UPF1-RNA interaction suggest more comprehensive roles of UPF1 on diverse forms of target transcripts. (molcells.org)
Further, although P. marinus sequences display significant similarity to those from both apicomplexans and dinoflagellates, the presence of trans-spliced transcripts confirms the previously established affinities with the latter. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, about 250 noncoding RNA sequences-including well-characterized long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), such as the XIST transcripts that have a key role in X-chromosome inactivation-are decorated by m 6 A. In almost all cases, the epigenetic mark was found on adenosines embedded in the predicted A/G-methylated A-C sequence. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
The purpose of this study was is to shed light on the function of the trans-splicing mechanism in S. mansoni by searching gene categories that could be target of this process and attempting to silence transcripts harboring the SL sequence. (embrapa.br)
Our results show that, contrary to previous hypothesis, trans-spliced transcripts are associated to specific gene categories, such as carbohydrate metabolic process, RNA metabolism and DNA repair. (embrapa.br)
Several trans-spliced transcripts were verified in at least two different stages of the S. mansoni life cycle. (embrapa.br)
The results also reveal a set of SL-transcripts that are observed only in one stage of the life cycle and could represent transcripts that undergo stage-specific trans-splicing. (embrapa.br)
Finally, we demonstrated that trans-splicing knockdown in sprocysts caused a reduction on the levels of all tested trans-spliced transcripts, but surprisingly the only phenotypic effect observed was a diminished larvae size. (embrapa.br)

The Spliced Leader RNA Silencing (SLS) Pathway in Trypanosoma brucei Is Induced by Perturbations of Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Complex, or Mitochondrial Protein Factors: Functional Analysis of SLS-Inducing Kinase PK3. (nih.gov)
To better understand how mRNAs are spliced in normal cells and how this is disrupted in cancer, Julian and his colleagues Katja and Michael set out to study FUBP1 (far upstream binding protein 1), which is known to be frequently mutated in gliomas, and to determine whether it has a role in splicing. (imb.de)
We discovered that CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) - a protein that can create chromatin loops between two distant sites in the genome - regulates which exons get included in the RNA by forming a loop. (embl.org)
In the expression system of Leishmania , pre-long RNAs that contain several protein sequences transcribe. (ac.ir)
The sequence of each protein must separate by the spatial sequence needed for trans splicing. (ac.ir)
Based on such different targets of UPF1, this protein is likely to play more comprehensive roles in RNA metabolism than previously known. (molcells.org)
PRIGLUE (orange) attaches a protein (left) to an RNA molecule (multicoloured). (mpg.de)
This is where Peter 't Hart's research plan kicks in: He wants to develop a screening method to identify novel molecular glues that actually target these protein-RNA-interactions. (mpg.de)
This has many advantages: protein-RNA interactions are abundant in splicing, changes can be analyzed by common methods and undesired changes in splicing can lead to various diseases. (mpg.de)
For example, it has been challenging to obtain high-resolution structural information for RNA and protein-RNA complexes using traditional X-ray crystallographic, NMR or cryo-electron microscopic approaches. (psu.edu)

The authors of this manuscript investigated spliced leader (SL)-RNA detection in blood and cerebrospinal fluid to assess treatment outcomes in 97 patients with gambiense -HAT in collaboration with a phase II/III trial of acoziborole. (dndi.org)
The specificity of SL-RNA detection was ≥98.9% in blood and 100% in cerebrospinal fluid, meaning that future cases of relapse may potentially be detected in the blood, obviating the need for lumbar puncture. (dndi.org)
Trans-Spliced Exon Coupled RNA End Determination (TEC-RED) is a transcriptomic technique that, like SAGE, allows for the digital detection of messenger RNA sequences. (wikipedia.org)
BACKGROUND: Detection of spliced leader (SL)-RNA allows sensitive diagnosis of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). (bvsalud.org)
For treatment outcome assessment, SL-RNA detection was compared with microscopic trypanosome detection and CSF white blood cell count. (bvsalud.org)
INTERPRETATION: SL-RNA detection for HAT treatment outcome assessment shows ≥98.9% specificity in blood and 100% in CSF, and may detect relapses without lumbar puncture. (bvsalud.org)
this study will determine, through therapeutic trials, the accuracy of neopterin and trypanosomal spliced leader RNA detection as an early test-of-cure for HAT. (zoonotic-diseases.org)
The T7SL IVT amplification method presented here allows the detection of more potential parasite differentially expressed genes (in comparison to poly(A) + RNA) in host-parasite mixtures or samples with low amount of RNA. (altmetric.com)

