Rna and enzymes. Medical search. Frequent questions

This enzyme was named RNA-directed DNA polymerase, commonly referred to as reverse transcriptase. (britannica.com)
The HiScribe SP6 RNA Synthesis Kit is designed for the in vitro transcription of RNA using SP6 RNA Polymerase. (neb.com)
Figure 1: Transcription by SP6 RNA Polymerase. (neb.com)
The DNA template must be linear and contain the SP6 RNA Polymerase promoter with the correct orientation in relation to the target sequence to be transcribed. (neb.com)
How an mRNA capping enzyme reads distinct RNA polymerase II and Spt5 CTD phosphorylation codes. (cornell.edu)
Interactions between RNA guanylyltransferase (GTase) and the C-terminal domain (CTD) repeats of RNA polymerase II (Pol2) and elongation factor Spt5 are thought to orchestrate cotranscriptional capping of nascent mRNAs. (cornell.edu)
This repair work is performed by DNA Polymerase, the enzyme that helps catalyze construction of new DNA from single strands. (speakerdeck.com)
The transcription process is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. (chicagotribune.com)
When Kornberg began his work, Berg said, most researchers thought the idea of obtaining a picture of RNA polymerase was foolish at best. (chicagotribune.com)
But Kornberg persisted, gradually assembling the RNA polymerase crystals needed for the study as advances in computer processing and X-ray crystallography imaging were made by others. (chicagotribune.com)
But in 2001, he and his colleagues published the first molecular snapshot of RNA polymerase in action. (chicagotribune.com)
Among 20 laboratories testing Module A, 17 (85%) correctly detected DENV RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 18 (90%) correctly determined serotype and 19 (95%) correctly identified CHIKV by RT-PCR. (who.int)

Dicer enzymes produce small silencing RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which then are loaded into Argonaute proteins and act as sequence-specific guides. (nih.gov)
A powerful tool to understand the molecular mechanism of small silencing RNA production by Dicers is an in vitro RNA processing assay using recombinant Dicer proteins. (nih.gov)
Such biochemical analyses have elucidated the substrate specificities and kinetics of Dicers, the mechanism by which the length of small RNAs produced by Dicers is determined, and the effects of Dicer-partner proteins and endogenous small molecules such as ATP and inorganic phosphate on small RNA production by Dicers, among others. (nih.gov)
Here, we describe methods for in vitro small RNA production assay using recombinant human and Drosophila Dicer proteins. (nih.gov)
The enzyme, which the team eventually named Cas7-11, was attractive from an engineering perspective, because single proteins are easier to deliver to cells and make better tools than their complex counterparts. (mit.edu)
A-to-I RNA editing is a ubiquitous and crucial molecular mechanism able to convert adenosines into inosines (then read as guanosines by several intracellular proteins/enzymes) within RNA molecules, changing the genomic information. (unicatt.it)
The A-to-I deaminase enzymes (ADARs), which modify the adenosine, can alter the splicing and translation machineries, the double-stranded RNA structures and the binding affinity between RNA and RNA-binding proteins. (unicatt.it)
Other enzymes (e.g. helicase, topoisomerase, and DNA ligase) and protein factors (e.g. origin binding proteins and single-stranded binding proteins) are required for the replication process. (online-sciences.com)
RNA-based evolution is a theory that posits that RNA is not merely an intermediate between Watson and Crick model of the DNA molecule and proteins, but rather a far more dynamic and independent role-player in determining phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
By regulating the transcription in DNA sequences, the stability of RNA, and the capability of messenger RNA to be translated, RNA processing events allow for a diverse array of proteins to be synthesized from a single gene. (wikipedia.org)
In accordance with the central dogma of molecular biology, RNA passes information between the DNA of a genome and the proteins expressed within an organism. (wikipedia.org)
Research within the past decade has shown that strands of RNA are not merely transcribed from regions of DNA and translated into proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Currently RNA acts by forming proteins. (wikipedia.org)
In antiviral RNA interference (RNAi) the DICER enzyme processes virus-derived double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that guide ARGONAUTE proteins to silence complementary viral RNA. (biobender.com)
Properties of proteins and enzymes, macromolecules essential to all life. (ncl.ac.uk)
J Med Chem 2005) and extended it to macromolecular complexes involving proteins and protein-RNA complexes beyond topoisomerases (Pommier et al. (cancer.gov)
Most enzymes are proteins , though certain nucleic acids , called ribozymes , are also capable of catalytic activity. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Enzymes (and other proteins) are composed of amino acid chains called polypeptide chains. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Most mRNAs contain information for enzymes, proteins that drive and regulate metabolism. (idw-online.de)
RNA, lipids, and proteins. (who.int)

