Risk relative biological effectiveness. Medical search. Frequent questions

Inter-patient variations in relative biological effectiveness for cranio-spinal irradiation with protons. (uib.no)
The Relative Biological Effectiveness of protons. (helse-bergen.no)
The optimisation of the plans is currently performed assuming a relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the protons of 1.1 as recommended by the International Committee for Radiation Units. (su.se)
Charged particles with greater mass and higher charge than protons have an even sharper Bragg peak and a higher Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE), allowing a greater dose to be delivered to the tumor and sparing healthy tissue. (ndltd.org)

A case-control study of linear energy transfer and relative biological effectiveness related to symptomatic brainstem toxicity following pediatric proton therapy. (uib.no)
Proton therapy and risk of paediatric brainstem toxicity - results obtained through a case-control study and risk mitigation potential. (helse-bergen.no)
The three-year local control rate ranges from 70 to 95% depending on the tumor and the patients' baseline characteristics, and the risk of toxicity is quite low. (biomedcentral.com)
The most commonly quoted advantage of proton therapy over photon therapy is the potential of reducing the deterministic toxicity in normal tissue and the organs at risk (OARs). (su.se)
This is based on the fact that proton treatment optimisation succeeds at producing plans that are ensuring good coverage of the target and steep gradients of the dose outside the target leading thus to a better sparring of the normal tissue and the organs at risk and therefore lower deterministic toxicity. (su.se)
The present research project has a high relevance for the radioprotection of patients undergoing proton therapy as it aims at treatment planning optimisation having as objectives the minimisation of the normal tissue toxicity and the reduction of the risk of developing a second tumour induced by the initial treatment. (su.se)
Furthermore, there are increasing concerns regarding the variations in the relative biological effectiveness of pro- ton therapy, which is considered important both for tumour control and toxicity against healthy tissue. (metronomics.org)
No formal demonstration has been provided, but one can speculate that the level of evi- dence is high enough and the potential bene- fits clearly outweigh the limited toxicity and the lack of randomized trial for patients at very high risk of relapse. (metronomics.org)
The exact mechanism of biological activity and toxicity of the organic arsenicals is unknown. (medscape.com)
The findings indicate that there was no agranulocytosis or hepatic toxicity suggesting that AQ may pose no public health risk in its wide therapeutic dosage uses. (bvsalud.org)

The absorbed dose can be a poor indicator of the biological effect of radiation, as the biological effect can depend on many other factors, including the type of radiation, energy, and type of tissue. (wikipedia.org)
The relative biological effectiveness for radiation of type R on a tissue is defined as the ratio R B E = D X D R {\displaystyle RBE={\frac {D_{X}}{D_{R}}}} where DX is a reference absorbed dose of radiation of a standard type X, and DR is the absorbed dose of radiation of type R that causes the same amount of biological damage. (wikipedia.org)
For the purposes of computing the equivalent dose to an organ or tissue, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has defined a standard set of radiation weighting factors (WR), formerly termed the quality factor (Q). The radiation weighting factors convert absorbed dose (measured in SI units of grays or non-SI rads) into formal biological equivalent dose for radiation exposure (measured in units of sieverts or rem). (wikipedia.org)
For such purposes, doses should be evaluated in terms of absorbed dose (in gray, Gy), and where high-LET radiations (e.g., neutrons or alpha particles) are involved, an absorbed dose, weighted with an appropriate RBE, should be used" Radiation weighting factors are largely based on the RBE of radiation for stochastic health risks. (wikipedia.org)
Sparsely ionising radiation such as x-rays, electrons and gamma rays produce approximately equivalent biological effects for the same absorbed dose. (edu.au)
However, heavy ions produce different biological effects for the same absorbed dose. (edu.au)
The absorbed dose of free 211 At may help predict the organs potentially at risk during TRTs using 211 At-MABG due to deastatination. (springeropen.com)