The technology permits the determination and verification of all known and unknown genes that may be predicted as well as the 5' splice isoforms or 5' RNA ends that may be produced. (wikipedia.org)
Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes. (genomicglossaries.com)
Studies of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) have shown that open and closed chromatin structures are dynamically regulated through multiple mechanisms, including histone modifications, histone variant incorporation, and DNA methylation (reviewed in reference 17 ). (asm.org)
Such disruption of splicing can promote cancer growth by upregulating genes that increase cell survival, growth and resistance to anticancer treatments, as well as downregulating genes that promote apoptosis. (imb.de)
For two decades, Monsanto and its cohorts (Syngenta, Dow, DuPont, Bayer, and BASF) have been randomly inserting the genes of one species into a non-related species, or genetically "interfering" with the instructions of an organism's RNA-utilizing viruses, antibiotic-resistant genes and bacteria as vectors, markers and promoters-to create gene-spliced seeds and crops. (organicconsumers.org)
T7SL IVT method detected more potential differentially expressed genes in comparison to either poly(A) + RNA or T7dT IVT, and was also able to produce reliable quantifications of the parasite transcriptome down to 3 ng of total RNA. (altmetric.com)

Efficient initiation of synthesis by RNA polymerase II requires a compact element centered ~50 base pairs upstream of the transcriptional start site. (cshl.edu)

RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. (genomicglossaries.com)
Modifications to RNA molecules are much more common and are critical for regulating diverse biological processes. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Although HIV-1 RNA is exceptionally rich in biological functions, the paucity of detailed mechanistic insight into how these biological functions are executed is due to inherent difficulties in studying the structure and dynamics of RNA molecules. (psu.edu)

The ability to have a snapshot of specific RNA isoforms allows the deduction of differential regulation of isoforms through alternative selection of promoters. (wikipedia.org)
Julian says, "Long introns comprise over 80% of the introns in the human genome, but they are particularly difficult to splice and require more complex regulation. (imb.de)
RNA splicing is a major nexus of gene expression regulation, shaping cellular identity during development, frequently altered in human cancers. (lu.se)
Discovering this novel mechanism that regulates RNA splicing is relevant basic knowledge and adds to the functional roles that chromatin structure plays in gene regulation - from development to disease processes. (embl.org)
After undergrad studies in microbiology at the University of Bern and his diploma on U7 snRNA expression with Daniel Schümperli, he conducted his PhD research on the regulation of alternative splicing at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm and at Uppsala University in the group of Göran Akusjärvi. (umassmed.edu)
Revealing new perspectives on the regulation of gene expression by the trans-splicing mechanism in Shistosoma mansoni. (embrapa.br)

Two alternate techniques have been described that allow for 5' tag analysis in organisms that do not have trans-spliced leader sequences. (wikipedia.org)
Then these long RNAs separate into mature mRNAs in the process named trans splicing. (ac.ir)
We also show that sequence elements that direct 3'-end formation of the A. lumbricoides trans- spliced leader RNA function when RNA synthesis is initiated from the U1 promoter. (cshl.edu)
1999. Alterations in the conserved SL1 trans-spliced leader of Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrate flexibility in length and sequence requirements in vivo. . (ucsb.edu)
1996. The SL1 trans-spliced leader RNA performs an essential embryonic function in Caenorhabditis elegans that can also be supplied by SL2 RNA. . (ucsb.edu)

Some species contain only one spliced leader sequence found on all mRNAs. (wikipedia.org)
87(5): 1663-1667] Specifically, the investigators started by priming whole cerebellar RNA with a synthetic oligonucleotide containing a T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
RNA which contains an intron sequence that has an enzyme- like catalytic activity. (genomicglossaries.com)
When DNA of a gene is transcribed, the entire sequence is copied into RNA, which is then spliced. (embl.org)
Trimming and clustering of the sequence tags yielded 7,863 unique sequences, some of which carry a spliced leader. (biomedcentral.com)
Prokaryotic messenger RNAs contain a so-called Shine-Dalgarno interaction region upstream of the initiation codon, containing a sequence motif that is complementary to the highly conserved 3'-terminus of the 16s ribosomal RNA (see for instance A14565 ). (expasy.org)

Spliced leader sequences are short sequences of non coding RNA, not found within a gene itself, that are attached to the 5' end of all, or a portion of, mRNAs transcribed in an organism. (wikipedia.org)

Researchers at Lund University Faculty of Medicine have determined a novel mechanism linking the metabolism of ribonucleic acids, RNA, to the development of leukemia in myelodysplastic syndrome patients, MDS. (lu.se)
A team of researchers led by Dr. Cristian Bellodi recently discovered a hardwired genetic control mechanism modulating individual spliceosomal components, known as splicing factors, in cells harboring oncogenic lesions common in human cancers. (lu.se)
They show for the first time the functional impact of the 3D structure of chromatin - the tightly-packed structure that the long DNA thread adopts to fit into the cell's nucleus - on the RNA-regulating splicing mechanism. (embl.org)
This is an additional mechanism in alternative splicing to the ones we already knew. (embl.org)
By combining and integrating multiple datasets we predicted the CTCF-loop dependent splicing mechanism, which we later validated experimentally. (embl.org)
Thus, we propose that cytoplasmic UPF1-centric RNA surveillance mechanism could be extended further up to the chromatin-associated UPF1 and co-transcriptional RNA surveillance. (molcells.org)