For example, RT-PCR is commonly used to quantify the amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribed from a gene. (britannica.com)
RNAs are critical in gene expression and that gene expression depends on mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. (wikipedia.org)
Next, mRNA for the Cas enzyme is exported from the nucleus where it is translated into protein. (idtdna.com)
Furthermore, Reimand said, the team identified APOBEC (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing catalytic polypeptide-like) enzyme-driven SGMs, "which may help decipher the role of APOBECs in tumorigenesis and progression. (medscape.com)
We are investigating how mRNA decay factors interact and/or interfere with the translation apparatus and how RNA modifications affect translation. (igbmc.fr)
To do this, messenger RNA (mRNA) is extracted from samples and sequenced. (idw-online.de)

Engineering RNA molecules to only activate their therapeutic payloads when they find themselves in the right conditions is the key to the next generation of "smart" RNA-based therapies. (harvard.edu)
ADARs are enzymes that bind to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules and make a specific base edit, converting a mismatched adenosine (A) molecule into inosine (I). This change destabilizes the dsRNA structure, and is thought to be involved in cells' responses to different viruses, many of which carry their genetic material as RNA. (harvard.edu)
Molecules of RNA have also been shown to effectively self-replicate, catalyze basic reactions, and store heritable information. (wikipedia.org)
Single-stranded RNA molecules can single handedly fold into complex structures. (wikipedia.org)
Phenotype may also be determined by the number of RNA molecules, as more RNA transcripts lead to a greater expression of protein. (wikipedia.org)
Short tails of repetitive nucleic acids are often added to the ends of RNA molecules in order to prevent degradation, effectively increasing the number of RNA strands able to be translated into protein. (wikipedia.org)
During mammalian liver regeneration RNA molecules of growth factors increase in number due to the addition of signaling tails. (wikipedia.org)
Silencing of RNA occurs when double stranded RNA molecules are processed by a series of enzymatic reactions, resulting in RNA fragments that degrade complementary RNA sequences. (wikipedia.org)
Enzymes can be affected by molecules that increase their activity (activators) or decrease their activity (inhibitors). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Synthetic biology is playing an increasing role in the commercial bioeconomy as providers of biological designs, optimized biological molecules, laboratory suppliers of customer-specified DNA, RNA, enzymes and cell-cloning services, and in drug development. (cdc.gov)

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) such as AZT (zidovudine)-the first drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to prolong the lives of AIDS patients-act by terminating the proviral DNA chain before the enzyme can finish transcription. (britannica.com)
Processing of RNA influences protein expression by managing the transcription of DNA sequences, the stability of RNA, and the translation of messenger RNA. (wikipedia.org)
For more than 30 years, Kornberg has been studying a process known as transcription, in which genetic information contained in DNA in a cell's nucleus is translated into messenger RNA. (chicagotribune.com)

Tackling new classes of enzymes such as RNA methyltransferases generates challenges in assay development, screening, and downstream hit to lead progression. (gdch.app)
E. coli 16S rDNA Contamination is evaluated using 5 µL replicate samples of enzyme solution denatured and screened in a TaqMan qPCR assay for the presence of contaminating E. coli genomic DNA using oligonucleotide primers corresponding to the 16S rRNA locus. (qiagen.com)
The QIAprep& Viral RNA QIAsymphony Kit can be used for automated sample preparation and assay set up on the QIAsymphony SP/AS. (qiagen.com)
The QIAprep& Viral RNA UM Kit can be used in conjunction with the SARS-CoV-2 N1+N2 Assay Kit . (qiagen.com)
The assay performance in terms of specificity and sensitivity has been verified using the QIAprep& Viral RNA UM Kit. (qiagen.com)
For HCV, 48 (9.6%) of 500 participants were positive by In 2000, surviving participants of a population-based enzyme immunoassay and recombinant immunoblot assay nutritional intervention trial were resurveyed. (cdc.gov)