These experts collectively have knowledge of radium's physical and chemical properties, toxicokinetics, key health end points, mechanisms of action, human and animal exposure, and quantification of risk to humans. (cdc.gov)
Recently, at the suggestion of E. A. Krasavin, a fundamentally new method of increasing the biological effectiveness of medical proton beams, which suggest the pre-exposure administration of the officinal drug arabinoside (AraC), has been developed and patented. (jinr.ru)
The method allows increasing the biological effectiveness of proton exposure to that of carbon ion exposure. (jinr.ru)
Many of the ed either from external sources or excitation events are much closer in vitro and in vivo studies investi- through internal exposure as a re- together for low-energy charged par- gating the mechanisms underlying sult of ingestion, inhalation, dermal ticles, which are considered to be cancer risk from exposure to ionizing absorption, or injection of radionu- high-LET radiation. (who.int)
The efficiency sential y uniform after whole-body izing (i.e. removing electrons from) in causing damage and subsequent exposure to being highly heteroge- atoms or molecules of the medium biological effects is related not only neous in the case of non-uniform to the amount of energy transferred being traversed. (who.int)
During mid-2015, after considering the high number of survivors in West Africa and several episodes of EVD reemergence linked to exposure to survivors' body fluids, the World Health Organization (WHO) adapted a strategy to manage survivors' sequelae and mitigate the risk of resurgence (i.e. (cdc.gov)
Age and sex effects across the blood proteome after ionizing radiation exposure can bias biomarker screening and risk assessment. (harvard.edu)
Review of Biological Effects of Acute and Chronic Radiation Exposure on Caenorhabditis elegans. (harvard.edu)
They may also be at risk regarding a number of safety-related concerns including injuries, noise, nonionizing radiation exposure, and ergonomics. (cdc.gov)
By following ALARA principles, individuals can ensure that radiation exposure is kept at the lowest level that is reasonably achievable, thus minimizing potential health risks. (proprofs.com)
This could include medical procedures such as X-rays or radiation therapy, where the benefits of the procedure outweigh the potential risks of radiation exposure. (proprofs.com)
The statement "All exposure should be kept as low as reasonably achievable" implies that it is important to minimize exposure to any potential risks or hazards. (proprofs.com)
Estimates of exposure levels posing minimal risk to humans (MRLs) have been made, where data were believed reliable, for the most sensitive noncancer effect for each exposure duration. (cdc.gov)
4,7 Indeed, a recent study from Germany found that male leptospirosis patients ( n = 263), relative to their female counterparts ( n = 75), had clinically more severe outcomes and higher case fatality (5% versus 1%, respectively) despite no significant differences in the type of exposure or time from onset of symptoms to treatment (4.5 days for both). (who.int)

The concept of RBE is relevant in medicine, such as in radiology and radiotherapy, and to the evaluation of risks and consequences of radioactive contamination in various contexts, such as nuclear power plant operation, nuclear fuel disposal and reprocessing, nuclear weapons, uranium mining, and ionizing radiation safety. (wikipedia.org)
The influence of inter-fractional anatomy variation on secondary cancer risk estimates following radiotherapy. (uib.no)
Proton radiotherapy could deliver a higher radiation dose than photon radiotherapy without increasing the risk of RILD and result in a better overall survival rate for those diagnosed with HCC and treated with radiotherapy with curative intent. (biomedcentral.com)
Of course, the risk of second malignancy is also a risk in adults, but the fact that the median age of adult cancer patients at diagnosis is in the seventh decade, that second malignancies after radiotherapy are uncommon in adults, and that they usually manifest 10-15 years after treatment make them less of a concern. (nature.com)

Organs-at-risk (OARs) are defined as the normal lungs, spinal cord, esophagus, and heart. (bvsalud.org)
Results: The MIP model with dose-volume constraints generates IMPT treatment plans with comparable target dose coverage, target dose homogeneity, and the maximum dose to organs at risk (OARs) compared to treatment plans from the conventional quadratic programming method without any tedious trial-and-error process. (ndltd.org)

A case-control study conducted in Navarre, Spain, during the 2011-12 influenza season revealed a decline in vaccine effectiveness, primarily affecting persons aged ≥65 years ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)