The current COVID-19 virus has DNA sequences from the Chinese horseshoe bat as well as HIV RNA. (topdocumentaryfilms.com)
The crux of the matter is to find the right glue for the RNA sequences," says 't Hart. (mpg.de)

Indeed, when the researchers analysed sequencing data from glioma patients, they found that patients with FUBP1 loss-of-function mutations had more skipping of exons with long adjacent introns than patients with mutations in other splicing factors. (imb.de)
Multiplexed Spliced-Leader Sequencing: A high-throughput, selective method for RNA-seq in Trypanosomatids. (cdc.gov)
We analyzed RNA sequencing data from 53 in-house established human melanoma cell lines and 479 melanoma tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. (biomedcentral.com)

Our paper shows how loops in the 3D structure of chromatin have an effect on RNA splicing. (embl.org)

RNA however, has a much lower structural complexity, which makes it very challenging to find a molecule that binds only one specific RNA. (mpg.de)

After second- strand cDNA synthesis, T7 RNA polymerase was used to generate aRNA. (genomicglossaries.com)

To approach this, the team has developed reagents for expressing inhibitory RNAs or editing machinery (e.g. (chop.edu)

Accumulating evidence is highlighting a role for aberrant splicing in cancer even in the absence of splicing factors mutations. (lu.se)

Studies show that up to 30% of cancers have more alternative splicing than normal cells. (imb.de)

Splicing factor mutations are particularly prevalent in MDS, a group of heterogeneous hematological disorders characterized by defective blood stem cells and a high risk of leukemia development. (lu.se)

RNA's multitasking prowess, at the heart of the RNA World hypothesis implicating RNA as the first molecule of life, likely spurred the evolution of numerous modified nucleotides. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

Researchers at Stanford University used such a method to produce amplified heterogeneous populations of RNA from limited quantities of cDNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
Amplified RNA synthesized from limited quantities of heterogeneous cDNA. (genomicglossaries.com)

She also focuses on how noncoding RNAs participate in neural development and neurodegenerative disease processes, and how they can be harnessed for therapies. (chop.edu)
These findings can help researchers better understand the complex and dynamic splicing processes. (imb.de)

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The Center for HIV RNA Studies (CRNA) will focus on determining the structural and mechanistic bases of HIV-1 RNA dependent replication functions at the cellular, viral and atomic levels. (psu.edu)
The CRNA consists of a multidisciplinary team of structural biologists, chemists, cell and computational biologists, molecular biologists and virologists, many of whom are leaders in the study of HIV-1 RNA and the role of its structures in virus replication. (psu.edu)

However, little is known about the contribution of the non-mutated splicing factors in tumor evolution," explain the researchers. (lu.se)
After successfully completing a project in RNA splicing in cancer this January, BioMed X and Merck continue their oncology collaboration to explore tumor immunogenicity enhancers. (kajnews.com)

More recently, another group of researchers reported that they had developed a process for optimizing low- abundance RNA, by combining aRNA amplification with template- switching. (genomicglossaries.com)
Through careful molecular and computational analysis, the researchers discovered that FUBP1 has two key roles in regulating the splicing of long introns. (imb.de)
Although the identification of m6A in RNA is 40 years old, until recently researchers lacked efficient molecular mapping and quantification methods to fully understand the functional implications of the modification. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

The ATP-dependent RNA helicase up-frameshift 1 (UPF1) is a key player in NMD that is mostly prevalent in the cytoplasm. (molcells.org)

Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. (genomicglossaries.com)

Given the current barrage of pro-GMO propaganda in the mass media, "GMO-Free" proponents need to put far greater emphasis on the fact that it isn't just the imprecise and unpredictable nature of gene-splicing itself-a process that produces toxin and allergens, and shuts down essential gene functions-that threatens human health and the environment. (organicconsumers.org)

Oliver Mühlemann is professor of biochemistry at the University of Bern and the director of the NCCR RNA & Disease. (umassmed.edu)

The alphabet of RNA is even more impressive, consisting of at least 140 alternative nucleotide forms. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
The alphabet of RNA consists of at least 140 alternative nucleotide forms. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

The most recently completed BioMed X project was also a Merck collaboration investigating RNA splicing patterns in cancer. (kajnews.com)

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