In 1970 Temin and Japanese virologist Satoshi Mizutani, and American virologist David Baltimore , working independently, reported the discovery of an enzyme that could synthesize proviral DNA from the RNA genome of RSV. (britannica.com)
Should that virus reappear, the CRISPR system is activated, guided by a small piece of RNA to destroy the viral genome and eliminate the infection. (mit.edu)
Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) RNA-guided nucleases (RGNs) have rapidly emerged as a facile and efficient platform for genome editing. (nature.com)
RNA-programmed genome editing in human cells. (nature.com)
RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. (nature.com)
Genome engineering of Drosophila with the CRISPR RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease. (nature.com)
The Cas enzyme and the gRNA bind to form a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and are transported back into the nucleus where genome editing occurs. (idtdna.com)

These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. (jove.com)
protein enzymes carry out catalytic reactions. (wikipedia.org)
Enzymes are essential to sustain life because most chemical reactions in biological cells , such as the digestion of food, would occur too slowly or would lead to different products without the activity of enzymes. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Like all catalysts, enzymes work to lower the activation energy of a reaction, or the initial energy input necessary for most chemical reactions to occur. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Enzymes may speed up reactions by a factor of many millions. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Enzymes are usually specific, or unique, to the reactions they catalyze and the substrates that are involved in these reactions. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Dilutions of the enzyme were made in 1X T4 RNA Ligase reaction buffer and added to 20 µL reactions containing 0.4 µg of an equimolar mix of two single-stranded 23 base RNA oligonucleotides (one 5′-phosphorylated) and 1X T4 RNA Ligase Buffer. (qiagen.com)
Other DNA and RNA enzymes that catalyze consecutive cleavage and strand-transfer reactions in a single active site may similarly require cation trafficking coordinated by the substrate. (rcsb.org)

New England Biolabs continues its strong tradition of providing high quality reagents to support RNA research. (neb.com)

Catalytically perfect enzymes have the maximum catalytic efficiency with high turnover numbers, k cat , and strong affinities for their substrates, K M . (jove.com)
Some enzymes have achieved catalytic perfection through electrostatic forces that attract and guide substrates into their active site. (jove.com)
Most enzymes achieve catalytic perfection due to the charged groups present on their surface that orient and steer the substrate into the active site. (jove.com)
Mechanisms of action of several major enzyme classes to illustrate key catalytic strategies. (ncl.ac.uk)
The amino acids side chains that make up the active site are molded into a precise shape, which enables the enzyme to perform its catalytic function. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
By examining the catalytic process of Bacillus halodurans RNase H1 in crystallo, however, we found that the two canonical Mg 2+ ions and an additional K + failed to align the nucleophilic water for RNA cleavage. (rcsb.org)

We also offer solutions for automation, site-directed mutagenesis, as well as your favorite restriction enzyme, ligase or competent cell products. (neb.com)
The T4 RNA Ligase 1 (10,000 U) is intended for molecular biology applications. (qiagen.com)
T4 RNA Ligase catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of single-stranded nucleic acids (RNA or DNA) by joining a 5' phosphoryl-terminated nucleic acid donor to a 3' hydroxyl-terminated nucleic acid acceptor through the formation of a 3'→5' phosphodiester bond (1). (qiagen.com)
The enzyme is produced by a recombinant E. coli strain carrying the T4 RNA Ligase gene from bacteriophage T4. (qiagen.com)
One unit is defined as the amount of enzyme required to ligate 50% of 0.4 μg of an equimolar mix of two single-stranded 23 base RNA oligonucleotides (one 5′-phosphorylated) in 20 μL 1X T4 RNA Ligase Buffer following a 30-minute incubation at 37°C. (qiagen.com)

Because RNA is fragile and difficult to study, a strand of complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized from RNA, using reverse transcriptase during the RT-PCR procedure. (britannica.com)
However, if the sensor binds to a complementary target RNA strand in the cell, it becomes a double-stranded RNA molecule. (harvard.edu)
Therefore, we rationally selected nineteen Escherichia coli enzymes from such datasets and examined their ability to bind RNAs using two complementary methods, iCLIP and SELEX. (tu-darmstadt.de)
The RNA-primed synthesis of DNA demonstrating the template function of the complementary strand parental DNA . (online-sciences.com)
RNA strands form complementary base pairs. (wikipedia.org)
These complementary strands of RNA base pair with another strand, which results in a three-dimensional shape from the paired strands folding in on itself. (wikipedia.org)
An enzyme (protein) that's part of the human immunodeficiency virus reads the sequence of viral RNA nucleic acids (yellow in graphic) that have entered the host cell and transcribes the sequence into a complementary DNA sequence (shown in blue). (cellsalive.com)