Radiation weighting factors that go from physical energy to biological effect must not be confused with tissue weighting factors. (wikipedia.org)
The introduction of biological monitoring of IDS among women, especially pregnant women, may positively affect the detection of the risk limits for the birth of infants with reduced mental abilities or other diseases during pregnancy, using timely targeted preventive measures to exclude factors that affect the spread of IDS. (aaem.pl)
The matched groups were balanced for baseline tumor risk factors. (biomedcentral.com)
He has conducted research on suicide and suicide prevention including environmental scans of suicide prevention programs, epidemiologic studies on risk factors for suicide, qualitative research with suicide loss survivors, systematic reviews of the role of firearm availability, storage, and policies on suicide, and evaluations of suicide prevention programs. (rand.org)
Variations in risk factors among populations from different countries may explain differences in the ICAS incidence. (karger.com)
The goal is to keep radiation doses and risks as low as reasonably possible, taking into account factors such as technology, economics, and social factors. (proprofs.com)
And on May 14th, CDC issued a health advisory recommending that healthcare professionals report patients meeting the MIS-C case definition to local, state, or territorial health departments in order to enhance knowledge of the risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical course and treatment of this syndrome. (cdc.gov)
Age and gender, diet and weight are risk factors for developing breast cancer. (who.int)
However, in 70% of breast cancer patients no risk factors can be identified. (who.int)
Sex refers to the biological and physiological factors that define males and females, while gender refers to socially constructed roles and attributes that a particular society considers appropriate for men and women. (who.int)
Using leptospirosis as a case example, we describe the importance of interpreting surveillance data with a more gender-sensitive perspective, considering the various biological and social factors behind the reported numbers. (who.int)
When adjusted for previously reported risk factors for leptospirosis, such as barefoot walking and swimming, males were still significantly associated with higher seropositivity. (who.int)
8 In fact, there has been a growing recognition that biological differences between males and females based on genetic, immunological and hormonal factors may determine the susceptibility to disease and clinical outcomes. (who.int)

The Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease study, which was performed at 59 medical centers in North America and included 569 patients with symptomatic ICAS, showed that women had a significantly higher risk for IS and for the combined endpoint of stroke and vascular death [ 6 ]. (karger.com)

Many of the conclusions reached from this review, when aggregated with those of Chapters 1 and 3 , contribute to the judgments made in this report about human cancer risk at low doses and low dose rates. (nationalacademies.org)
It is important to determine the absorbed doses of free 211 At and 211 At-MABG to determine the organs that may be at risk when using TRTs. (springeropen.com)

1. To be eligible for risk-benefit assessment by WHO, an antivenom product must consist of a polyspecific antivenom immunoglobulin preparation, with claimed efficacy in treating envenoming by Bungarus caeruleus , Daboia russelii , Echis carinatus and Naja naja (sometimes referred to as the "big four" species)1. (who.int)
These samples will be comprehensively evaluated in a laboratory by WHO as part of the risk- benefit assessment process. (who.int)
4. The manufacturer agrees that by submitting an application for risk-benefit assessment, the manufacturer/applicant will be deemed to have accepted and agreed to the eligibility criteria and all of the terms, conditions and other requirements set out in this document. (who.int)

RBEs can be used for either cancer/hereditary risks (stochastic) or for harmful tissue reactions (deterministic) effects. (wikipedia.org)

The lateral penumbra of a proton pencil beam scanning system (PBS) is of great importance in sparing of organs at risk and normal tissue when treating patients. (ndltd.org)

Different types of radiation have different biological effectiveness mainly because they transfer their energy to the tissue in different ways. (wikipedia.org)
We can also appreciate from the table that alpha-particles are quite massive relative to the other types of radiation and also to the electrons of atoms of the material through which they are passing. (wikibooks.org)

Linear excess relative risk (ERR) regression models examined associations between cause-specific mortality and exposures to internal ionising radiation from uranium deposition, external gamma and x-ray radiation, and radon decay products, while adjusting for non-radiologic covariates. (cdc.gov)

