• Yeast RNA polymerase II subunit RPB9. (embl.de)
  • The RPB9 subunit of RNA polymerase II regulates transcription elongation activity and is required for the action of the transcription elongation factor, TFIIS. (embl.de)
  • We describe the cognate cDNA cloning and characterization of two subunits (hTFIIIC63 and hTFIIIC102) that are present within a DNA-binding subcomplex (TFIIIC2) of TFIIIC and are related in structure and function to two yeast TFIIIC subunits (yTFIIIC95 and yTFIIIC131) previously shown to interact, respectively, with the promoter (A box) and with a subunit of yeast TFIIIB. (embl.de)
  • of multiple Gram-positive genera under changing circumstances is the substitute sigma element σB a subunit from the RNA polymerase holoenzyme. (biotech2012.org)
  • Structure of the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase alpha subunit amino-terminal domain. (gzsys.org.cn)
  • The Escherichia coli RNA polymerase alpha subunit: structure and function. (gzsys.org.cn)
  • Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription. (icr.ac.uk)
  • The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CCNH/cyclin H, CDK7 and MNAT1 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription (PubMed:9852112). (icr.ac.uk)
  • The activating element contains no other known regulatory sites but two elements required for RNA holoenzyme functioning, raising the intriguing possibility of carbon source-dependent regulation by a subunit of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme in K. lactis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The catalytic subunit (p125) harbours the polymerase and exonuclease activities, and a metal-binding C-terminal domain (CTD). (nature.com)
  • TFIIF (two subunits, RAP30 and RAP74, showing some similarity to bacterial sigma factors) and Pol II enter the complex together. (wikipedia.org)
  • A unified nomenclature for protein subunits of mediator complexes linking transcriptional regulators to RNA polymerase II. (umu.se)
  • Cloning and characterization of two evolutionarily conserved subunits (TFIIIC102 and TFIIIC63) of human TFIIIC and their involvement in functional interactions with TFIIIB and RNA polymerase III. (embl.de)
  • Sigma factors are a class of proteins constituting essential dissociable subunits that confer sequence-specific DNA binding properties to RNA polymerase (RNAP). (hindawi.com)
  • Most RNA polymerases are multimeric enzymes and are composed of a variable number of subunits. (gzsys.org.cn)
  • The core RNA polymerase complex consists of five subunits (two alpha, one beta, one beta-prime and one omega) and is sufficient for transcription elongation and termination but is unable to initiate transcription. (gzsys.org.cn)
  • The two alpha subunits of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase are asymmetrically arranged and contact different halves of the DNA upstream element. (gzsys.org.cn)
  • RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans, RNAP II consists of seventeen protein molecules (gene products encoded by POLR2A-L, where the proteins synthesized from POLR2C, POLR2E, and POLR2F form homodimers). (wikipedia.org)
  • General transcription factors (GTFs) or basal transcription factors are protein transcription factors that have been shown to be important in the transcription of class II genes to mRNA templates. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, transcript elongation factor TFIIS is highly conserved among eukaryotes, and yet the TFIIS protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cannot function with mammalian RNA polymerase II and vice versa. (embl.de)
  • Yeast domain II alone is able to bind yeast RNA polymerase II with the same affinity as the full-length TFIIS protein, and this domain was expected to confer the species selectivity. (embl.de)
  • Based on this, we wanted to identify this protein in V. alginolyticus ZJ-51 and study whether it has a role in biofilm formation and stress response in the two colony phase variants. (hindawi.com)
  • The abnormal expressions of minichromosome maintenance protein 2 (MCM2) are closely related to the development of various kinds of cancers. (chinagene.cn)
  • Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting (WB) assays confirmed that MCM2 in CCA cells significantly down-regulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of p53 and BAX , and up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of BCL2 and CCND1 . (chinagene.cn)
  • GTF2B is one of the ubiquitous factors required for transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II.The protein localizes to the nucleus where it forms a complex (the DAB complex) withtranscription factors IID and IIA. (biotech2012.org)
  • To provide insights into the organization of protein complexes, this paper presents a novel core-attachment based method (COACH) which detects protein complexes in two stages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We evaluate and analyze our predicted protein complexes from two aspects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The expression of DEGs encoding cuticular protein and protein takeout were silenced by RNA interference, and the results showed that knockdown of these two DEGs reduced the survival of L. trifolii exposed to microwave radiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • We show here that PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2) and CHLOROPLAST STEM-LOOP BINDING PROTEIN 41 kDa (CSP41b), two proteins identified in plastid nucleoid preparations, are essential for proper plant embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • 3 With both eukaryotic and prokaryotic RNA polymerases, the degree of inhibition is template-dependent. (bjzblg.com)