For catalytically perfect enzymes, this value ranges from 10 8 to 10 9 per molar substrate per second. (jove.com)
The reaction rates of catalytically perfect enzymes are limited only by the speed of substrate diffusion into or product release from the active site. (jove.com)
In catalytically perfect enzymes, every enzyme-substrate collision yields an intermediate that quickly transforms into products. (jove.com)
These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. (jove.com)
Heat cannot be added to a living system, so enzymes provide an alternate pathway: they bond with a substrate (the substance involved in the chemical reaction) to form a "transition state," an unstable intermediate complex that requires less energy for the reaction to proceed. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Only a very small portion of the enzyme, approximately ten amino acids, comes into direct contact with the substrate(s). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
This region, where the binding of the substrate(s) and the reaction occur, is known as the active site of the enzyme. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
An enzyme combines with its substrate(s) to form a short-lived enzyme-substrate complex. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
There are two models to explain how the binding of enzyme and substrate occurs: the "lock and key" model and induced fit. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
To account for the specificity of enzymes, Emil Fischer proposed that the enzyme had a particular shape into which the substrate(s) fit exactly. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
This model of exact fit, introduced in the 1890s, is often referred to as the "lock and key" model, because the enzyme binding to a substrate is analogous to the specific fit of a lock into a key. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The active site of an enzyme can be modified as the substrate interacts with the enzyme, creating an "induced fit" between enzyme and substrate. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Single-stranded exonuclease is determined in a 50 µL reaction containing a radiolabeled single-stranded DNA substrate and 10 µL of enzyme solution incubated for 4 hours at 37°C. (qiagen.com)

If the viruses attack again, the bacteria produce RNA segments from the CRISPR arrays that recognize and attach to specific regions of the viruses' DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
The enzyme employed by RNA viruses, on the other hand, is "error prone," according to Eddie. (speakerdeck.com)
The kit is optimized for ultrafast sample preparation and sensitive real-time PCR detection of enveloped RNA viruses such as coronaviruses from human samples (nasal, oro- and nasopharyngeal swabs) collected in non-fixation transport media like UTM, VTM, PBS, 0.9% NaCl, Virocult and eSwab. (qiagen.com)
They disable viruses by inducing SGMs in the viral RNA. (medscape.com)
Enteroviruses, along with rhinoviruses (see Common Cold) and human parechoviruses, are a genus of picornaviruses ( pico , or small, RNA viruses). (msdmanuals.com)

RNA Polymerases_Tool Enzymes, Molecular Markers_Leading Biology Inc. (leadingbiology.com)
DNA polymerases require the presence of a primer (i.e. oligonucleotide of RNA with free 3´ hydroxyl group), a template (i.e single-stranded DNA), and deoxyribonucleotides (d ATP , d CTP, d GTP, and d TTP) in order to function. (online-sciences.com)

A major advance in the study of the molecular basis of these changes was the cloning of cDNA encoding the enzyme. (nih.gov)
In this report, RNA interference approaches were employed to investigate the effects of knockdown of schistosome cathepsin D. Cultured schistosomules of Schistosoma mansoni were exposed by square wave electroporation to double stranded RNA (dsRNA) specific for cDNA encoding S. mansoni cathepsin D. RNAi-mediated reductions in transcript levels led to phenotypic changes including significant growth retardation in vitro and suppression of aspartic protease enzyme activity. (aber.ac.uk)

The Collins Lab has long been interested in finding ways to control the translation of RNAs in cells, and has developed several methods, including eToeholds , that allow them to initiate translation only in the presence of a specific "trigger" molecule. (harvard.edu)
The team designed their sensor around ADAR, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a mismatched adenosine in a double-stranded RNA molecule into an inosine. (harvard.edu)
The Tra gene, determinant of sex, in male flies becomes truncated as splicing events fail to remove a stop codon that controls the length of the RNA molecule. (wikipedia.org)
In others the stop signal is retained within the final RNA molecule and a functional Tra protein is produced resulting in the female phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
RNA is a single stranded molecule, generally, with a single base. (speakerdeck.com)