But simply quantifying the decay rate is only part of the issue of determining the risk a radioactive source poses - we also have to figure out how much those radioactive decays will damage our bodies. (ntanet.net)
As the waste is transported, unloaded, treated, and disposed of, workers can be exposed to a variety of potentially hazardous medical waste components and treatment residues, to include biological and nonbiological aerosols, toxic chemicals, radioactive materials, and infectious agents including blood splatter. (cdc.gov)

Professional and college sports meeting extraordinary standards for risk mitigation may continue without spectators. (dbusiness.com)

However, successful treatment with heavy ions depends largely on knowledge of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the radiation produced by primary and secondary charged particles. (edu.au)
After careful selection, the best proposal award was granted to Dr. Emiliano Bolesani from the Hannover Medical School (Germany) who will generate heart organoids from human stem cells and expose them to heavy ions to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease in astronauts. (gsi.de)

Modelling of organ-specific radiation-induced secondary cancer risks following particle therapy. (uib.no)
Tabea Pfuhl dedicates her research to the impact of the energy distribution of secondary electrons to predict the effectiveness of ion radiation within a biophysical model developed at GSI, which is used e.g. in particle therapy. (gsi.de)

In radiobiology, the relative biological effectiveness (often abbreviated as RBE) is the ratio of biological effectiveness of one type of ionizing radiation relative to another, given the same amount of absorbed energy. (wikipedia.org)
3. If the product submitted is determined by WHO to demonstrate a risk-benefit ratio that justifies its use in treating snakebite envenoming, the manufacturer agrees, as a condition of listing, to submit an application for the product to be considered for subsequent WHO prequalification if and when an antivenoms prequalification procedure is established by WHO. (who.int)

October 14, 2020 - Notice of Intent to Publish a Funding Opportunity Announcement for HEAL Initiative: Optimizing Multi-Component Service Delivery Interventions for People with Opioid Use Disorder, Co-Occurring Conditions, and/or Suicide Risk (R01 Clinical Trials Optional). (nih.gov)
In response to this initiative, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), in partnership with other NIH Institutes, Centers, and Offices, invites research that will optimize multi-component service delivery interventions for people with opioid use disorder (OUD) and co-occurring conditions, to include mental disorders and/or suicide risk. (nih.gov)
In August 2019 and again in March 2020, the HEAL Multidisciplinary Working Group ( MDWG ) called for research that seeks to improve the provision of care for people with common co-occurring conditions associated with the opioid crisis (e.g., people with mental health disorders, suicide risk, alcohol misuse/alcohol use disorder, chronic pain, and/or other substance use disorders). (nih.gov)

In the NITRATE-CIN Study, non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients at risk of renal injury from coronary angiography who received dietary inorganic nitrates had a 70% reduction in CIN compared with those given placebo. (medscape.com)
We recruited a higher risk group than we thought, which is why the control event rates were higher than we expected, but the acute kidney injury reduction is roughly what we had estimated, and makes sense biologically. (medscape.com)

The carcinogenic risk associated their energy to biological material in tion risk estimates. (who.int)
Estimates of levels posing minimal risk to humans (Minimal Risk Levels, MRLs) may be of interest to health professionals and citizens alike. (cdc.gov)

The RBE is an empirical value that varies depending on the type of ionizing radiation, the energies involved, the biological effects being considered such as cell death, and the oxygen tension of the tissues or so-called oxygen effect. (wikipedia.org)
Within the MoU, ESA is funding the Investigations on Biological Effects of Radiation (IBER) program that supports European investigators to perform radiobiology experiments at GSI on space radiation protection ( www.gsi.de/IBER ). (gsi.de)

The effectiveness of the new method has been confirmed in a series of experiments on various tumor cell cultures and animals inoculated with a melanoma tumor. (jinr.ru)

Based on the relative transparency of tissues to this spectra, it has been used to monitor local oxygenation, brain and joints. (lookformedical.com)