  • Human transcription factor IIIC (hTFIIIC) is a multisubunit complex that mediates transcription of class III genes through direct recognition of promoters (for tRNA and virus-associated RNA genes) or promoter-TFIIIA complexes (for the 5S RNA gene) and subsequent recruitment of TFIIIB and RNA polymerase III. (embl.de)
  • The two variants exhibit different capability to form biofilms and to express genes involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis, flagellar synthesis, and the AI-2 quorum-sensing system [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In eukaryotes, there are three different forms of DNA-directed RNA polymerases transcribing different sets of genes. (gzsys.org.cn)
  • The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • The PEP enzyme recognizes the -10 and -35 cis -elements, similar to those found in bacterial promoters whereas the NEP enzyme recognizes the YRTA-motif, which can also be found upstream of several genes with PEP promoters indicating that these genes can be transcribed by both polymerases ( Pfannschmidt and Liere, 2005 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Of the seven most-global regulators, together affecting expression of about half of all E. coli genes, two were previously shown to exert direct, positive control on gltBDF transcription: Lrp and IHF. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many of them are involved in the formation of a preinitiation complex, which, together with RNA polymerase II, bind to and read the single-stranded DNA gene template. (wikipedia.org)
  • The PIC helps position RNA polymerase II over gene transcription start sites, denatures the DNA, and positions the DNA in the RNA polymerase II active site for transcription. (wikipedia.org)
  • The construction of the polymerase complex takes place on the gene promoter. (wikipedia.org)
  • Further, by analyzing the RNA sequencing data of cholangiocarcinoma, we found that MCM2 gene is significantly negatively correlated with p53 signaling pathway. (chinagene.cn)
  • This module associates with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex and mediates gene repression. (rowan.edu)
  • The primers are synthesized by a DNA dependent RNA polymerase enzyme called primase-the product of the dna G gene in E. coli . (blogspot.com)
  • THE ALTERNATIVE SIGMA FACTOR σB Sigma factors are required for transcription initiation as they confer promoter specificity to the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and induce helix destabilization to expose the DNA template strand for RNA synthesis. (biotech2012.org)
  • The replisome contains activities that separate the strands and hold them apart for synthesis by the replisome version of DNA polymerase, called DNA polymerase III in bacteria. (blogspot.com)
  • Since the two strands of DNA are antiparallel, synthesis using one template strand occurs in the same direction as fork movement, but synthesis using the other template strand occurs in the direction opposite fork movement. (blogspot.com)
  • Synthesis of the leading strand also begins with an RNA primer, but only one primer is required to initiate synthesis of the entire strand. (blogspot.com)
  • The use of short RNA primers gets around the limitation imposed by the mechanism of DNA polymerase, namely, that it cannot initiate DNA synthesis de novo . (blogspot.com)
  • About once every second, primase catalyzes the synthesis of a short RNA primer using this single-stranded DNA as a template. (blogspot.com)
  • DNA polymerase III catalyzes synthesis of DNA in the 5′ → 3′ direction by extending each short RNA primer. (blogspot.com)
  • The reaction proceeds in three steps: removal of the RNA primer, synthesis of replacement DNA, and sealing of the adjacent DNA fragments. (blogspot.com)
  • Alternative holoenzyme conformations reveal important functional interactions that maintain PCNA orientation during synthesis. (nature.com)
  • In contrast to the continuous leading strand synthesis, the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in ~200 nucleotide (nt)-long Okazaki fragments, which are then ligated to form the contiguous lagging strand 2 . (nature.com)
  • Synthesis of each Okazaki fragment starts with the low fidelity Pol α synthesizing a ~30 nt RNA/DNA initiator primer. (nature.com)
  • The E. coli endogenous holoenzyme E(70) is used as the primary transcription machinery. (arborbiosci.com)
  • One unit (30 pmol) of Tagetin Inhibitor results in 50% inhibition of 1 unit of E. coli RNA Polymerase Holoenzyme under standard assay conditions using phage T7 DNA as a template. (bjzblg.com)
  • Tagetin Inhibitor is functionally tested with EPICENTRE's E. coli RNA Polymerase Holoenzyme and is free of detectable RNase and DNase activities. (bjzblg.com)
  • Tagetin Inhibitor activity on E. coli RNA Polymerase. (bjzblg.com)