The researchers reasoned that they could use the natural dsRNA-editing ability of ADARs to create a new kind of responsive RNA sensor. (harvard.edu)
First in lots of contaminated somatic cells viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) sets off the powerful and non-sequence-specific interferon (IFN) response (3) that may possess generally supplanted antiviral RNAi features (4). (biobender.com)
Finally, cathepsin D may be an essential enzyme in the mammal-parasitic stages of schistosomes because schistosomules treated with dsRNA did not survive to maturity after transfer into Balb/c mice. (aber.ac.uk)

Rather RNA has retained some of its former independence from DNA and is subject to a network of processing events that alter the protein expression from that bounded by just the genomic DNA. (wikipedia.org)
B ) When pre-formed RNP is introduced by nucleofection into cells, the enzyme rapidly starts cutting targeted genomic DNA. (idtdna.com)

Researchers at MIT's McGovern Institute have discovered a bacterial enzyme that they say could expand scientists' CRISPR toolkit, making it easy to cut and edit RNA with the kind of precision that, until now, has only been available for DNA editing. (mit.edu)
This new enzyme is like the Cas9 of RNA," says McGovern Fellow Omar Abudayyeh , referring to the DNA-cutting CRISPR enzyme that has revolutionized modern biology by making DNA editing fast, inexpensive, and exact. (mit.edu)
it can be directed at specific RNA targets using a CRISPR guide. (mit.edu)
DNA tools in the CRISPR toolkit (red) are approaching capacity, but researchers are now beginning to find new tools to edit RNA (blue). (mit.edu)
Other known single-protein Cas enzymes, including the Cas9 protein that has been widely adopted for DNA editing, belong to a separate class of CRISPR systems-but Cas7-11 blurs the boundaries of the CRISPR classification system, Koonin says. (mit.edu)
They create a small piece of RNA with a short "guide" sequence that attaches (binds) to a specific target sequence in a cell's DNA, much like the RNA segments bacteria produce from the CRISPR array. (medlineplus.gov)
CRISPR plasmids expressing Cas enzymes and guide RNAs have been used for several years, but these plasmids have several limitations, including cytotoxicity and unpredictability of expression. (idtdna.com)

The team, working in the lab of Wyss Core Faculty member Jim Collins , Ph.D., developed a novel RNA sense-and-respond circuit they call Detection and Amplification of RNA Triggers via ADAR, or DART VADAR. (harvard.edu)
The action of ADAR on their RNA-based sensor changes a stop codon into a sense codon, initiating the translation of downstream payload genes. (harvard.edu)
Many efforts are now being concentrated on modifying ADAR activity in vivo in an attempt to correct RNA editing dysfunction. (unicatt.it)
Concomitantly, ongoing studies aim to show the way that the ADAR deaminase domain can be used as a possible new tool, an intracellular Trojan horse, for the correction of heritage diseases not related to RNA editing events. (unicatt.it)

An enzyme is a biological catalyst that regulates the rate of a chemical reaction in a living organism. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Our technology grew from the idea that we could decouple the elements of responsive RNA sensors - sensing, actuation, etc. - so it's much easier to design circuits for new targets. (harvard.edu)
Furthermore, we found novel RNA targets for the MS2 phage coat protein that served us as control. (tu-darmstadt.de)
The enzyme, called Cas7-11, modifies RNA targets without harming cells, suggesting that in addition to being a valuable research tool, it provides a fertile platform for therapeutic applications. (mit.edu)
The kit is also capable of synthesizing high specific activity radiolabeled RNA for use as probes or targets. (neb.com)
STORM Therapeutics is the first company devoted to pursuing RNA-modifying enzymes as drug targets. (gdch.app)

Generation of gene-modified mice via Cas9/RNA-mediated gene targeting. (nature.com)
The bacteria then use Cas9 or a similar enzyme to cut the DNA apart, which disables the virus. (medlineplus.gov)
This guide RNA also attaches to the Cas9 enzyme. (medlineplus.gov)
When introduced into cells, the guide RNA recognizes the intended DNA sequence, and the Cas9 enzyme cuts the DNA at the targeted location, mirroring the process in bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
Although Cas9 is the enzyme that is used most often, other enzymes (for example Cpf1) can also be used. (medlineplus.gov)

RNA synthesized from this kit is suitable for many applications including RNA structure and function studies, ribozyme biochemistry, probes for RNase protection or gel shift assays, hybridization-based blots, anti-sense RNA or RNAi experiments, microarray analysis, microinjection, sgRNA synthesis and in vitro translation studies. (neb.com)