2 - 5 These studies suggest increased risk of chronic non-malignant respiratory disease (NMRD) in relation to internal, and possibly external, radiation dose, and present equivocal results with respect to the relations between radiation dose and mortality from cancers of the lung, kidney, bladder and digestive tract. (cdc.gov)
This strategy enables starting treating the disease while managing both the risk of tumour-lysis syndrome and further organ dysfunction. (metronomics.org)
I'm representing the Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity, COCA, with the Emergency Risk Communication Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
When such data are then used to ascertain sex/gender differential in disease risk without caution, the complete picture behind the observed distribution may be missed or misinterpreted. (who.int)
A commonly cited risk factor for the disease is male sex/gender, 2 and an excess of male leptospirosis cases observed in surveillance data is often ascribed to occupational/recreational exposures associated with male gender. (who.int)

Variation in relative biological effectiveness for cognitive structures in proton therapy of pediatric brain tumors. (uib.no)
This variation in biological effect is quantified using the relative biological effectiveness (RBE). (edu.au)

Recently, biological differences have been cited as a possible, alternative factor for the male excess in reported leptospirosis cases. (who.int)

Heavy ion therapy has a number of advantages compared to conventional photon therapy, particularly for treating tumours near high risk organs, due to its greater conformal energy deposition. (edu.au)

The Organ Sparing Potential of Different Biological Optimization Strategies in Proton Therapy. (uib.no)
Furthermore, the potential risk of second malignant neoplasm induction is also posing a radiation protection dilemma in case of proton therapy. (su.se)
In typical X-ray examinations the radiation dose is too low to pose any risk, however we should be more cautious when pregnant women are concerned because the potential risk to the fetus is still being debated. (nupex.eu)
However, because of the substantial protective effect, the study data monitoring group recommended halting the study early, so that all women at risk could receive the potential benefits of supplementation. (cdc.gov)

According to WHO, an intensive integrated program was necessary to address the medical needs of survivors and the risk for virus reintroduction, ideally a program that could be integrated into existing routine health services and facilities ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)

Hypoxia adapted relative biological effectiveness models for proton therapy: a simulation study. (uib.no)
Spatial agreement of brainstem dose distributions depending on biological model in proton therapy for pediatric brain tumors. (uib.no)
Biological dose and complication probabilities for the rectum and bladder based on linear energy transfer distributions in spot scanning proton therapy of prostate cancer. (uib.no)
A phenomenological biological dose model for proton therapy based on linear energy transfer spectra. (uib.no)
Current and recent users of hormone replacement therapy are at a higher risk of developing breast cancer than women who have never used hormone therapy. (who.int)
The risk increases with duration of hormone use, while it decreases significantly following cessation of the therapy. (who.int)

Determination of the medical and social effectiveness of biological monitoring of IDS was carried out in 3 stages. (aaem.pl)
In recognition of this, the biodiversity conservation field has moved beyond the biological sciences and has incorporated the social sciences and humanities (Bennett et al. (springer.com)
Given social, demographic and migratory trends, the population at risk for sexually transmitted infections will continue to grow dramatically. (who.int)
Social and ecological effectiveness of large marine protected areas. (lu.se)

and parasitological efficacy to serve as baseline in the evaluation of the effectiveness of AQ preventive intermittent treatment against malaria morbidity in infants. (bvsalud.org)

The second phase of this study evaluated the effectiveness of engineering control s in protecting the worker from bioaerosols, chemical vapors, and blood splatter/splash in medical waste treatment facilities. (cdc.gov)
The data show that the highest risk is due to blood splatter during the dumping of medical waste into larger containers. (cdc.gov)
It suggests implementing safety measures and procedures to reduce radiation risks in various settings, such as medical facilities, nuclear power plants, and industrial sites. (proprofs.com)

Afterwards, she participated for five years in the CERN Collaboration, AD-4 experiment (study of Relative Biological Effectiveness of antiproton annihilation). (nanofacts.net)
The studies consisted of personal monitoring (or VOCs identified in the first study, air quality monitoring (temperature, relative humidity, CO, CO2), monitoring for general respirable aerosols, personal monitoring for blood splatter, and emission point monitoring for microbial aerosols. (cdc.gov)