  • Each gel lane shows products of a standard transcription reaction using a bacteriophage template, 1 U of E. coli RNA Polymerase Holoenzyme, and varying amounts of Tagetin Inhibitor. (bjzblg.com)
  • 50% inhibition of transcription is seen at 1 U Tagetin Inhibitor per unit of E.coli RNA Polymerase. (bjzblg.com)
  • The glutamate synthase operon ( gltBDF ) contributes to one of the two main pathways of ammonia assimilation in Escherichia coli . (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are two main pathways for assimilating ammonia into glutamate in Escherichia coli [ 2 ] (see Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • All organisms-bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes-have a transcription initiation factor that contains a structural module that binds within the RNA polymerase (RNAP) active-center cleft and interacts with template-strand single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in the immediate vicinity of the RNAP active center. (osti.gov)
  • Only known specific inhibitor of RNA polymerase III from many nonplant eukaryotes. (bjzblg.com)
  • In eukaryotes, DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ) bound to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) replicates the lagging strand and cooperates with flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) to process the Okazaki fragments for their ligation. (nature.com)
  • TFIIH has three functions: It binds specifically to the template strand to ensure that the correct strand of DNA is transcribed and melts or unwinds the DNA (ATP-dependent) to separate the two strands using its helicase activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • What effect, if any would be the effect of deleting the araO 2 sites where AraC binds? (wikiversity.org)
  • The involvement of Lrp is unusual in two respects: first, it is insensitive to the usual coregulator leucine, and second, Lrp binds more than 150 bp upstream of the transcription starting point. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Besides the vegetative sigma factor, which recognizes the "standard" promoter, many bacteria possess alternative sigma factors that confer altered promoter specificity upon RNAP [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We have previously solved the structures of domains II and III, which stimulate arrested polymerase II elongation complexes in order to resume transcription. (embl.de)
  • Here, we have expressed, purified and biochemically characterised active SARS-CoV-2 RdRp complexes. (figshare.com)
  • In this paper, we report four sets of crystal structures of bacterial initially transcribing complexes that demonstrate and define details of stepwise, RNA-extension-driven displacement of the "σ-finger" of the bacterial transcription initiation factor σ. (osti.gov)
  • Organelles may be divided into two categories: membrane-bound organelles (which include both double-membraned and single-membraned cytoplasmic structures) and non-membrane-bound organelles (also referred to as biomolecular complexes or proteinaceous organelles). (researchtweet.com)
  • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Recall that the replisome contains a DNA polymerase III holoenzyme dimer with two core complexes that can catalyze polymerization. (blogspot.com)
  • 2 Plant nuclear RNA polymerases I, II, and III are much less sensitive to Tagetin Inhibitor. (bjzblg.com)
  • a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. (frontiersin.org)
  • For example, the complex 'RNA polymerase II' transcribes genetic information into messages for ribosomes to produce proteins and complex 'Proteasome core particle' is involved in the degradation of proteins, which is an essential process within the cell. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The precise functions initially referred to for σB in included bacterial replies to acidity (1) and osmotic tension (2). (biotech2012.org)
  • RNA polymerase II (also called RNAP II and Pol II) is an enzyme found in eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Within the RNAP holoenzyme, sigma factors provide promoter recognition specificity to the polymerase and contribute to DNA strand separation, then they dissociate from RNAP core enzyme and transcription initiation follows [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Given the physiological importance of gltBDF , and the potential opportunity to learn about integration of global regulatory signals, a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches was used to investigate the involvement of additional regulatory proteins, and to determine their relative binding positions and potential interactions with one another and with RNA polymerase (RNAP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNAP only yields a defined DNAse I footprint under two tested conditions: in the presence of both Lrp and IHF, or in the presence of Crp-cAMP. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 4 Tagetin Inhibitor complements the activity of α-amanitin, a potent and selective inhibitor of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II. (bjzblg.com)
  • Elementary circuit motifs, such as multiple stage cascades, AND gate and negative feedback loops are constructed with the six other sigma factors, two bacteriophage RNA polymerases, and a set of repressors. (arborbiosci.com)