For longer single-stranded RNA substrates, overnight incubation at 16°C can improve yield. (qiagen.com)

HCV RNA Hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid. (cdc.gov)
RNA Ribonucleic acid. (cdc.gov)

This kit is suitable for synthesis of high yield RNA transcripts and for incorporation of cap analogs (not included) or modified nucleotides (not included) to obtain capped, biotin-labeled or dye-labeled RNA. (neb.com)
The HiScribe SP6 RNA Synthesis Kit from NEB is faster and achieves higher yields for RNAs of various lengths. (neb.com)
The biochemical basis of this hormonal rhythm is one of the enzymes involved in melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland-the melatonin rhythm-generating enzyme-serotonin N-acetyltransferase (arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, AA-NAT, E.C. 2.3.1.87). (nih.gov)

Catalysis by RNA and comparison to protein enzymes. (ncl.ac.uk)

Physical purity is evaluated by SDS-PAGE of concentrated and diluted enzyme solutions followed by silver stain detection. (qiagen.com)
characterized by detection of HCV RNA greater than or equal to 6 months after newly acquired infection. (cdc.gov)

Although mammalian infections are vunerable to experimental RNA disturbance (RNAi) via artificial little interfering RNAs (siRNAs) VX-680 (1) the life of an all natural antiviral RNAi response in mammals is normally debated (2). (biobender.com)
Third varied virus-infected mammalian cell types accumulate virus-derived small RNAs (vsRNAs) but these have unspecified functions (5) and lack the biochemical features size and distribution patterns of flower and invertebrate viral siRNAs (6-9). (biobender.com)

The additional accuracy is accounted for by a separate enzyme system that repairs the mismatched base pairs remaining after replication. (online-sciences.com)

Qualitative RT-PCR for HCV RNA Test to detect HCV RNA by amplification of viral genetic sequences. (cdc.gov)
Quantitative assays for HCV RNA Tests to detect HCV RNA concentration (viral load) by amplification of viral genetic sequences or by signal amplification. (cdc.gov)

The enzyme around which DART VADAR is built is called adenosine deaminases acting on RNA, or ADARs. (harvard.edu)

Expression and regulation of the mammalian SUMO-1 E1 enzyme. (nih.gov)

NRTIs are often given in combination with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) such as efavirenz that act by binding to and altering the shape of the enzyme itself, thereby blocking the enzyme's function. (britannica.com)
The ability of reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from RNA has been used in the laboratory. (britannica.com)
Reverse transcriptase sometimes makes mistakes reading the RNA sequence. (cellsalive.com)

High-throughput assays have produced extensive interactome data with metabolic enzymes frequently found as hits, but only a few examples have been biochemically validated, with deficits especially in prokaryotes. (tu-darmstadt.de)

Enzymes in this group unwind double helix RNA and DNA. (medscape.com)
RNA can form a double helix, but is still not as stable (ribose vs deoxyribose). (speakerdeck.com)

Two of the candidates, namely glutamate-5-kinase (ProB) and quinone oxidoreductase (QorA), displayed specific and previously unknown binding to distinct RNAs. (tu-darmstadt.de)

RNA is also believed to have been the genetic material of the first life on Earth. (wikipedia.org)
As life progressed and evolved over time only DNA, which is much more chemically stable than RNA, could support large genomes and eventually took over the role as the major carrier of genetic information. (wikipedia.org)
RNA served as a blueprint for genetic material and was the catalyst to multiply said blueprint. (wikipedia.org)
Most inherited human diseases result from a genetic mutation , overproduction, or deficiency of a single critical enzyme. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

We describe the first report of RNA sequencing of 5' capped (Pol II) RNAs isolated from acutely hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected Huh 7.5 cells that provides a general approach to identifying differentially expressed annotated and unannotated genes that participate in viral-host interactions. (mdpi.com)

Each standard reaction yields ≥ 80 µg of RNA from 1 µg SP6 Control Template DNA. (neb.com)
Yet, a denatured enzyme can refold within fractions of a second and then precisely react in a chemical reaction. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Like any catalyst, the enzyme remains unaltered by the completed reaction and can therefore continue to interact with substrates. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Double-stranded endonuclease is determined in a 50 µL reaction containing 0.5 µg of plasmid DNA and 10 µL of enzyme solution incubated for 4 hours at 37°C. (qiagen.com)