This project was conducted by using a community-based alert system and monitoring high-risk body fluids of survivors. (cdc.gov)
ICAS can have a large influence in China because its frequency is high [ 4 ] and it is associated with a high risk of recurrent stroke. (karger.com)

Studies have shown a 30% reduction in risk level associated with a few hours per week of vigorous activity compared to no exercise at all. (who.int)

Nevertheless, alpha radiation is between 20 to 1,000 times more dangerous to the human organism due to its "relative biological effectiveness" in causing cell-death and cancer according to numerous sources. (enviroreporter.com)
Association between long non-coding RNA HOTAIR polymorphism and lung cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (cdc.gov)
Causal relationship between lung diseases and risk of esophageal cancer: insights from Mendelian randomization. (cdc.gov)
Her research interest is mainly focused on molecular biomarkers in cancer, gene association studies - association of gene variants with cancer risk and non-coding RNAs. (nanofacts.net)
A positive family history increases the risk of breast cancer in first- line relatives (mother, sister, or daughter). (who.int)
The risk is dependant upon whether the cancer is bilateral and whether it has occurred in the pre- or postmenopausal period. (who.int)
A small increase in the risk of breast cancer has been noted in users of oral contraceptives. (who.int)
This risk, however, drops following the cessation of contraceptive use so that, at ten years post-use, there is no significant increase in the risk of developing breast cancer. (who.int)
Consumption of fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of developing breast cancer, while dietary intake of fat seems to increase the risk. (who.int)
In postmenopausal women, obesity increases the risk of breast cancer. (who.int)
Physical activity levels can have an impact on the risk of breast cancer. (who.int)
Although data in this area is not entirely consistent, moderate physical activity is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer. (who.int)

This is due to the high relative biological effectiveness of alpha radiation to cause biological damage after alpha-emitting radioisotopes enter living cells. (brainkart.com)
For example, comment on the shape of the dose- traversing, producing chemical and cobalt-60 -rays have an LET of response curve and the associated biological damage. (who.int)

After normalization of our computed yields relative to the standard radical and molecular yields for 60 Co γ radiation (average LET ∼0.3 keV/μm), we obtain empirical relationships of the primary radiolytic yields as a function of LET over the LET range studied. (bioone.org)

Typically the evaluation of relative biological effectiveness is done on various types of living cells grown in culture medium, including prokaryotic cells such as bacteria, simple eukaryotic cells such as single celled plants, and advanced eukaryotic cells derived from organisms such as rats. (wikipedia.org)

The mechanism by which this occurs is well understood, but quantitative models predicting the level of risk remain controversial. (brainkart.com)

effectiveness of development aid in achieving economic or human development or development targets. (who.int)

investigation of biochemical and biological properties of radiolabelled compounds (in vitro and in vivo studies). (nanofacts.net)
The purpose of the initiative is to support studies that will (1) test the overall effectiveness of multi-component interventions for OUD and co-occurring conditions and (2) examine the relative contribution of constituent components to overall effectiveness. (nih.gov)

Implementation of a double scattering nozzle for Monte Carlo recalculation of proton plans with variable relative biological effectiveness. (uib.no)
The current plans for moon exploration, already planned in 2024, make this experiments urgent to understand the space radiation risk and find appropriate countermeasures. (gsi.de)

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs7

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Phenomena and Processes15

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science1

Health Care6

Protons4

Toxicity10

Absorbed dose7

Exposure14

Radiotherapy4

OARs2

Vaccine effectiveness1

Factors13

Symptomatic1

Doses2

Assessment3

Stochastic1

Organs at risk1

Types of radiation2

Regression1

Radioactive2

Mitigation1

Heavy ions2

Secondary2

Ratio2

Suicide Risk3

Acute2

Estimates2

Effects2

Tumor1

Tissues1

Disease5

Variation2

Differences1

Photon1

Potential4

Health1

Therapy6

Social4

Baseline1

Medical3

Study2

High risk2

Reduction1

Cancer12

Damage2

Molecular1

Evaluation1

Models1

Human1

Studies2

Plans2