  • However, this transcription initiation-factor structural module occupies the path of nascent RNA and thus presumably must be displaced before or during initial transcription. (osti.gov)
  • The COVID-19 etiologic agent is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. (figshare.com)
  • It has a kinase activity that phosphorylates the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II at the amino acid serine. (wikipedia.org)
  • RNA polymerase inhibition studies. (bjzblg.com)
  • Specific inhibition of chloroplast RNA polymerase of many plants. (bjzblg.com)
  • 1988) or sequence 2 (Manzara and Gruissem, 1988) has the consensus 5'-GATAAG. (wikiversity.org)
  • Transcription factor IIB serves as a bridge between IID, thefactor which initially recognizes the promoter sequence, and RNA polymerase II. (biotech2012.org)
  • DNA-directed RNA polymerases EC (also known as DNA-dependent RNA polymerases) are responsible for the polymerisation of ribonucleotides into a sequence complementary to the template DNA. (gzsys.org.cn)
  • The TFIID-TFIIA-TFIIB (DAB)-promoter complex subsequently recruits RNA polymerase II and TFIIF. (wikipedia.org)
  • ATP-dependent 3'-5' DNA helicase, component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. (icr.ac.uk)
  • The complex has two sliding clamps that bind the complex to the strands of DNA so that DNA replication is highly processive. (blogspot.com)
  • Domain I also interacts with the transcriptionally active RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and therefore, may have a function unrelated to the previously described transcription elongation activity of TFIIS. (embl.de)
  • Tagetin RNA Polymerase Inhibitor is provided in water at a concentration of 20 U/µl (600 µM). (bjzblg.com)
  • We developed a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based strand displacement assay for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 RdRp activity suitable for a high-throughput format. (figshare.com)
  • As part of a larger research project to identify inhibitors for all the enzymatic activities encoded by SARS-CoV-2, we used this assay to screen a custom chemical library of over 5000 approved and investigational compounds for novel SARS-CoV-2 RdRp inhibitors. (figshare.com)
  • Identifying SARS-CoV-2 antiviral compounds by screening for small molecule inhibitors of nsp12/7/8 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (figshare.com)
  • The RTC core catalytic component is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) holoenzyme. (figshare.com)
  • In the maturation of Okazaki fragments, Pol δ invades the previously synthesized Okazaki fragments to gradually displace the RNA-DNA primers for their removal by the PCNA-bound FEN1 16 . (nature.com)
  • Then glutamate synthase (GltBD) produces two molecules of glutamate from glutamine, α-ketoglutarate, and NADPH [equation 3], with one of the glutamate molecules going back into the cycle and the other representing net ammonia incorporation [equation 4, and right side of Fig. 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the results presented here indicate that domain II is insufficient to confer species selectivity, and a primary determinant lies in a 30-amino acid highly conserved linker region connecting domain II with domain III. (embl.de)
  • The three-dimensional crystal structure of the DnaG catalytic domain revealed its folding and active site are distinct from the well studied polymerases, suggesting that it may employ a novel enzyme mechanism. (blogspot.com)
  • DNA polymerases catalyze chain elongation exclusively in the 5′ → 3′ direction. (blogspot.com)
  • We identified three novel compounds (GSK-650394, C646 and BH3I-1) and confirmed suramin and suramin-like compounds as in vitro SARS-CoV-2 RdRp activity inhibitors. (figshare.com)
  • At low ammonia concentrations, a two-enzyme cycle is used instead. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These RNA primers are complementary to the lagging strand template. (blogspot.com)
  • Glu is one of the small minority of amino acids for which the great bulk of the molecules are used for purposes other than direct incorporation into proteins [2]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 24 In vivo substrates for the ubiquitination are not yet known, but involvement of the RNA polymerase-2 holoenzyme has been proposed. (bmj.com)
  • These 30 amino acids may physically orient domains II and III to support functional interactions between TFIIS and RNA polymerase II. (embl.de)
  • Phage-encoded RNA polymerases such as SP6 and T7 are also relatively insensitive. (bjzblg.com)
  • During DNA replication, a molecular machine called a replisome forms at the replication fork where the two strands of DNA are separating. (blogspot.com)
  • Our proposed COACH method has been applied on two different yeast PPI networks and the experimental results show that COACH performs significantly better than the state-of-the-art techniques. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The phenotype of Bard1 null mice was found to be remarkably similar to that of Brca1 nulls, further emphasising the functional relationship between these two proteins. (bmj.com)
  • 11 Both proteins possess an N-terminal RING finger motif and two BRCA1 C-terminal (BRCT) domains present in numerous proteins involved in DNA repair and cell cycle regulation. (bmj.com)