Normally, APOBEC enzymes are core components of antiviral immune defense and somatic antibody diversification. (medscape.com)

EIA Enzyme immunoassay. (cdc.gov)

A less-pronounced symmetrical reads distribution was also observed at the EMCV RNA 3′-end whereas the remaining 21- to 23-nt reads originated from discrete positive-strand regions (Fig. 1C). (biobender.com)

This ability broadens the scope of conditions that can be addressed with RNA-based therapeutics and enables the development of highly specific treatments for a variety of diseases. (harvard.edu)
I am particularly excited by the fact that our DART VADAR system is a clinically relevant, compact RNA-based circuit that enables one to direct therapies in a highly programmable manner to specific cell types and cells in certain states, thereby minimizing off-target effects," said Collins, who is also the Termeer Professor of Medical Engineering & Science at MIT. (harvard.edu)
Enables SUMO activating enzyme activity. (nih.gov)

A disruptive mutation in the Spt5 CTD-binding site of GTase is synthetically lethal with mutations in the Pol2 CTD-binding site, signifying that the Spt5 and Pol2 CTDs cooperate to recruit capping enzyme in vivo. (cornell.edu)

We find that single and double mismatches are tolerated to varying degrees depending on their position along the guide RNA (gRNA)-DNA interface. (nature.com)
Another timing issue caused by plasmids is that Cas enzyme and gRNA can remain active in the cells for prolonged periods. (idtdna.com)
OTEs occur when the Cas enzyme is directed to the wrong site by the gRNA due to such sequence similarity. (idtdna.com)

McCorkle, GM & Altman, S 1987, ' Concepts in biochemistry: RNA's as catalysts: A new class of enzymes ', Journal of Chemical Education , vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 221-226. (elsevierpure.com)

Catalysis by members of the RNase H superfamily of enzymes is generally believed to require only two Mg 2+ ions that are coordinated by active-site carboxylates. (rcsb.org)

characterized by abnormal levels of liver enzymes. (cdc.gov)
characterized by sustained disappearance of serum HCV RNA and normalization of liver enzymes. (cdc.gov)
The identity of the clone and the accuracy of the sequence was verified by direct aa sequencing of the tryptic peptides derived from the purified rat liver enzyme. (lu.se)

The QIAprep& Viral RNA UM Kit and QIAprep& Viral RNA QIAsymphony Kit are intended for molecular biology applications. (qiagen.com)

The role of RNA in the origin of life is best supported by the ease of forming RNA from basic chemical building blocks (such as amino acids, sugars, and hydroxyl acids) that were likely present 4 billion years ago. (wikipedia.org)
A small chain of 150 amino acids making up an enzyme has an extraordinary number of possible folding configurations: if it tested 10 12 different configurations every second, it would take about 10 26 years to find the right one (Lewis 2005). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
An enzyme might contain only one polypeptide chain, typically linking one hundred or more amino acids, or it might consist of several polypeptide chains that act together as a unit. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

In all vertebrates, enzyme activity is high at night. (nih.gov)
The magnitude of the nocturnal increase in enzyme activity ranges from 7- to 150-fold on a species-to-species basis among vertebrates. (nih.gov)
Several constant features of this enzyme have become apparent, including structural features, tissue distribution, and a close association of enzyme activity and protein. (nih.gov)
By inhibiting the activity of these enzymes, aspirin suppresses our experience of pain and inflammation. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Anatomy16

Organisms27

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs120

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes76

Information Science4

Health Care1

Polymerase12

Proteins20

MRNA6

Molecules10

Transcription3

Assay6

Genome7

Reactions8

Reagents1

Catalytic6

Ligase5

Complementary7

Substrate13

Viruses5

Polymerases2

CDNA2

Molecule5

DsRNA3

Genomic2

CRISPR7

ADAR4

Living organism1

Targets5

Cas95

Vitro1

Single-stranded1

Ribonucleic2

Synthesis3

Protein enzymes1

Detection2

SiRNAs2

Replication1

Amplification2

Adenosine1

Mammalian1

Reverse transcriptase3

Assays1

Double helix2

Oxidoreductase1

Genetic4

Interactions1

Reaction4

Antiviral1

Immunoassay1

Strand1

Enables3

Vivo1

GRNA3

Catalysts1

Catalysis1

Liver3

Molecular Biology1

Amino3

Activity4